Analog Electronics Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Active Noise Cancellation for Car Cabin on Sulaimania Roads Using Arduino Embedded System

Car drivers hear many kinds of noise inside their vehicles' cabins, and the most annoying ones are the noise generated by tires, engines, and outside winds. Noise affects the comfort of the passengers inside the cabin, and it’s sad to say that modern cars are noisier in many kinds of noise signals due to using a lot of plastic materials in new budget cars. For expensive and luxury cars, the problem is solved by using better sound insulation materials, but for the budget ones, the approach used here is effective. It is called Active Noise Cancellation and can be done using analog or digital electronics. An operational amplifier and filters are used for the analog one, and in the digital one, signal processor chips are used. In engineering, cost reduction is a significant goal, and it is here, by using low-cost signal processor chips to achieve this, and our nominee is the Arduino processor. It is a low-cost open-source processor used in many digital control fields but not for noise cancellation, which is the concern of this paper. Considering the moderate signal processing capabilities of Arduino processors, a decision is required on what type of cabin noise signals our nominee can remove, and our selection is road noise. To a great extent, road noise relates to its quality, and the metric of concern is road roughness. In this work, three types of roughness are considered, low, medium, and high, the noise obtained from each type is analyzed, and countermeasures were applied to reduce them. Max cancellation obtained per three types, low, medium, and high roughness are 10 to 12 dB.

Reliability Of The Visual Analog Scale For Menstrual Cycle Symptoms And Impact On Perceived Performance

PURPOSE: Fluctuations in estrogen during the menstrual cycle are thought to reduce athletic performance and aerobic capacity, hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of a menstrual cycle survey that proposes to assess the presence of symptoms and the perceived impact on training within collegiate athletes. METHODS: Seven NCAA-Division I women swimmers (19 ± 1 years, 30.1 ± 4.1 BMI), who trained normally participated in this study during the collegiate swim season. Athletes completed an electronic Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assessing menstrual status, as well as the presence and impact of symptoms twice within 30 minutes. Responses were recorded by marking a point on a 100-point line anchored by “not at all” and “often” in response to the presence of menstrual symptoms or “not at all” and “severely impacted” in response to the impact of menstrual symptoms on their training. Test re-test data were analyzed using two-tailed dependent samples t-tests and Intraclass Correlation coefficients (ICC3,1). RESULTS: A significant Intraclass Correlation was observed without a difference between surveys for the presence of mood swings (ICC:0.913, p = 0.143), loneliness (ICC:0.835, p = 0.395), headaches (ICC:0.835, p = 0.057) backaches (ICC:0.958, p = 0.125) and bloating (ICC:0.878, p = 0.198). A significant Intraclass Correlation was also observed without a difference between surveys in the perceived effect on training for cramps (ICC:0.823 p = 0.383), breast pain (ICC:0.818, p = 0.214), and bloating (ICC:0.817, p = 0.857). A significant difference between surveys was observed for athletes’ feelings of anxiousness (ICC:0.896, p = 0.022) and restlessness (ICC:0.707, p = 0.010); as well as the perceived effect anxiety (ICC:0.934, p = 0.041) and backaches (ICC:0.966, p = 0.009) had on training. CONCLUSION: Initial results from this survey suggest an electronic VAS may be a reliable measurement tool for some symptoms, including the frequency of mood swings, loneliness, backaches, bloating and possibly headaches, as well as the perceived effect cramps, breast pain and bloating have on training. Future research should focus on validating the results of this study against performance measures of participants as well as testing the reliability of participants with prior experience completing an electronic VAS.

Wien-Bridge Chaotic Oscillator Circuit with Inductive Memristor Bipole

By diode bridging an inductor to implement a memristor bipole, with active Wien-bridge oscillator, a simple and feasible third-order autonomous memristive chaotic oscillator is presented. The dynamical characteristics of the proposed circuit are investigated both theoretically and numerically, from which it can be found that the circuit has one unstable equilibrium point. Through the analysis of the bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent spectrum and the 0–1 test chaos detection, it is shown that this system displays limit cycle orbit with different periodicity, quasi-periodic behavior, chaotic behavior and bursting behavior. The bursting behavior found in this circuit is periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic bursting. We confirm the feasibility of the proposed theoretical model using Pspice simulations and a physical realization based on an electronic analog implementation of the model.

