Electronic Contracts Research Articles

The authority of the electronic document in case of conflict with the paper document according to the Jordanian legislation and the comparative legislation "Comparative Analytical Study"

The technical development in modern means of communication and the proliferation of social networking sites made it possible to conclude contracts via the Internet. This led to the emergence of a new type of writing and signature that is electronic in nature, in addition to the existence of paper contracts, where data messages are exchanged via the Internet and uploaded to electronic supports, in addition to sending them on paper to the contractor. Which may lead to a dispute between an electronic editor and a paper editor, whether formal or regular, and both of them contain the same contract, but there is a conflict between them? Which one will the judge prefer?In order to answer the problematic of this research, this study followed the comparative analytical approach, and it came to the conclusion that the Jordanian legislator called for adding a text to the Electronic Transactions Law that gives the judge the wide discretionary power in the event of denying the document or the electronic signature or its conflict with the paper document to return to the electronic certification authority as the owner of the role The largest in proving electronic contracting.

Multiparty quantum contract signing

Quantum contract signing has the advantage of unconditional security compared with classical one. However, the prior works focus on two clients’ case. In this paper, we give a multiparty quantum contract signing protocol, which allows multiparty clients to sign an electronic contract simultaneously. The analysis shows that it not only satisfies the requirements for optimism and fairness but also can be realized with current technology.

Accounting and control of indebtedness according to electronic payments of food industry enterprises using information and communication technologies

Introduction. Digitization of socio-economic processes and the implementation of modern information and communication technologies in the currency and banking sphere have led to the evolution of the methodology of electronic settlements with counterparties. The latest stage in the development of electronic transaction systems is the information integration of counterparties into a single information environment of business relationships based on the principles of blockchain technology.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to research the peculiarities of the organization of accounting and control of electronic payments and improvement of their methodology in the context of debt repayment in the conditions of the use of information and communication technologies.Methods. Systemic, innovative, functional approaches and methods of generalization, bibliographic and comparative analysis were used in the process of realizing the established goal of scientific research.Results. It is proved that the fundamental basis of the system of electronic transactions are electronic contracts, which form a database for the digitization of accounting and control processes. A list of permanent and variable accounting data provided by the electronic payment system and the company’s divisions for the digitization of accounting for the occurrence and repayment of receivables and payables is proposed. The procedure for internal control of payment discipline and external independent control (confirmation) of business reliability and solvency has been improved with the notification of all counterparties interested in cooperation. A methodology for rating counterparties based on the reliability criterion has been developed to automate accounting for the formation and use of the reserve of doubtful debts. The possibility and expediency of alternate automatic mutual offsetting of receivables and payables between all counterparties of food industry enterprises based on accounting information based on previously executed smart contracts is substantiated. Mutual repayment of debt in the system of electronic transactions contributes to the minimization of the overall level of debt in the economic systems of the association of enterprises of food industry, cities, regions, etc.Discussion. The automatic offsetting of indebtedness ensures the formation of the phenomenon of debt-free (minimally debt) activity of food industry enterprises, which is an important element of the formation of a post-industrial economy and an optimization society, in which all socio-economic processes are adapted to the needs of people, which is the subject of subsequent scientific research.

AKIBAT HUKUM PENERIMA DANA LAYANAN PENDANAAN BERSAMA BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI GAGAL BAYAR

Technological innovations with financial features continue to emerge, marking the momentum of transformation in the financial world. Fintech Lending or Fintech Peer to peer Lending is a money lending and borrowing service in the financial sector with the use of information technology, this type provides loans for people's urgent needs. This technology-based financial service offers financial products that provide hope for people who need money. The effects that occur are problems for recipients of online loan funds because they are unable to pay so they are trapped in debt and the risk of defaulting on loans or known as "GalBay". The purpose of this research is to find out the binding that is born, the legal consequences and legal responsibilities of recipients of information technology-based joint funding service loans who default. The research method used is normative legal research, namely library law research including legal principles, and legal synchronization. The results of the research, regarding the binding on information technology-based joint funding services, namely the agreement made until the default committed by the recipient of the funds. The legal consequences of recipients of information technology-based joint funding services making default or default, are getting a warning from the Funder, will receive a penalty and interest expense according to the agreement on the electronic contract, Collection from other parties in collaboration with the Funder will be included in the SLIK blacklist of the Financial Services Authority. Meanwhile, the responsibility that can be imposed on the recipient of funds is that they are still obliged to pay off all loan installments along with penalty obligations in accordance with the agreed electronic agreement. The responsibility ends if the customer who defaults or fails to pay fulfills his obligations

