Analog Electronics Research Articles

M-Learning Based Remote Laboratory for Electronics Experiments

<p>The paper goals on the implementation of Mobile learning (M-learning) based Remote Laboratory to maximize the available resource as well as to improve self learning ability. The developed system provides practical experience to the learners in the field of analog electronics. This laboratory permits the learners to conduct experiments on real time with the internet facility using developed android mobile application. A characteristic of Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET’s) related to analog electronics has been considered for remote laboratory experimentation. The designed system can be expanded by adding new experiments without any complexity. This M-learning based remote laboratory approach enables the sharing of resource between the institutions for the minimization of expense and also encourages learners by enhancing engineering education.</p>

Influence of Mass Parameters Modification on Manoeuvrability of 9K33 „OSA” Set 9M33M3 Missile

This paper discusses analytical method for realization of preliminary missile stability design calculations. Action has been taken to estimate influence of replacing massive blocks of analogue electronics with compact solutions of digital electronics in missiles remaining in operation. On an example of a short-range 9M33M3 missile from 9K33 „OSA” set and its previously analysed aerodynamic characteristics, the analysis of the centre of gravity location impact was carried out to determine maximum loads occurring in the two most interesting phases of flight: after booster engine burnout and directly after cruise engine burnout. The suggestion for modification suggestion of flight parameters’ optimization is presented which defines stability and its critical impact of these parameters on aeronautical engineering. For the tested missile, the methodology suggestions for the modification is discussed with the comparison of serially produced copies to define the ability of improving the flight parameters. The paper includes visualizations and quantity analysis of: maximal loads on the fuselage, minimal turn radius, and control wing inclination angle as missile’s angle of attack function.

Cu2+ cation-exchange in ZnxCd1-xS thin films for neuromorphic devices

Neuromorphic devices are promising for more efficient informatics systems, containing electronic analog circuits capable of simulating brain synaptic cells to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system. Such devices may be employed in a microfluidic system with materials with cationic exchange (CE) mechanisms, to control the conductivity states and allow multilevel switching capabilities. Thus, CE of Cu2+ in ZnxCd1-xS (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) thin films is hereby reported. The CE dynamics are studied as a function of the different Zn and Cd content in the film. Cu2+ ions, provided by a Cu(NO3)2 solution, can replace Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions into the insulating ZnxCd1-xS films, increasing their electrical conductivity. Reversible CE is achieved with the aid of Zn or Cd diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) solutions. This CE mechanism provides several different conduction states in the film, which are proportional to the dipping time in both Cu(NO3)2 and Zn/Cd-DTC solutions. Electrical and compositional analysis by XPS and EDS are thoroughly investigated to comprehend the cation exchange process. Samples with higher Cd concentration present more efficient CE processes with Cu2+. These results are supported by a comprehensive discussion considering both thermodynamics solubility products, Gibbs free energy of formation, and chemical softness of the elements involved in the reaction, essential to understanding the driving force of the CE processes.

Comparison of a Mobile Health Electronic Visual Analog Scale App With a Traditional Paper Visual Analog Scale for Pain Evaluation: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

BackgroundAccurate quantification of pain in a clinical setting is vital. The use of an electronic pain scale enables data to be collected, analyzed, and utilized much faster compared with traditional paper-based scales. The advancement of smart technology in pediatric and adult pain evaluation may offer opportunities to introduce easy-to-use and reliable pain assessment methods within different clinical settings. If promptly introduced within different pediatric and adult pain clinic services, validated and easily accessible mobile health pain apps may lead to early pain detection, promoting improvement in patient’s quality of life and leading to potentially less time off from school or work.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the interchangeability of an electronic visual analog scale (eVAS) app with a traditional paper visual analog scale (pVAS) among Australian children, adolescents, and adults for pain evaluation.MethodsHealthy participants (age range 10-75 years) were recruited from a sporting club and a secondary school in Melbourne (Australia). The data collection process involved application of pressure (8.5 kg/cm2) from a Wagner Force Dial FDK 20 to the midpoint of the thumb. The pressure was applied twice with a 5-minute interval. At each pressure application, participants were asked to randomly record their pain perception using the “eVAS” accessible via the “Interactive Clinics” app and the traditional pVAS. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine intermethod and intramethod reliabilities.ResultsOverall, 109 healthy participants were recruited. Adults (mean age 42.43 years, SD 14.50 years) had excellent reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.96). Children and adolescents (mean age 13.91 years, SD 2.89 years) had moderate-to-good intermethod and intramethod reliabilities, with an ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.87) and average ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.69-0.87), respectively.ConclusionsThe eVAS app appears to be interchangeable compared with the traditional pVAS among children, adolescents, and adults. This pain evaluation method may offer new opportunities to introduce user-friendly and validated pain assessment apps for patients, clinicians, and allied health professionals.