Current Oscillator Based on Pyragas Model for Electrical Bioimpedance Applications

Current sources play an essential role in tissue excitation used in bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Most investigations use Howland current sources that, despite their practicality and simplified implementation, have operating frequency limitations and dependence on the load impedance due to their narrow output impedance, especially at higher frequencies. The objective of this work is to propose a model for a robust current-controlled sinusoidal oscillator. The oscillator is based on fully analog electronics, which enables controlling the oscillation phase and amplitude by using a voltage reference. The mathematical model is based on Pyragas control application to the classical harmonic oscillator. From the modeling process, an oscillator topology was built based on second-generation current carriers and on transconductance amplifiers. A sinusoidal voltage source having a frequency of 1 MHz and an amplitude of 1Vpp was used as a reference signal to drive the oscillator. The oscillator output current synchronized the oscillations’ phase and amplitude using the reference, regardless of their magnitude before the control signal acted in the circuit at t≈13.5μs. SPICE simulations using ideal components have confirmed the successful operation of the proposed oscillator. This type of oscillator can be implemented in SOIC, then allowing oscillation control interface with logic circuits.

Charge Collection Dynamics of the ARCADIA Passive Pixel Arrays: Laser Characterization and TCAD Modeling

Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) represent one of the most promising technologies for the next generation of radiation detectors. The ARCADIA project aims at the development of Fully Depleted (FD) MAPS employing a production process compatible with a 110 nm commercial CMOS technology. The first engineering run of the project included matrices of active pixels with embedded analog and digital frontend electronics and passive test structures such as passive pixel arrays, MOS capacitors and backside diodes. Although the produced samples were already characterized from the electrical point of view, a thorough study of the charge collection dynamics of the passive pixel arrays was still missing. In this paper we show the results of the dynamic characterization of a group of passive pixel arrays with different pixel pitches (50, 25 and 10 μm) and different pixel layouts. The tested samples have been illuminated from the backside with an infrared and a red laser with wavelengths equal to 1,060 nm and 660 nm, respectively. The pixel arrays have been mounted on a custom readout PCB connected to an external amplifier with 1 GHz bandwidth and the signals have been acquired through a fast digital oscilloscope. We employed both focused and unfocused laser spots to evaluate the change in the measured signal as a function of the laser spot position and the average response of the pixel arrays. An excellent agreement has been demonstrated by comparing the measured signals with the results of transient TCAD simulations and a time for 50% charge collection of 7.8, 4.2 and 2.6 ns has been predicted and experimentally validated in pixels with 50, 25 and 10 μm pitch, respectively.

Development of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Readout Electronics for the HL-LHC

The full ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter electronic readout chain will be upgraded for the high-luminosity LHC. The upgrade is designed to withstand the expected radiation level and to be compatible with the Phase-I Digital Trigger System which is being installed right now. Analogue electronics shape and amplify the calorimeter signals before they are digitized with 16 bit dynamic range on two gain scales. The on-detector system samples the calorimeter cell signals at 40 MHz and sends them to the off-detector electronics which apply digital processing based on FPGAs. Design studies and tests of prototypes of the upgraded components are presented.

VirtLAB: A Low-Cost Platform for Electronics Lab Experiments.

The recent SARS-CoV2 pandemic has put a great challenge on university courses. Electronics teaching requires real laboratory experiences for students, which cannot be realized if access to physical infrastructures is prohibited. A possible solution would be to distribute to students, at home, electronics equipment suitable for laboratory experiments, but no reasonable product is currently available off-the-shelf. In this paper, the design and development of a very-low-cost experimental board tailored to these needs is presented. It contains both programmable prototyping circuitry based on a microcontroller and an FPGA and a set of measurement instruments, similar to the ones found on a typical lab desk, such as a digital storage oscilloscope, multimeter, analog signal generator, logic state analyzer and digital pattern generator. A first board, suitable for analog and digital electronics experiments, has been designed and manufactured, and is described in this paper. The board has been successfully used in master’s degrees and PhD courses.

On the Excitations of a Balian–Werthamer Superconductor

My contribution to this collection of articles in honor of David Lee and John Reppy on their 90th birthdays is a reflection on the remarkable phenomenology of the excitation spectra of superfluid $^3$He, in particular the B-phase which was identified by NMR and acoustic spectroscopy as Balian-Werthamer state shown in 1963 to be the ground state of a spin-triplet, p-wave superconductor within weak-coupling BCS theory. The superfluid phases of $^3$He provide paradigms for electronic superconductors with broken space-time symmetries and non-trivial ground-state topology. Indeed broken spin- and orbital rotation symmetries lead to a rich spectrum of collective modes of the order parameter that can be detected using NMR, acoustic and microwave spectroscopies. The topology of the BW state implies its low-temperature, low-energy transport properties are dominated by gapless Majorana modes confined on boundaries or interfaces. Given the central role the BW state played I discuss the acoustic and electromagnetic signatures of the BW state, the latter being relevant if an electronic analog of superfluid $^3$He-B is realized.