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS IN DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS

Digital transactions or also known as e-commerce transactions are already a demand and necessity. It has brought several advantages for consumers in conducting transactions because it makes it easier and has penetrated the boundaries of space and time. Even though it must be recognized that there are negative impacts in the form of legal problems that are often detrimental to the rights and interests of consumers, such as goods that are sent late or not sent at all, hidden defects in the goods sent, and errors in the delivery of goods, for which several legal institutions are needed to protect the rights and interests of consumers who are harmed. From the perspective of civil law, it is necessary to question the validity of electronic contracts made in the form of standard clauses which form the basis of the legal relationship between consumers and business actors in digital transactions. Through secondary data in the form of primary and secondary legal materials, it can be seen that Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and the Civil Code can be used as legal institutions to protect consumers from legal problems they experience. From the perspective of civil law, electronic contracts as the basis for legal relations between consumers and business actors made in the form of standard clauses, are valid according to the law following Article 1338 of the Civil Code in conjunction with Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Its enforcement is of course limited by Article 1337 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of Law No. 8 of 1999.

Қазақстан Республикасындағы электрондық сауданы дамыту тенденциялары мен проблемалары

Зерттеудің мақсаты блокчейн технологиясының негізінде электрондық сауданы іске асыруға байланысты смарт-келісімшарттарға қол қою мен мұндай келісімшарттар жасауда ЭЦҚ арқылы қол қою мен дербес деректерді қорғауды қамтамасыз етудің проблемалық аспектілерін талдау. Мақалада электрондық шарттарды мемлекеттік тіркеуге және дербес деректерді қорғауға байланысты республикамыздағы электрондық сауданы дамытуда бүгінгі күні байқалатын негізгі үрдістер мен проблемалары қарастырылған. Зерттеу әдістері ретінде талдау және синтездеу, тарихи, формальды-логикалық сияқты ғылыми ізденістің жалпы әдістерімен қатар, салыстырмалы-құқықтық зерттеу, модельдеу сияқты жеке әдістері де қолданылды. Айтар болсақ, жылжымайтын мүлікті тіркеу, «блокчейн» технологиясы арқылы ЭЦҚ-ны қолдануда дербес деректерді қорғауды қамтамасыз етудің қызметтері талданып, моделі әзірленді. Зерттеу барысында төмендегідей нәтижелерге қол жеткізілді: а) блокчейн технологиясының механизмі зерделеніп және оны қолдануда туындайтын қоғамдық қатынастардың осы саласын құқықтық реттеудегі объективті қиындықтары анықталды; ә) Қазақстан Республикасының электронды нысандағы мәмілелерді жасау мен орындауды реттейтін негізгі нормативтік актілері талданды; б) жылжымайтын мүлікті тіркеуде блокчейн технологиясын қолданудың шетелдік тәжірибесі зерделенді; в) Қазақстандағы сандық технологияларды құқықтық реттеу талданып, смарткелісімшарттың тұжырымдамасы айқындалды; г) смарт-келісімшарттардың орындалуын қамтамасыз етудің ерекшеліктері айқындалды; д) ЭЦҚ-ны қолдануда дербес деректерді қорғауды қамтамасыз ету кезінде негізгі проблемалық аспектілер зерттелді. Мақаланың қорытындысында осы процестерді заңнамалық реттеу мақсатында нормативтік құқықтық актілерге, соның ішінде «жылжымайтын мүлікке құқықтарды мемлекеттік тіркеу туралы» Заңға толықтырулар мен өзгерістер енгізу ұсынылған.

