Electron Source Research Articles

The Problem of Choosing Life Paths by Youth in Russian Regions (Based on Field Research at VSTU)

The life path of a modern young person is significantly influenced by the level of development of information technologies, that are transforming all spheres of human activity. This imparts special significance to the context of understanding the challenges faced by youth when choosing their trajectories for entering the adult world and their future professional endeavours. Globalisation issues leave an imprint on systemic transformations within Russian society, significantly complicating the decision-making process for young people regarding their own futures and the future of the country. This notably "adjusts" traditions, shifts value priorities, including those related to pursuing higher education. This research analyses the motives behind the choice of life path by university applicants within the higher education system, based on their perceptions of their future and the realities of contemporary socio-cultural and economic situations in Russia. Through the examination of new data, the study investigates the strategies for implementing life patterns chosen by university applicants, their alignment with individual life plans, and the actual mechanisms of their realisation and legitimisation.
 The relationship has been examined between the choice of one's future professional path and the university that, according to applicants, can provide a solid foundation for their future careers. Today, the selection of an educational institution is not only an important but also a complex issue for applicants and their families. Therefore, one of the research objectives was to identify significant characteristics of universities themselves and socio-economic factors influencing the choice of future study location by applicants, as well as the basic patterns in selecting future professions.
 The research results confirmed that the majority of university audiences are currently filled with representatives of Generation Z, whose level of trust in electronic sources of information is higher than that in traditional sources, including age-old advice from parents and close relatives. Overall, the hypothesis of the enduring value of higher education for the majority of former applicants who have already become students was confirmed. This research also demonstrated a clear manifestation of consumer behaviour and paternalism in their professional lives, an orientation toward high living standards, and social status.

BREAST CANCER AWARENESS AND SCREENING USING BSE, CBE AND CLINICAL FOLLOW UP AMONG RURAL WOMEN OF TRIPURA, NORTH-EAST INDIA

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer morbidity and mortality among females around the globe. In India its the second most common cancer in females which is chiefly attributed to lack of knowledge on breast cancer and Breast Self Examination (BSE) especially among rural women. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of awareness on breast cancer, BSE and Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) of rural women having breast problems and their follow up. Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the rural area around AGMC, Agartala, Tripura among the women. The data was collected by social workers from door to door using a predesigned questionnaire covering various aspects. Brief talk on awareness and BSE was given in form of on-site group discussions. Results: Out of 774 participants, majority belonged to the age group of 40-50 years having school level education(46.8%), married(88.5%), home maker(54.6%), below poverty line (58.8%). Most common electronic source of information were television/radio(75.4%). Most of them identified family history(72.7%) as risk factor & breast lump(100%) as most common symptom of breast cancer. Lacking knowledge about BSE(40.3%) was identified as an important barrier for conducting it. Only 17.8% practiced BSE. Conclusions: This study showed that the overall knowledge of breast cancer and BSE is inadequate and insufficient which warrants effective sensitization by public health education/programmes thus enhancing the knowledge and prevention strategies. This will help in early detection of breast cancer thus reducing morbidity, mortality and burden of disease.

Direct measurements of cosmic rays with the calorimetric electron telescope on the international space station

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope, CALET, has been measuring high-energy cosmic rays on the International Space Station since October 13, 2015. The scientific objectives addressed by the mission are to search for possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons and potential signatures of dark matter, and to investigate the details of galactic cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation. The calorimetric instrument, which is 30 radiation lengths or 1.3 proton interaction lengths thick with fine imaging capability, is optimized to measure cosmic-ray electrons by achieving large proton rejection and excellent energy resolution well into the TeV region. In addition, very wide dynamic range of energy measurement and individual charge identification capability enable us to measure proton and nuclei spectra from a few tens GeV to a PeV scale. Nearly 20 million cosmic-ray shower events over 10 GeV per month are triggered and the continuous observation has been kept without any major interruption since the start of operation. Using the data obtained over 6.5 years of operation, we will present a brief summary of the CALET observation including electron spectrum, and proton and nuclei spectra as well as the performance study on orbit with MC simulations.