Activity standardisation of 161Tb

161Tb, which emits low-energy β−- and γ-particles in addition to conversion and Auger electrons, has aroused increased interest for medical imaging and therapy. To support the use of this radionuclide, a161Tb solution was standardised using the β-γ coincidence technique, as well as the TDCR method. The solution had 4.5·10−3% of 160Tb impurities. Primary coincidence measurements, with plastic or liquid scintillators for beta detection, were carried out using both analogue and digital electronics. TDCR measurements using defocusing, grey filtering and quenching for varying the efficiency were also made. Monte Carlo calculations were used to compute the detection efficiency. The coincidence measurements with analogue electronics and the TDCR show a good consistency, and are compatible with the digital coincidence results within uncertainties. An ampoule of this solution was submitted to the BIPM as a contribution to the international reference system.

Construction status of the Mu2e crystal calorimeter

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The Mu2e detector is composed of a tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter plays an important role in providing excellent particle identification capabilities and a fast online trigger filter, while aiding the track reconstruction capabilities. Calorimeter requirements are to provide a large acceptance for 0∼10 MeV electrons and reach: i) a time resolution better than 0.5 ns; ii) an energy resolution better than 10%; and iii) a position resolution of 1 cm. The calorimeter consists of two disks, each one made of 674 pure CsI crystals. Each crystal is readout by two large area 2×3 arrays of UV-extended SiPMs of 6×6 mm2 dimensions. A large scale prototype (Module-0) has been tested at an electron beam. We report here the tests done to finalize the calorimeter design, the results obtained with Module-0 and the status of production. At this time, the performance characteristics of 85% of the crystals and all of the SiPMs have been measured. The calorimeter engineering drawings have been completed and the large mechanical components are under fabrication. Analog and digital electronics have been prototyped and tested with irradiation dose. Their serial production is being organized. The calorimeter assembly phase is planned for mid-2020.

Microfabricated and 3-D printed electroconductive hydrogels of PEDOT:PSS and their application in bioelectronics

Biofabrication techniques such as microlithography and 3-D bioprinting have emerged in recent years as technologies capable of rendering complex, biocompatible constructs for biosensors, tissue and regenerative engineering and bioelectronics. While instruments and processes have been the subject of immense advancement, multifunctional bioinks have received less attention. A novel photocrosslinkable, hybrid bioactive and inherently conductive bioink formed from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) nanomaterials within poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-polyethyleneglycol methacrylate) p(HEMA-co-EGMA) was used to render complex hydrogel constructs through microlithographic fabrication and 3-D printing. Constructs were directly compared through established metrics of acuity and fidelity, using side-by-side comparison of microarray grids, triangles incorporating angles 15–90°, and a multi-ink hydrogel disk array. Compositional variation from 0.01 to 1.00 wt% PEDOT:PSS produced hydrogels of varying and tunable electrical and electrochemical properties, while maintaining similar rheological properties (up to 0.50 wt% PEDOT:PSS). Furthermore, hydrogel membrane resistances extracted from equivalent circuit modeling of electrical impedance spectroscopy data varied only according to the included wt% of PEDOT:PSS and were agnostic of fabrication method. An in-silico variable frequency active low-pass filter was developed using a microlithographically fabricated Individually Addressable Microband Electrode (IAME) as the filtering capacitor, wherein 3-D printed lines of varying wt% of PEDOT:PSS hydrogels were shown to alter the cutoff frequency of the analog filter, indicating a potential use as tunable 3-D printed organic electronic analog filtering elements for biosensors. Bioinks of different PEDOT:PSS (0.0, 0.1, and 0.5 wt%) manufactured into hydrogel disks using the two methods were shown to yield similarly cytocompatible substrates for attachment and differentiation of PC-12 neural progenitor cells.