Особливості укладання банківських договорів у мережі інтернет

In the context of current national legislation and regulations of the European Union, the article examines the theoretical and practical principles that determine the peculiarities of concluding banking contracts on the Internet using modern web interfaces and similar mechanisms (primarily, click-wrap and browse-wrap contracts) in the light recognition of reality. The methodological basis made up of general and private methods of scientific knowledge. The general scientific method of dialectical cognition, formal-dogmatic, comparative-legal method, linguistic methods, methods of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis were used in the research process. The subject of the study is the norms of civil law on the contract, the norms of banking law on the conditions of certain types of banking contracts, the procedure for their conclusion and execution. It noted that the actions of the right holder of the program, including the bank, with the aim of further concluding an electronic contract on certain terms with unspecified counterparties, should be qualified as a public offer. Acceptance of this offer must create rights and obligations for the person who is the right holder of this program, regardless of his awareness of the fact of concluding such an agreement. The need for special legal regulation of the procedure for concluding banking contracts on the Internet substantiated. The procedure for concluding these contracts can found in the instructions of the National Bank of Ukraine, which defines the requirements for the banking institution regarding the additional identification of clients in the procedure for concluding banking contracts in the form of an Internet bank. The use of a smart contract requires a legal framework that would define the legal nature, concept and legal mechanism of a smart contract. An offer for the conclusion of a contract received in the personal account; the client accepts it using the actions provided in the software, which can be equated to a qualified electronic signature.

The Impact of Electronic Sales Contracts, the Vision Option as A Model


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 The vision option is one of the selling options, and it is a contract between the seller and the buyer, according to which the buyer has the right to rescind the contract upon seeing the contracted party in the absence of what was stated in the contract signed, such as a change in a specific quality or thing in the contract.
 With the presence of these new technologies and their working mechanisms, many problems have been found in electronic sales operations, which puts the buyer or customer in a situation of financial loss or the disadvantaged side because he does not know the existence of an option such as the option of vision, or the absence of the option of vision in the sales contract.
 Also, the significance of the research is to invite the Iraqi legislator to find means or legislate laws that guarantee the customer’s right to such cases and keep pace with the development of the movement of electronic contracts, and the call to educate the general public about the need to take the right to the choice of vision when receiving the product or the goods.
 
 
 

Authenticating the administrative contract in electronic form and its legal force in Jordanian law

The administrative contract is one of the transactions that may be concluded electronically. For this reason, it is important that it is legally regulated. The electronic contract is created by special procedures via electronic certification bodies. This article considers the authentication of the electronic administrative contract in Jordan. It also examines the legal value of the contract before the Jordanian judiciary. Index words: Jordan; Electronic Transactions Law No 15 of 2015; Jordanian Evidence Law; electronic administrative contract; electronic journals; electronic signature; electronic certification

Design of a Smart Contract for Medical Records Based on Blockchain

In today's medical field, an ever-increasing number of different medical institutions begin to share patients' cases. Although this provides convenience for patients to seek medical advice, it will also lead to the problem of data abuse, and the patient's medical records are also at risk of being leaked or tampered with. The decentralization, non-tampering, openness, transparency, and traceability of blockchain technology can effectively solve these problems. This paper mainly studies a kind of medical records electronic contract which can guarantee the authenticity, security, and security of medical data. Firstly, patients own their medical records, and their medical data can be stored on the blockchain. The certificates of doctors and patients will also be stored on the blockchain. Secondly, the identities of doctors and patients need to be double verified in the storage process to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the data on the chain. Finally, the performance of a smart contract is evaluated by experiments. The smart contract studied in this paper can assure that large-scale medical data can be effectively stored and ensure the security of electronic medical records. And it can realize the sharing and reading of medical information between different hospitals.