Roots Fuel Cell Produces and Stores Clean Energy.

In recent years, extensive scientific efforts have been conducted to develop clean bioenergy technologies. A promising approach that has been under development for more than a hundred years is the microbial fuel cell (MFC) which utilizes exoelectrogenic bacteria as an electron source in a bioelectrochemical cell. The viability of bacteria in soil MFCs can be maintained by integrating plant roots, which release organic materials that feed the bacteria. In this work, we show that rather than organic compounds, roots also release redox species that can produce electricity in a biofuel cell. We first studied the reduction of the electron acceptor Cytochrome C by green onion roots. We integrate green onion roots into a biofuel cell to produce a continuous bias-free electric current for more than 24 h in the dark. This current is enhanced upon irradiation of the onion's leaves with light. We apply cyclic voltammetry and 2D-fluorescence measurements to show that NADH and NADPH act as major electron mediators between the roots and the anode, while their concentrations in the external root matrix are increased upon irradiation of the leaves. Finally, we show that roots can contribute to energy storage by charging a supercapacitor.

Healthcare-associated infections and conditions in the era of digital measurement.

As the third edition of the Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute CareHospitals is released with the latest recommendations for the prevention and management of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), a new approach to reporting HAIs is just beginning to unfold. This next generation of HAI reporting will be fully electronic and based largely on existing data in electronic health record (EHR) systems and other electronic data sources. It will be a significant change in how hospitals report HAIs and how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other agencies receive this information. This paper outlines what that future electronic reporting system will look like and how it will impact HAI reporting.

Characterization of the 2.5 MeV ELV electron accelerator electron source angular distribution using 3-D dose measurement and Monte Carlo simulations

Using the Monte Carlo method, the impact of the angular distribution of the electron source on the dose distribution for the 2.5 MeV ELV electron accelerator was explored. The experiment measured the 3-D dose distribution in the irradiation chamber for electron energies of 1.0 MeV and 2.5 MeV. The simulation used the MCNP6.2 code to evaluate three angular distribution models of the source: a mono-directional beam, a cone shape, and a triangular shape. Of the three models, the triangular shape with angles θ = 30°, φ = 0° best represents the angle of the scan hood through which the electron beam exits. The MCNP6.2 simulation results demonstrated that the triangular model is the most accurate representation of the angular distribution of the electron source for the 2.5 MeV ELV electron accelerator.

Very high-energy electron dose calculation using the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple scattering and a simplified pencil beam model.

Very high-energy electrons (VHEE) radiotherapy, in the energy range of 100-200 MeV is currently considered a promising technique for the future of radiation therapy and could benefit from the promises of ultra-high dose rate FLASH therapy. However, to our knowledge, no analytical calculation models have been tested for this type of application and the approximations proposed for multiple scattering with electron beams have not been extensively evaluated at these high energies. In this work, we discuss the derivation of a simple and fast algorithm based on the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple Coulomb scattering for fast dose calculation for VHEE beams (up to 200 MeV). Similar to the Gaussian pencil beam models used for electron or proton beams, this pencil beam kernel is separated into a central and an off-axis term. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the analytical calculations with simulations and to determine the parametrizations used in the model at the highest electron energies. The normalized electron planar fluence distribution is described in water according to the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple Coulomb scattering and a double Gaussian distribution model. The main quantities used in the model and their calculation (mass angular scattering power, mean energy, range straggling) are discussed and tested for electron energies up to 200 MeV. The TOPAS/Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit is used to compare analytical calculations with MC simulations for a theoretical pencil beam irradiation and to find the best parameters describing the range straggling. The model is then tested on a realistic simulation of a pencil beam scanning beamline with treatment field dimensions up to 15×15cm2 and for deep-seated targets. Radial dose distributions of a pencil beam in water were calculated with the model and compared with the results of a complete Monte Carlo simulation. A good agreement (within 2%/2mm gamma passing rate superior to 90%, and a mean deviation between calculated and simulated pencil beam radial spread smaller than 0.6mm) was observed between analytical dose distributions and simulations for energies up to 200 MeV and field sizes up to 15×15cm2 . A parameterization of an electron source and an analytical pencil beam model were proposed in this work, thereby allowing a suitable reproduction of the lateral fluence of a VHEE beam and good agreement between calculations and simulated data. Further improvement of the method would require the consideration of a model describing the large-angle scattering of the electrons. The results of this work could support future research into VHEE radiotherapy and might be of interest for use together with VHEE broad beams produced by scanned narrow pencil beams.