Study of CMOS strip sensor for future silicon tracker

Monolithic silicon sensors developed with High-Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) processes have become highly attractive for charged particle tracking. Compared with the standard CMOS sensors, HV-CMOS sensors can provide larger and deeper depletion regions that lead to larger signals and faster charge collection. They can provide high position resolution, low material budget, high radiation hardness and low cost that are desirable for high performance tracking in harsh collision environment. Various studies have been conducted to explore the technology feasibility for the large-area tracking systems at future collider experiments.CHESS (CMOS HV/HR Evaluation for Strip Sensor) sensor series have been developed as an alternative solution to the conventional silicon micro-strip detectors for the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade. The first prototype (named CHESS1) was to evaluate the diode geometry and the in-pixel analog electronics. Obtained test results were used to optimize the second prototype (named CHESS2). CHESS2 was implemented with a full digital readout architecture and realized as a full reticle sized monolithic sensor. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the CHESS2 prototype sensors and their performance in response to different input signals are presented.

Analogue two-dimensional semiconductor electronics

Digital electronics are ubiquitous in the modern world, but analogue electronics also play a crucial role in many devices and applications. Analogue circuits are typically manufactured using silicon as the active material. However, the desire for improved performance, new devices and flexible integration has—as for their digital counterparts—led to research into alternative materials, including the use of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we show that operational amplifiers—a basic building block of analogue electronics—can be created using the 2D semiconductor molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as the active material. The device is capable of stable operation with good performance, and we demonstrate its use in feedback circuits including inverting amplifiers, integrators, log amplifiers and transimpedance amplifiers. We also show that our 2D platform can be used to monolithically integrate an analogue signal preconditioning circuit with a MoS2 photodetector. An operational amplifier that uses the two-dimensional semiconductor molybdenum disulfide as the active material can be used to create complex analogue circuits, including inverters, integrators and amplifiers.

Development of the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeter readout electronics for the HL-LHC

To meet new trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) buffering requirements and withstand the high expected radiation doses at the High-Luminosity LHC, the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter readout electronics will be upgraded. The triangular calorimeter signals are amplified and shaped by analog electronics over a dynamic range of 16 bits, with low noise and excellent linearity. Developments of low-power preamplifiers and shapers in the 130 nm CMOS technology are ongoing to meet these requirements. In order to digitize the analog signals on two gains after shaping, a radiation-hard, low-power 40 MHz 14-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is developed using a pipeline + Successive Approximation Register (SAR) architecture in the 65 nm CMOS technology. Characterization of the prototypes of the front-end components show good promise to fulfill all the requirements. The signals will be sent at 40 MHz to the off detector electronics, where Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) connected through high-speed links will perform energy and time reconstruction through the application of corrections and digital filtering. Reduced data will be sent with low latency to the first level trigger, while the full data will be buffered until the reception of trigger accept signals. The data-processing, control and timing functions will be realized by dedicated boards connected through Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) crates.

High-resolution energy and fast timing measurements for nuclear spectroscopy using digital signal processing

Simultaneous high-resolution energy and picosecond timing measurements have been established with an 8-channel, 14-bit, 500 MS/s digitizer coupled to semiconductor and scintillation radiation detectors, resulting in performance equivalent to that obtained with analog electronics. By interpolating between the 2 nanosecond time stamps associated with the sampling frequency, timing up to few tens of picoseconds is achieved. Energy resolution and linearity are determined to be excellent. Coincidence and precise lifetime measurements performed indicate the utility in complex gamma-ray spectroscopic studies.