Electronic synaptic plasticity and analog switching characteristics in Pt/TiOx/AlOx/AlTaON/TaN multilayer RRAM for artificial synapses

In this work, electronic synaptic plasticity and analog bipolar switching behavior by using a Pt/TiOx/AlOx/AlTaON/TaN multilayer resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device were examined. By using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the oxidation–reduction reaction occurs between the Ti buffer layer and the high-k Al2O3 layer at the top interface, and the high-k Al2O3 layer and the TaN bottom electrode at the bottom interface, resulting in the formation of the Pt/TiOx/AlOx/AlTaON/TaN multilayer RRAM structure. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, different proportions of oxygen vacancies in TiOx/AlOx/AlTaON multilayer film play a key role in increasing RS properties uniformity. This multilayer structure-based RRAM device exhibits a stable RS behavior with a very large on/off resistance window (∼104), excellent durability (500 DC endurance cycles), and 104 s retention period with virtuous uniformity during the cycling operation. Furthermore, the device mean value (μ) set-and reset-voltage is −2.82 V, and +1.5 V, resulting in a low-operating voltage that is beneficial for neuromorphic systems. Besides, by adjusting the reset voltage, the device achieved a progressive transition from the low resistance state (LRS) to the high resistance state (HRS). To develop the artificial neural networks, basic biological properties such as potentiation, depression, and paired-pulse facilitation were efficiently mimicked. Ohmic conduction in the LRS and Schottky emission in the HRS are the two types of current transport conduction mechanisms. The analog bipolar switching behavior is governed by the redox reaction, which promotes the formation and rupture of oxygen vacancy-based conical shape conductive filaments. These findings show that multilayer RRAM devices have the potential to be used for future information storage and neuromorphic computing of artificial synapses.

Development of a single-photon imaging detector with pixelated anode and integrated digital read-out

We present the development of a single-photon detector and the connected read-out electronics. This “hybrid” detector is based on a vacuum tube, transmission photocathode, microchannel plate and a pixelated CMOS read-out anode encapsulating the analog and digital-front end electronics. This assembly will be capable of detecting up to 109 photons per second with simultaneous measurement of position and time.The pixelated read-out anode used is based on the Timepix4 ASIC (65 nm CMOS technology) designed in the framework of the Medipix4 collaboration. This ASIC is an array of 512 × 448 pixels distributed on a 55 μm square pitch, with a sensitive area of ∼7 cm2. It features 50–70 e− equivalent noise charge, a maximum rate of 2.5 Ghits/s, and allows to time-stamp the leading-edge time and to measure the Time-over-Threshold (ToT) for each pixel. The pixel-cluster position combined with its ToT information will allow to reach 5–10 μm position resolution. This information can also be used to correct for the leading-edge time-walk achieving a timing resolution of the order of 10 ps.The detector will be highly compact thanks to the encapsulated front-end electronics allowing local data processing and digitization. An FPGA-based data acquisition board, placed far from the detector, will receive the detector hits using 16 electro-optical links operated at 10.24 Gbps. The data acquisition board will decode the information and store the relevant data in a server for offline analysis.These performance will allow significant advances in particle physics, life sciences, quantum optics or other emerging fields where the detection of single photons with excellent timing and position resolutions are simultaneously required.

Inovasi Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Problem Based Learning pada Bidang Elektronika Analog Digital

This study aims to produce innovations in the form of interactive, valid and practical learning media, and can support the Problem Based Learning (PBL) method in Analog and Digital Electronics courses. The research method used is the Pre-Experimental method with One Shot Case Study design. The subject of this research is Analog and Digital Electronics course. This learning media innovation was applied to several students of the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, in 2021 who were taking Analog and Digital Electronics courses. Before being shown to respondents, the learning media is tested for validity/feasibility by media expert lecturers. In view of the feasibility test that has been done, this learning media gets a value of ninety three percent, both with regards to appearance and content of the material. Thus, the media can be declared valid/valid so that the research can be continued in obtaining the value of the practicality of the media from the respondents who have been given treatment. The practicality test which was filled out by eight students, obtained an average data of ninety two percent in the very practical category. Data on the feasibility and practicality of the media were obtained using a validated questionnaire of zero point ninety eight by instrument expert lecturers. So, it tends to be inferred that the learning media in the Analog and Digital Electronics course is valid and practical to use in the Analog and Digital Electronics learning process.