Burden of paediatric hospitalisations to the health care system, child and family: a systematic review of Australian studies (1990–2022)

Paediatric hospitalisations represent a significant cost to the health system and cause significant burden to children and their families. Understanding trends in hospitalisation costs can assist with health planning and support strategies across stakeholders. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the trends in costs and burden of paediatric hospitalisations in Australia to help inform policy and promote the well-being of children and their families. Electronic data sources (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PSYCH-Info, CINAHL and Scopus) were searched from 1990 until December 2022. Any quantitative or qualitative studies conducted in Australian tertiary hospitals were included in the review. Eligible studies were those that included paediatric (<18 years) hospitalisations and reported on economic and/or non-economic costs for the child, family unit and/or health system. Study quality and risk of bias for each study were assessed with the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Tools. We present a summary of the findings of the hospitalisation burden across major diagnostic admission categories and for the child and family unit. The systematic review was registered with Prospero (ID: CRD42021276202). The review summarises a total of 88 studies published between 1990 and December 2022. Overall, the studies identified that paediatric hospitalisations incur significant financial costs, which have not shown significant reductions over time. In-patient direct hospital costs varied depending on the type of treatment and diagnostic condition. The costs per-case were found to range from just below AUD$2000 to AUD$20,000 or more. The financial burden on the family unit included loss of productivity, transport and travel costs. Some studies reported estimates of these costs upward of AUD$500 per day. Studies evaluating 'hospital in the home' options identified significant benefits in reducing hospitalisations and costs without compromising care. Increasing focus on alternative models of care may help alleviate the significant costs associated with paediatric hospitalisation. This research was supported by Hospitals United for Sick Kids (formerly Curing Homesickness).

Ultrafast Devices Based on Surface Plasmons on Bulk Metal and Graphene: Switches, Modulators, and Microscope Electron Sources

Ultrafast Devices Based on Surface Plasmons on Bulk Metal and Graphene: Switches, Modulators, and Microscope Electron Sources

A review on siddha polyherbal formulation- gowthamar chooranam for the management of swasakasam (bronchial asthma)

Background: In the Siddha system of medicine Swasakasam is correlated with bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is a common respiratory disorder. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night and in the early morning which may subside spontaneously or with treatment. This review shows the potential role of Gowthamar chooranam a Siddha polyherbal formulation from the Siddha literature the pharmacopeia of Siddha research medicine for the treatment of Swasakasam (Bronchial asthma).&#x0D; Aim and Objective: This review provides information on the uses, chemical components, and pharmacological properties of medicinal herbs. It also identifies research gaps and opens up new possibilities for future study of this polyherbal formulation for the treatment of Swasakasam (Bronchial asthma).&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The review was conducted from the primary sources called ancient Siddha literature and also the search from electronic sources called databases like Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct with keywords anti-asthmatic herbs, and pharmacological actions. The information was collected and reviewed.&#x0D; Result: Most of the herbs included in the Siddha formulation were found to be anti-asthmatic activity&#x0D; Conclusion: All the ingredients present in Siddha polyherbal formulation gowthamar chooranam are simple, easily available, inexpensive, and easy to prepare. The pharmacological properties of ingredients have a pungent taste, and hot potency and are mostly found as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, and anti-asthmatic. Hence it is evident that the formulation was very effective in the treatment of Swasakasam (Bronchial asthma). Further preclinical, clinical studies and statistical data analysis help in exploring this polyherbal siddha formulation.

Smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb3Sn superconducting RF resonant cavity by seed-free electrochemical synthesis

Workbench-size particle accelerators, enabled by Nb3Sn-based superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, hold the potential of driving scientific discovery by offering a widely accessible and affordable source of high-energy electrons and x-rays. Thin-film Nb3Sn RF superconductors with high quality factors, high operation temperatures, and high-field potentials are critical for these devices. However, surface roughness, non-stoichiometry, and impurities in Nb3Sn deposited by conventional Sn-vapor diffusion prevent them from reaching their theoretical capabilities. Here we demonstrate a seed-free electrochemical synthesis that pushes the limit of chemical and physical properties in Nb3Sn. Utilization of electrochemical Sn pre-deposits reduces the roughness of converted Nb3Sn by five times compared to typical vapor-diffused Nb3Sn. Quantitative mappings using chemical and atomic probes confirm improved stoichiometry and minimized impurity concentrations in electrochemically synthesized Nb3Sn. We have successfully applied this Nb3Sn to the large-scale 1.3 GHz SRF cavity and demonstrated ultra-low BCS surface resistances at multiple operation temperatures, notably lower than vapor-diffused cavities. Our smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb3Sn provides the route toward high efficiency and high fields for SRF applications under helium-free cryogenic operations.

The source of electrons at comet 67P

ABSTRACT We examine the origin of electrons in a weakly outgassing comet, using Rosetta mission data and a 3D collisional model of electrons at a comet. We have calculated a new data set of electron-impact ionization (EII) frequency throughout the Rosetta escort phase, with measurements of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium’s Ion and Electron Sensor (RPC/IES). The EII frequency is evaluated in 15-min intervals and compared to other Rosetta data sets. EII is the dominant source of electrons at 67P away from perihelion and is highly variable (by up to three orders of magnitude). Around perihelion, EII is much less variable and less efficient than photoionization at Rosetta. Several drivers of the EII frequency are identified, including magnetic field strength and the outgassing rate. Energetic electrons are correlated to the Rosetta-upstream solar wind potential difference, confirming that the ionizing electrons are solar wind electrons accelerated by an ambipolar field. The collisional test particle model incorporates a spherically symmetric, pure water coma and all the relevant electron-neutral collision processes. Electric and magnetic fields are stationary model inputs, and are computed using a fully kinetic, collision-less Particle-in-Cell simulation. Collisional electrons are modelled at outgassing rates of Q = 1026 s−1 and Q = 1.5 × 1027 s−1. Secondary electrons are the dominant population within a weakly outgassing comet. These are produced by collisions of solar wind electrons with the neutral coma. The implications of large ion flow speed estimates at Rosetta, away from perihelion, are discussed in relation to multi-instrument studies and the new results of the EII frequency obtained in this study.

Fundamental Development of “Floating‐Mode” Avalanche Photodiode for Low‐Energy Electron Measurements in Space Plasma

AbstractWe conducted developmental experiments using avalanche photodiode (APD) for electron measurements applicable in future space plasma explorations. Electrons with energies of 10 eV to a hundred keV could be detected by applying “floating” voltages up to +5 kV to APD to achieve wide‐energy electron measurements. We detected 10‐eV electrons from an electron source as energized electrons of an energy of approximately 5 (5.01) keV due to the 5‐keV electrostatic acceleration (=Source energy: 0.01 keV + Acceleration energy: 5 keV; hereafter, (0.01 + 5) keV) with an energy resolution of ∼4.6 keV by simplified assumption and calculation based on peak energy and full width at half maximum of the pulse height distribution. The energy resolution for (5 + 0)‐keV electrons, ∼5.3 keV in our experiments, was equivalent to the previous results. On the other hand, we concluded that for (5 + 5) keV, the energy resolution was significantly improved to 1.3 keV compared with that for (5 + 0) keV. For (1 + 5)‐keV electrons, the energy distribution showed a broadening toward lower energies than that for (6 + 0) keV because the backscattered electrons produced secondary electrons at the APD chassis surface, which were accelerated to 5 keV by the floating voltage to be detected by the APD. We verified that the floating‐mode APD can contribute to space plasma measurements as a detector with characteristics different from those of microchannel plates. This is the first achievement to establish advanced in‐situ observation techniques based on APD for wide‐energy (a few eV to a hundred keV) electron measurements in space.