Online Buying and Buying Regulation Based on Law Number 8 Year 1999 Concerning Consumer Protection and Law Number 19 Year 2016 Regarding Amendment to Law Number 11 Year 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions

This study aims to analyze the online trading arrangements based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning electronic information and transactions. The study used a normative juridical approach. The results show that legal protection for online shopping consumers can be provided in terms of legal certainty as stipulated in the laws and regulations governing online shopping, namely Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Transaction Information in conjunction with Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The existence of an electronic contract, as regulated in Article 18 (1) of the ITE Law, is recognized and has the same position as a conventional sale and purchase contract. Through electronic contracts, consumers can sue business actors if a dispute arises due to the electronic transaction.

Consumer rights protection in digital contracts within the framework of the European Union

Having analyzed the mechanisms of consumer rights protection in the field of concluding electronic contracts, it is noted that there is no separate definition of the concept of this type of contract in EU law, instead the concept of a distance contract is used. EU law regarding the conclusion of contracts in electronic form allows the use of various forms of negotiations between the parties, which is the main feature of this type of contract. From this, we came to the conclusion that in the process of protecting the rights of consumers in the field of electronic commerce, it is appropriate to use the general concept of a distance contract and apply to it the norms arising from the legislation on the protection of consumer rights.
 It is indicated that at the EU level, the system of consumer protection in electronic contracts is horizontal in nature. Thus, the main Directives are Directive 2019/770 «On certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services» and Directive 2019/771 «On certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods». Together with them, Directive 2011/83 «On Consumer Rights» (CRD) and the new EU Directive «On Better Implementation and Modernization of EU Consumer Rights Protection» (2019/2161/EU) apply when concluding contracts. General EU rules on consumer protection when using electronic payment methods were also established. In January 2018, the existing legal regulation was replaced by Directive No. 2015/2366 «On Payment Services in the Internal Market» (or PSD 2). PSD 2 introduced additional protections for online and mobile payments and strengthened security requirements, which in turn, along with other measures, provided additional guarantees for consumers’ rights to conclude and execute electronic contracts.
 It was noted that the judicial practice of the EU Court in the field of consumer rights protection also allows us to assert a constant increase in attention to ensuring more effective protection of the rights of consumers who are parties to electronic contracts. Among the essential mechanisms for guaranteeing the protection of consumer rights, the durable medium principle, which is widely used in judicial practice, means the possibility of using an electronic means of communication that is considered acceptable for providing information. as it allows the client to store information addressed personally to this client in a way accessible to him and for a period of time sufficient for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the stored information.
 The EU Directive «On Better Enforcement and Modernization of EU Consumer Protection» (2019/2161), part of the «New Deal for Consumers» package, improves the rules for digital developments, such as the transparency of online markets, aimed at guaranteeing equal rights of consumers to «free» digital services, ensuring transparency of consumer feedback, ensuring the possibility of submitting claims for price reductions.
 Thus, regulatory regulation and judicial practice in the field of EU consumer rights protection should be taken into account during normative design activities in Ukraine, during bringing legislation into line with EU law, as one of the priority areas of harmonization, and reflecting and taking into account changes in the methods of concluding agreements to guarantee sufficient mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights during the conclusion of electronic contracts.

EXPRESSING WILLINGNESS VIA THE INTERNET

The contracting party may make a declaration of the will in any manner it considers appropriate, provided that it has a meaning which the other party can understand. Also, because the Internet is based on modern technology that combines text, audio, and images simultaneously, contractors can express themselves in any way they see fit. Also, the expression of the will is determined according to rules in general when it is through modern electronic means, and when it is mostly a voluntary expression, whether explicitly or implicitly, by electronic means. The will appears via the Internet only explicitly, and after confirmation by technical means before the final choice, and the possibility of expressing the will via the Internet has reached a point of convergence between electronic contracts and traditional contracts. It does not matter whether this expression takes the form of customary or official writing, whether it is public or private, by hand or by technical means, signed or unsigned, original or photographed, whether it was transmitted directly or by photograph or a term on it or otherwise, and whether it was done directly. between the contracting parties or between them by means of various modern devices

LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRONIC AGREEMENTS REVIEWED FROM ARTICLE 1866 OF THE CIVIL CODE

Legal issues with regard to authenticity, authenticity, and proof arise frequently because no laws exist to control the private information of users of electronic agreements. The aim of this research is to determine whether or not there are issues with the legal binding force of agreements established via electronic means. This study employs a normative qualitative approach, based on the analysis of secondary data and bolstered by original data collected in the field. The findings prove that digital investigative tools can be used to verify the legitimacy, veracity, and integrity of electronic contracts. A person's permission is required before any of their personally identifiable information (PHI) can be used in any way, shape, or form via technological media. The evidentiary weight of an electronic or digitally signed deal is the same as that of a handwritten one. As progress is made toward open proof, the judicial system can make use of the system. Given the prevalence of online media in modern business dealings, it follows that any evidence acquired from any source, provided it is true, is admissible so long as it does not violate public order.

Should the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act be amended to include electronic signatures for the sale of immovable property in South Africa?

Electronic signatures have become a core feature of digital transformation. Organisations can now transact with greater ease, regardless of physical distance or national borders. The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 facilitates electronic communications and transactions using electronic documents and signatures in South Africa. Electronic contracts and signatures are legally binding and constitute valid and admissible evidence in legal proceedings, although there are a few exceptions. One of the exclusions concerns agreements for the sale of immovable property. The Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981, which regulates the sale of land, seeks to promote legal certainty as to the authenticity and contents of these contracts to limit instances of fraud and litigation. This article examines the risk associated with fraud and the case of Borcherds v Duxbury 2021 (1) SA 410 (ECP). In this case, contrary to legislation, the court accepted an electronic signature in a contract for the sale of immovable property. I recommend that the relevant legislation be amended to validate the use of advanced electronic signatures for the sale of immovable property. A holistic approach to electronic signatures is the only way to embrace an inevitable and complete digital transformation.

ТОРГОВЕЛЬНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНЕ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВО УКРАЇНИ ТА ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ

Current trade and investment cooperation between Ukraine and Great Britain is article analyzed in the paper. It is determined that the countries are the important partners and have a long history of trade and investment rellatioms. After Brexit, Great Britain started trade negotiations with the EU and other states in order to sign new trade agreements. Thus, the Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was signed. The general principles of bilateral cooperation and partnership in the new Agreement is of strategic and practical importance. It has been proven that the signing of the agreement resulted in an increase of the import of goods of British origin to Ukraine and the import of goods of Ukrainian origin to Britain, i.e., there was an increase in the volume of export-import operations of Ukraine with Great Britain. Accordingly, the negative trade balance of Ukraine with Great Britain decreased. It was determined that Great Britain actively supports Ukraine in its resistance to Russian military aggression. In particular, the country applied a zero rate of import duty on all goods of Ukrainian origin and canceled all tariff quotas. The next stage to the intensification of mutual cooperation was the signing of Agreement on digital trade between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The agreement is a legal foundation for greater development of the digital economy from e-commerce to cyber security, trade in digital products and services between Ukraine and Great Britain. The agreement is expected to support the economy of Ukraine and significantly improve trade and investment relations between the countries. According to the agreement, Ukraine will have guaranteed access to financial services important for recovery, thanks to the simplification of cross-border data flows. Ukrainian enterprises will also be able to trade with Great Britain more efficiently and cheaply with the help of electronic transactions, electronic signatures and electronic contracts. It has been established that in terms of the volume of accumulated direct investments in recent years, Great Britain is the seventh largest investor in the Ukrainian economy.

B2C electronic contracts

Os contratos eletrónicos B2C (“business-to-consumer”) são uma das projeções jurídicas fundamentais do comércio eletrónico (“e-commerce”): a contratação eletrónica funciona 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, e 365 dias por ano, representando em 2023 um volume de negócios global superior a 2 triliões de dólares em todo o mundo e de 700 biliões de euros na Europa. A sua importância também chegou a Portugal: no ano de 2022, 43% dos consumidores portugueses realizaram compras em linha e 18% das empresas portuguesas receberam encomendas em linha. Esta centralidade dos contratos eletrónicos B2C tem-nos tornado, crescentemente, num novo paradigma dos contratos de consumo. O presente estudo constitui uma primeira reflexão sobre o regime jurídico deste contrato consumerista, passando sucessivamente em revista as respetivas fontes, requisitos, negociação, formação, confirmação, forma e prova, e extinção, bem assim como outros aspetos (em particular, a contratação no âmbito de plataformas eletrónicas).