Low-voltage 2D materials-based printed field-effect transistors for integrated digital and analog electronics on paper

Paper is the ideal substrate for the development of flexible and environmentally sustainable ubiquitous electronic systems, which, combined with two-dimensional materials, could be exploited in many Internet-of-Things applications, ranging from wearable electronics to smart packaging. Here we report high-performance MoS2 field-effect transistors on paper fabricated with a “channel array” approach, combining the advantages of two large-area techniques: chemical vapor deposition and inkjet-printing. The first allows the pre-deposition of a pattern of MoS2; the second, the printing of dielectric layers, contacts, and connections to complete transistors and circuits fabrication. Average ION/IOFF of 8 × 103 (up to 5 × 104) and mobility of 5.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 (up to 26 cm2 V−1 s−1) are obtained. Fully functional integrated circuits of digital and analog building blocks, such as logic gates and current mirrors, are demonstrated, highlighting the potential of this approach for ubiquitous electronics on paper.

Theoretical Study of Shallow Distance Dependence of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Oligoproline Peptides.

Long-range electron transfer is coupled to proton transfer in a wide range of chemically and biologically important processes. Recently the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) rate constants for a series of biomimetic oligoproline peptides linking Ru(bpy)32+ to tyrosine were shown to exhibit a substantially shallower dependence on the number of proline spacers compared to the analogous electron transfer (ET) systems. The experiments implicated a concerted PCET mechanism involving intramolecular electron transfer from tyrosine to Ru(bpy)33+ and proton transfer from tyrosine to a hydrogen phosphate dianion. Herein these PCET systems, as well as the analogous ET systems, are studied with microsecond molecular dynamics, and the ET and PCET rate constants are calculated with the corresponding nonadiabatic theories. The molecular dynamics simulations illustrate that smaller ET donor-acceptor distances are sampled by the PCET systems than by the analogous ET systems. The shallower dependence of the PCET rate constant on the ET donor-acceptor distance is explained in terms of an additional positive, distance-dependent electrostatic term in the PCET driving force, which attenuates the rate constant at smaller distances. This electrostatic term depends on the change in the electrostatic interaction between the charges on each end of the bridge and can be modified by altering these charges. On the basis of these insights, this theory predicted a less shallow distance dependence of the PCET rate constant when imidazole rather than hydrogen phosphate serves as the proton acceptor, even though their pKa values are similar. This theoretical prediction was subsequently validated experimentally, illustrating that long-range electron transfer processes can be tuned by modifying the nature of the proton acceptor in concerted PCET processes. This level of control has broad implications for the design of more effective charge-transfer systems.

Editor’s Column

THE first issue of Electronics journal in June 2020 brings one review paper, which covers the application of swarm optimization algorithms in the field of photovoltaic systems control, and four regular papers reporting original research results in the field of analog and digital electronics, image processing, and electronics materials and technologies.

Editor’s Column

THE first issue of Electronics journal in June 2020 brings one review paper, which covers the application of swarm optimization algorithms in the field of photovoltaic systems control, and four regular papers reporting original research results in the field of analog and digital electronics, image processing, and electronics materials and technologies.

Ultrasensitive Resonant Electrometry Utilizing Micromechanical Oscillators

Real-time monitoring of minute quantities of charge plays an important role in quantum-physics research and electrical measurements within modern high-end scientific instruments. High-precision charge detection approaching the single-electron level at room temperature in analog or digital electronics is limited due to the considerable thermal noise. Herein, we propose a method of charge measurement with a resolution of 0.17 e/\ensuremath{\surd}Hz at room temperature by resonant electrometry based on tracking the quasidigital frequency output of a highly force-sensitive oscillator. Real-time charge monitoring by 67 electrons per step is performed. We demonstrate a charge prebiased scheme for physically manipulating the quadratic nature of charge sensing of the oscillator into parabolic and linear forms with dramatic improvements in metrics such as sensitivity and resolution. Theoretical models for describing the underlying physics of both the charge measurement and resolution amplification schemes are established and validated. Due to the high quality factor of the resonator, the theoretical limit for the charge-input referred noise of the electrometer induced by thermomechanical noise is estimated in the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mathrm{e}$/\ensuremath{\surd}Hz. This study also provides insights of resonant sensing applied to the next generation of electrometers and associated instrumentation systems.