Piezoelectric driven self-powered supercapacitor for wearable device applications

The universal energy demand and pollution have prompted research scientists to explore other energy harvesting technologies that can generate energy from the natural resource environment, mainly due to the use of conventional energy sources. Energy harvester can be extracted and to convert into useful electric energy. The piezoelectric energy harvester is an excellent method of extracting mechanical energy due to its high electric and mechanical combination and piezoelectric harvester coefficient to compare electro-static, electro-magnetic, and triboelectric transitions. Therefore, the harvesting of piezoelectric energy is highly appreciated by the scientific community. Energy harvesters can be used to convert electrical energy into strong vibrations, which can be to store and used on a variety of ultra-low power electronic devices. With the advent of a various variety of wearable digital devices and fitness tracking devices, the piezoelectric generator suitable for portable and wearable electronic power source is one of the most interesting.

RF acceleration of ultracold electron bunches.

The ultrafast and ultracold electron source, based on laser cooling and trapping of atomic gas and its subsequent near-threshold two-step photoionization, is capable of generating electron bunches with a high transverse brightness at energies of roughly 10 keV. This paper investigates the possibility of increasing the range of applications of this source by accelerating the bunch using radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Bunch energies up to 35 keV are measured by analyzing the diffraction patterns generated from a mono-crystalline gold sample. It is found that the normalized transverse emittance is largely preserved during acceleration.

On the evaluation of field emission parameters of V2O5 and TiO2 nanostructure cathodes

The self-assembled V2O5 and TiO2 nanowires are prepared hydrothermally from vanadium (V) hydroxylamido complex and titanium oxide powder, respectively, and studied for their crystalline phase, morphology, and electron emission characteristics. V2O5 is shown to exhibit an orthorhombic phase with preferential growth of the (010) face along the [010] direction; wire size being diameter 100–400 nm, and length several micrometers. TiO2 nanowires depict a monoclinic β-phase with a typical diameter of ∼ 30 nm. Their bundles serve as potential cathodes giving electron emission following the Fowler–Nordheim (F-N) mechanism but from infinitely small areas with large field enhancement factors. In comparison, β-TiO2 provides better emission characteristics at similar operating parameters (e.g., low threshold voltage 250–400 V and current density 109−1013 A m−2). The unique properties (viz., tip geometry, roughness, and local field enhancement) of one-dimension (1D) nanowires make them prospective candidates for high-brightness electron sources and development of the display devices [1–7]. A simple procedure developed by the authors is applied successfully in actual evaluation of the field emission parameters from the current–voltage data. This involves F-N formulation with physical considerations like variation of work function, effective emission area, and field enhancement factor [31].

Collimation, compression and acceleration of isotropic hot positrons by an intense vortex laser

Laser-driven positron sources, characterized by short pulse width, small focal spot and high energy, are promising for potential applications, e.g. electron–positron collider and positron annihilation spectroscopy. However, the broad divergence angle and wide pulse width during the laser-driven positron transport are extremely unfavorable for achieving high spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, we propose a novel method to manipulate the positrons by using a left-hand circularly-polarized Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser pulse. Using the LG laser with a intensity of and a duration of a few cycles, three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reveal that isotropic hot positrons can be effectively captured, collimated, compressed, and accelerated due to the unique field structure of the LG laser. A high-quality positron bunch is obtained with a peak divergence angle of 1∘, an average pulse duration of 0.5 fs, a maximum energy of 450 MeV, and a density of 70 times that of the initial electron source. A damping vibration model is also formulated to explain qualitatively the quality improvement of the positrons.