THE CONCEPT OF THE RIGHT OF RETRACTION

The current study identifies the legal aspects associated with the retraction in the electronic contracts, the researcher adopted an analytical descriptive approach by describing and analyzing the legal aspects associated with retraction in the electronic contract, he also concluded that the active Jordanian legislation did not addressed the issue of retraction in the electronic contract to organize it, but rather, was satisfied by the provisions of general rules and jurisprudence, finally, the study recommended that the World Trade Organization (WTO) should convene an international conference to enact international rules regulating retraction in the electronic contracts in line with technical developments. In this article, we will treat a specific issue regarding the following question: how is it possible to terminate a contract? We will explain the general rule that contracts are effective when signed and discuss some exceptions, such as contracts subject to a cooling off for the consumer; contracts of particular types, for which state statute creates a right to retrieve; and situations surrounding the signing of the contract that may lead to a valid defense.

Regulating Digital Platforms: Will the DSA Correct Its Predecessor’s Deficiencies?

The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31 (ECD) has been the law applicable to Internet intermediaries related to their liability for third-party content on their platform, electronic contracts, and e-commerce activities for more than twenty years. Its core is the harmonised immunity regime established in Articles 12–15. These rules grant immunity to the providers of mere conduit, caching, and hosting from liability arising from infringing content made available by their users on their platform. However, the ECD has been criticised for not fully achieving its objective of uniformity, not keeping up with the pace of the Internet, and not effectively protecting the parties’ fundamental rights as it gives crucial discretion to the intermediaries. The ECD is to be replaced with the Digital Services Act (DSA). The aim is to regulate new means of digital services (especially Big Tech) while benefiting from their ‘technical and operational ability to act against specific items of illegal content’ in preventing the availability of illegal content and protecting fundamental rights. Its framework is based on the prevailing idea of acknowledging digital platforms as responsible actors. It establishes new sets of tiered due-diligence obligations for digital platforms to comply with while reproducing the immunity regime of the ECD. Its framework appears to target those issues arising from the ECD. However, whether it can deliver this promise calls for discussion. This paper aims to address this question. To do so, it will first try to identify the deficits of the ECD. Second, and more importantly, it will seek to scrutinise the DSA to evaluate if it provides the answers to the issues that the ECD fell short of. Keywords: digital platforms, liability, immunity regime, E-Commerce Directive, Digital Services Act. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3935/cyelp.18.2022.485 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Suggested citation: B Genç-Gelgeç, ‘Regulating Digital Platforms: Will the DSA Correct Its Predecessor’s Deficiencies?’ (2022) 18 CYELP 25.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM KONTRAK ELEKTRONIK YANG DIBUAT OLEH NOTARIS DALAM TRANKSAKSI E-COMMERCE

Notaries in carrying out their duties are required to be normatively guided by the rules of law related to all actions that will be taken and then set forth in a deed. Acting based on the applicable legal rules will give the parties that the deed made before or by a notary is in accordance with the applicable legal rules, so that if a problem occurs, the notary deed can be used as a guideline by the parties. In relation to other powers granted to Notaries in Article 15 paragraph (3) of the Law on Notary Positions regarding cyber notaries, the results of the certification print out can be categorized in electronic documents. Where in Article 1868 Burgerlijk Wetboek, electronic documents must meet the elements of authenticity of a deed. The research method used in this article is normative research, research phase, literature study, and deductive analysis, the types of research approaches used are conceptual approach and statutory approach. The certification of transactions using a cyber notary is legal because it has been regulated in Article 15 paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 2014 which authorizes a notary to certify transactions in a cyber notary manner while still taking into account the elements of an authentic deed.Keywords: Authentic deed, Electronic contract, Notary.