Implementación electrónica del oscilador caótico de Rӧssler

Chaotic systems have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their potential applications in many branches of science and engineering, chaos theory is used in cryptography, in the creation of population models in biology, studying turbulence in mechanics of fluids, in economics it is used to predict the behavior of the stock market, in astronomy it is used to describe the motion of many planetary bodies, to improve the prediction of trajectories in asteroids and to determine whether or not they come into contact with the earth, in More recent years have been applied in the prediction and / or control of the dynamics of the human brain, a large number of works have been reported in different areas in order to address some interesting problems, such as the determination of structural damage in materials or in secure communication systems. In this work the implementation of chaotic oscillators in analog electronics is addressed, the case study of the autonomous non-linear dynamic system of Rӧssler is presented, the stability analysis of the system is developed, analytical, numerical and experimental results are included, as well as its Electronic implementation measured under laboratory conditions to observe experimental chaotic attractors, which will be used in the implementation of random number generators and secure communication systems for image encryption.

Volviendo a trabajar: Prótesis electrónica

This project is very important for the educational program of the Career of Industrial Maintenance, because it combines the knowledge of several materials such as Analog and Digital Electronics, Automation, Industrial Networking, Robotics and programming among some others. It seeks to make an agreement with the Instituto Poblano de la Juventud and the DIF of Puebla, to the prothesis designed to be manufactured and distributed to people with mobility disabilities and thus are able to return to the labor sector in their region.

INTERACTIVITY OF MODERN COMMUNICATIVE GRAPHIC DESIGN PRODUCTS

The article discusses various types of interactivity in the context of communicative design. Its emergence in the mid-20th century and modern interpretation as a media communicator are considered. The division into printed and electronic (analog and digital) media communications is emphasized. Principal attention is paid to material (printed and graphic) design products: toy books, packaging, posters, and illustrations.
 In general form, interactivity is understood as interaction (action of cooperation) between the individual and the design product. Linear interactivity, reactive interactivity and dialogue interactivity are analyzed. Linear interactivity is regarded as metaphysical interaction between the consumer and the design product. Reactive interactivity allows the consumer to bring to completion the design program as conceived by the author and obtain a finished design product. Dialogue interactivity cannot be implemented in a material design product without its integration with digital algorithmic or intelligent systems.

FPAA-based implementation of fractional-order chaotic oscillators using first-order active filter blocks

Fractional-order chaotic oscillators (FOCOs) have been widely studied during the last decade, and some of them have been implemented on embedded hardware like field-programmable gate arrays, which is a good option for fast prototyping and verification of the desired behavior. However, the hardware resources are dependent on the length of the digital word that is used, and this can degrade the desired response due to the finite number of bits to perform computer arithmetic. In this manner, this paper shows the implementation of FOCOs using analog electronics to generate continuous-time chaotic behavior. Charef’s method is applied to approximate the fractional-order derivatives as a ratio of two polynomials in the Laplace domain. For instance, two commensurate FOCOs are the cases of study herein, for which we show their dynamical analysis by evaluating their equilibrium points and eigenvalues that are used to estimate the minimum fractional-order that guarantees their chaotic behavior. We propose the use of first-order all-pass and low-pass filters to design the ratio of the polynomials that approximate the fractional-order. The filters are implemented using amplifiers and synthesized on a field-programmable analog array (FPAA) device. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulation results thus demonstrating the usefulness of FPAAs to generate continuous-time chaotic behavior, and to allow reprogramming of the parameters of the FOCOs.