Therapeutic Analysis of Smoking Cessation Efforts: Literature Review

Background: Smoking is one of the most major health problems leading to the emergence of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and cancer in the world. Smoking cessation experiences from various backgrounds of therapy types can be input to develop successful smoking cessation strategies. Objective: This literature review is to provide comprehensive information regarding types of therapies and how support and needs are encountered to successfully quit smoking. Method: This study uses the Literature review method using PRISMA Checklist guidelines and takes electronic database data sources, namely Science direct, Google Schloar, PubMed and Perpusnas with articles published from 2013 to 2022 with the keyword smoking cessation therapy. After selection and identification according to the inclusion criteria, there were 15 articles reviewed. Results: Based on the results of an analysis of 15 research articles reviewed. There are 7 types of smoking cessation therapy including Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT), Cognitive Restructuring, N-Acetylcystein Mucolytic Therapy, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), Varenicline Therapy, Self-Control Therapy and Hypnoterapy. Conclusion: Smoking cessation therapy is divided into 2 parts, namely Pharmacotherapy (N- Acetylcystein Mucolytic Therapy, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), Varenicline Therapy) and Non Pharmacotherapy (Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT), Cognitive Restructuring, Self- Control Therapy and Hypnoterapy

Clinical Practise Evaluation Quality Improvement Among Nursing Students in The Digital Technology Transformation Era: Literature Review

Background: Technological developments make the quality of evaluation of clinical practice even better. However, it must be known in advance which technology is more appropriate to use so that evaluation of clinical practice among nursing students can meet the expected quality. Objective: This literature review aims to analyse the efforts that have been made to improve the quality of clinical practice evaluation among nursing students in the digital technology transformation era. Methodology: The literature review uses electronic database sources through journal search engines, Google Scholar, Pro-Quest, PUBMED, and Science Direct. The journal crteria taken were the last five years (2018-2023) using the keywords "improving the quality of evaluation of clinical practice among nursing students using digital technology.". Results: Based on the results of the literature that has been collected, it is found that two ways can be done to improve the quality of evaluation of clinical practice among nursing students in this digital transformation era, namely by utilizing digital technology developments and also supported by efforts without using digital technology. Conclusion: The application of digital technology must be well planned and reviewed from various angles to produce clinical practice evaluations among qualified nursing students.

Functionalities of Mobile Solutions for Preventing Road Traffic Health and Safety Issues in the Context of Information Management Cycle

In the present study, researchers thoroughly analyzed the peer-reviewed literature on mobile solutions for road traffic health and safety issues with regard to their functionalities in the context of information management. A comprehensive review of papers reporting mobile solutions for road traffic health and safety was conducted using relevant eligibility criteria. Electronic sources were searched using a combination of keywords. To analyze the mobile solutions reported in the studies, the researchers deployed different aspects of the information management cycle and functionality of apps for preventing road traffic health and safety issues. Overall, 68 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. A total of 72.1% of the studies reported using only the in-built sensors of smartphones in their solutions for data collection. Several processing approaches for the data were found, which can be referred to as threshold value setting, image processing, fuzzy logic, and decision tree. According to the finding, the highest percentage of processing techniques utilized in the mobile solutions belonged to threshold value setting technique (23.5%) followed by image processing technique (10.3%). The applications of mobile solutions in studies commonly include recording and providing feedback on driving behavior, real-time alerts for road conditions, accident detection, and drowsiness management. Finally, fulfilling these targets could affect humans, the physical environment, and the vehicle factors toward preventing road traffic health and safety issues. The domain researchers and developers of mobile solutions can revisit and enhance the functionalities with attention to the full cycle of information management, including data collection, data analysis, interventions, and data application in their initiatives.