Problems of Practice and Prospects for the Customs Tariff Development in the Eurasian Economic Union

The Common customs tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (CCT EAEU) were formulated, which are subject to study, development and improvement. In particular, the author comes to the conclusion that the Decision of the EEC Council N 54, which introduced the EAEU customs tariff, in fact has the structure of a “simple” customs tariff with basic autonomous rates, i. e. in fact, it does not reflect the actual state of the EAEU legislation with the current complex system of preferences. Customs and tariff regulation of the EAEU is not only “import customs duties, but also tariff benefits, tariff quotas”, a system of preferences, but also a methodology for coding goods, ensuring the effectiveness of the measures applied. The analysis of the web resources of the FCS of Russia and the EEC EAEU allows us to conclude that there is insufficient information provided for practical work with the customs tariff and tariff preferences; there are no instructions or clarifications on how to work with the tariff; there are no actual translations of solutions for codes and other reference books available in the arsenal of the World Customs Organization, incl. there is no information about the upcoming changes in the edition of the HS 2022, which does not allow customs administrations and businesses to prepare in advance and rebuild processes. Any systemically important, but not regulated at the legislative level, issues only increase the burden in the subsequent administration of processes. And the lack of transparency and clarity in the measures taken does not allow assessing the effectiveness of using the tools of customs and tariff regulation, and as a result, they question the advisability of complicating the system of measures as a whole. To develop the CCT methodology, the EAEU should study and borrow best practices in the field of customs and tariff regulation. Move towards creating in the EAEU not only an initial regulatory document reflecting the actual complex multicolumn tariff, but also its electronic analogue, which can be an important and backbone reference tool, both for the work of business communities and for legislative and executive authorities at all levels administrations of the EAEU.

Two-dimensional excitons from twisted light and the fate of the photon's orbital angular momentum

As the bound state of two oppositely charged particles, excitons emerge from optically excited semiconductors as the electronic analogue of a hydrogen atom. In the two-dimensional (2D) case, realized either in quantum well systems or truly 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, the relative motion of an exciton is described by two quantum numbers: the principal quantum number $n$, and a quantum number $j$ for the angular momentum along the perpendicular axis. Conservation of angular momentum demands that only the $j=0$ states of the excitons are optically active in a system illuminated by plane waves. Here we consider the case for spatially structured light sources, specifically for twisted light beams with non-zero orbital angular momentum per photon. Under the so-called dipole approximation where the spatial variations of the light source occur on length scales much larger than the size of the semiconductor's unit cell, we show that the photon (linear and/or angular) momentum is coupled to the center-of-mass (linear and/or angular) momentum of the exciton. Our study establishes that the selection rule for the internal states of the exciton, and thus the exciton spectrum, is independent from the spatial structure of the light source.

Some Aspects and Progress in the Description of the Scaling Born Positron Approach

We discuss recent developments in the implementation of the scaling Born positron (SBP) approach (Chin.J.Phys.54(2016)104) for electronic excitation of molecules by positron impact. We will demonstrate, using specific examples in H₂, N₂, CO, CO₂, and H₂O that this relatively simple method can generate quite integral cross sections (ICS) which compare well with sophisticates theoretical methods. Where possible and in the absence of the experimental data, comparisons are made with analogous electron scattering.

Development of high voltage-CMOS sensors within the CERN-RD50 collaboration

This paper presents work done by the CERN-RD50 collaboration to develop and study monolithic CMOS sensors for future hadron colliders, especially in terms of radiation tolerance, time resolution and granularity. Currently CERN-RD50 is completing the performance evaluation of RD50-MPW2 and has recently submitted RD50-MPW3, the second and third prototype sensor chips designed by the collaboration. The paper gives an overview of the main design aspects and performance evaluation results of the first two prototype chips RD50-MPW1 and RD50-MPW2, and details the design of the latest prototype RD50-MPW3. RD50-MPW2 is a small prototype with an 8 x 8 matrix of active pixels which implement analogue readout electronics only and solutions for low leakage currents. This prototype has been evaluated in the laboratory and also at proton and ion beam facilities, before and after irradiation with neutrons up to 2⋅1015neq/cm 2. RD50-MPW3 is a more advanced prototype with a matrix of 64 x 64 pixels which integrate both analogue and digital readout electronics inside the sensing diodes. To alleviate routing congestion and minimise crosstalk noise, the pixels are serially configured and organised in a double column scheme. This prototype has optimised peripheral readout electronics for effective chip configuration, based on the I2C protocol, and fast data transmission.

Advances and Prospects in Topological Nanoparticle Photonics.

Topological nanophotonics is a new avenue for exploring nanoscale systems from visible to THz frequencies, with unprecedented control. By embracing their complexity and fully utilizing the properties that make them distinct from electronic systems, we aim to study new topological phenomena. In this Perspective, we summarize the current state of the field and highlight the use of nanoparticle systems for exploring topological phases beyond electronic analogues. We provide an overview of the tools needed to capture the radiative, retardative, and long-range properties of these systems. We discuss the application of dielectric and metallic nanoparticles in nonlinear systems and also provide an overview of the newly developed topic of topological insulator nanoparticles. We hope that a comprehensive understanding of topological nanoparticle photonic systems will allow us to exploit them to their full potential and explore new topological phenomena at very reduced dimensions.

Silver(II) route to unconventional superconductivity

The highly unusual divalent silver in silver difluoride (${\mathrm{AgF}}_{2}$) features a nearly square lattice of ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+2}$ bridged by fluorides. As a structural and electronic analog of cuprates, its superconducting properties are yet to be examined. Our first-principles electronic structure calculations reveal a striking resemblance between ${\mathrm{AgF}}_{2}$ and the cuprates. Computed spin susceptibility shows a magnetic instability consistent with the experimentally observed antiferromagnetic transition. A linearized Eliashberg theory in the fluctuation-exchange approximation shows an unconventional singlet $d$-wave superconducting pairing for bulk ${\mathrm{AgF}}_{2}$ at an optimal electron doping. The pairing is found to strengthen with decreasing interlayer coupling, highlighting the importance of the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the crystal structure. These findings place ${\mathrm{AgF}}_{2}$ in the category of unconventional high-${T}_{\text{C}}$ superconductors, and its chemical uniqueness may help shed light on the high-${T}_{\text{C}}$ phenomena.

The light response of CsI:Tl crystal after interaction with gamma radiation study using analysis of single scintillation pulses and digital oscilloscope readout

Experimental research on light response of CsI:Tl, that was performed in the last 30 years, have shown that spectrometry parameters of this crystal are influenced by existence of slow scintillation components and could be improved by increasing the peaking time. In this study authors analysed and discussed the non-proportionality, number of photoelectrons and energy resolution (with their intrinsic, statistical and noise contributions) as a function of light pulse integration time (adequately to the peaking time known from analogue readouts). The study of light responses of CsI:Tl crystal after interaction with gamma radiation was performed by acquisition of raw single scintillation signals using a photomultiplier and a high class digital oscilloscope. The analysis was performed off-line using Python scripts. The crystal was excited using X-ray and gamma-ray sources with energies from 22 keV up to 835 keV at 293 K (＋20 °C). The data was processed with integration time up to 150μs, which was not achievable so far with analogue electronics commonly used in gamma-ray spectrometry with scintillation detectors. This study considers the problem of the energy resolution as good as other spectrometry parameters improvement using a digital light pulse processing.

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

VIRTUAL LABORATORY WITH CIRCUIT WIZARD TO SUPPORT REMOTE PRACTICE IN ELECTRO LABORATORY

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way people live in interacting and socializing. This is one of the external factors that has a big impact on the learning process, especially practical learning at the National Cyber and Crypto Polytechnic. Practical activities in the electrical laboratory cannot be carried out offline, resulting in cadets experiencing difficulties in understanding and implementing the theories that have been obtained in class, for this reason the tendency to use online technology in practicum activities is getting bigger, one of which is by using virtual laboratories based on face-to-face online by utilizing applications Circuit Wizard practicum. Circuit Wizard is a virtual laboratory practicum application that functions for the analysis, design and measurement of electronic circuits, both analog and digital. The online face-to-face media that can be used in applying the virtual laboratory are zoom meeting, google meet or webex. This paper aims to provide an alternative solution by utilizing a virtual-based practicum model that supports the implementation of conventional practicums and supports cadets to conduct remote research experiments. So that it is expected to meet the standards of the vocational-based curriculum with a composition of 60% practicum and 40% theory.