Electrometric Method Research Articles

Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical and Nutrient Water Quality of River Tano in Ghana

Increasing anthropogenic activities within the catchment of River Tano continues to threaten the river water quality but data is limited. Seasonal variations in some physicochemical and nutrients water quality parameters of River Tano were studied between November, 2016 and October, 2017 using electrometric and standard methods. The objective was to assess changes in physicochemical parameters and nutrient concentrations with the season and to generate useful information for water quality managers and policy makers to ameliorate the problem. The results showed significantly higher rainy season values for all the nutrients and the physicochemical parameters studied. The source of River Tano recorded pH levels lower than WHO minimum permissible level for both seasons but got corrected after 7.2 km from the source. The river was also challenged in terms of colour (61.0±4.6 NTU), total phosphorus content (0.376±0.3 mg/L), total suspended solids (69.7±24 mg/L), turbidity (96.2±21 mg/L) and electrical conductivity (252±33 µS/cm) since the levels of these parameters exceeded the permissible levels for WHO. Some physicochemical parameters and nutrients correlated strongly to indicate a possible common source to the water body. Cluster analysis extracted two clusters of the seasonal sampling sites for physicochemical parameters and three clusters for nutrients also confirming their respective possible common sources to the river. It is recommended that the buffer zone policy must be enforced to avert further deterioration of the river water quality. Industries must be compelled to treat their effluent before discharging into water bodies

Microwave resonance method for measuring microliter volumes of free moisture in aviation fuels

One of the conditions for ensuring the safety of air transport operation is the quality of aviation fuel refueled in aircraft. Fuel quality control is a multi-parameter task that includes monitoring the free moisture content. Regulatory documents establish the content of free water no more than 0.0015% by weight. It is developed a direct electrometric microwave resonance method for controlling free moisture in aviation fuels, which consists in changing the shape of the water drops by pressing them on a solid surface inside a cylindrical cavity resonator. This can dramatically increase dielectric losses. Analytical and experimental analysis of the proposed method is carried out. The control range from 0,5 to 30 μl of absolute volume of moisture in aviation fuels with a maximum error of not morethan 25 % is justified. The sensitivity of the proposed method for monitoring microwave losses in free moisture drops transformed into a thin layer by pressing is an order of magnitude greater than the sensitivity of the method for monitoring microwave losses in moisture drops on a solid surface in a resonator. The proposed method can be used as a basis for the development of devices for monitoring the free moisture of aviation fuels in the conditions of the airfield and laboratory. The direction of development of the method is shown.

THE ANALYSIS OF SOILS POLLUTION WITH PETROCHEMICALS BY THE MEANS OF ELECTROMETRIC METHOD

Petroleum products are one of the most common components of chemical pollution of the environment. They represent a group of pollutants of extremely complex and diverse chemical composition, which complicates their detection and analysis in environmental components. Sources and consequences of soils pollution with petroleum products are considered in the paper, stating that it causes degradation of soil quality and failing to perform environmental functions. The comparative analysis of conventional testing methods of petroleum products in the soil demonstrates their common disadvantages – complicated equipment used or low accuracy of results. The change of electric soil properties under the influence of petroleum pollution is offered to be used as the basis of alternative testing method. The measurement of electrical resistance of soils, typical for the territory of Kyiv, with artificially created petroleum pollution was used to develop model dependencies between concentration of petrochemicals and resistance of pollutes soils. The pollution was modeled with market products – gasoline, diesel fuel and semi-synthetic oil. The soils involved in the research are soddy-podzolic, dark-gray podzolic, gray forest and alluvial. The analysis of the obtained results has demonstrated that major difference in polluted soils resistance is conditioned by the type of soil, but not the type of petrochemical in question. This enables the use of developed models to define the presence of petrochemicals in specific soils, but prevents the exact determination of the pollution composition. The proposed method was tested on real samples of soils taken at fuel filling stations. The comparison of the concentrations determined by electrometric and gravimetric method shows the sufficient reliability of the model dependancies developed, but they must be adapted to the specific soil properties, in particular soil texture, reaction and humidity.

Trichostatin A blocks aldosterone-induced Na+ transport and control of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 in cortical collecting duct cells.

Aldosterone stimulates epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)-dependent Na+ retention in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) of the kidney by activating mineralocorticoid receptors that promote expression of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). This response is critical to BP homeostasis. It has previously been suggested that inhibiting lysine deacetylases (KDACs) can post-transcriptionally disrupt this response by promoting acetylation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. The present study critically evaluates this hypothesis. Electrometric and molecular methods were used to define the effects of a pan-KDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A, on the responses to a physiologically relevant concentration of aldosterone (3nM) in murine mCCDcl1 cells. Aldosterone augmented ENaC-induced Na+ absorption and increased SGK1 activity and abundance, as expected. In the presence of trichostatin A, these responses were suppressed. Trichostatin A-induced inhibition of KDAC was confirmed by increased acetylation of histone H3, H4, and α-tubulin. Trichostatin A did not block the electrometric response to insulin, a hormone that activates SGK1 independently of increased transcription, indicating that trichostatin A has no direct effect upon the SGK1/ENaC pathway. Inhibition of lysine de-acetylation suppresses aldosterone-dependent control over the SGK1-ENaC pathway but does not perturb post-transcriptional signalling, providing a physiological basis for the anti-hypertensive action of KDAC inhibition seen in vivo.

Physicochemical properties of both drinking and domestic waters in Çorum

Water is the most basic need of life since the existence of living things. Physicochemical monitoring of water quality is important for public health.In this study, we aimed to research the quality of drinking and domestic waters in dams, sources, wells and water tanks,located in Çorum in terms of several physicochemical parameters. In winter, spring and summer seasons we collected a total of 2894 water samples from 3 dams, 10 well-sources, and water tanks on a monthly basis; water tanks in the 80 different locations in the Center six days a week,and lastly domestic waters five days a week in 250 ml sterile water sampling bottles.We used the nephelometric method for determining the amount of turbidity, the electrometric method for analyzing conductivity, pH and, dissolved oxygen the photometric method for measuring free chlorine, the spectrophotometric method for determining the amount of sulphate, iron, nitrite, ammonia and, manganese and lastly TS 266 volumetric titration for analyzing total alkalinity, organic matter, magnesium, calcium and total hardness. We monitored water height, filling rate, turbidity, pH and free chlorine control in each drinking water storage tanks in Çorum with the Scada System and free chlorine with both the Scada System and manually. Detected in the range of Ammonium and Iron (mg/L): <0.5; Nitrite (mg/L): <0.02; Manganese (mg/L): <0.01; Turbidity (NTU): between 0.1 and 0.4; Conductivity (μS / cm): between 400 and 600; pH: 7.5 to 8.0; Sulfate (mg/L): 10 to 45; Total Alkalinity (mg/L): between 180 and 250; Organic matter (mg/L): 1 to 3. In accordance with Turkish Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption, the several physicochemical parameters in drinking and domestic waters in Çorum are in between stated values.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СТРОЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ ВИКУЛОВСКОЙ СВИТЫ

Актуальность. Задачи поисков, разведки, оценки ресурсов и запасов, проектирования, разработки решаются на основе геологических моделей. Наряду с тем, что современное геологическое моделирование позволяет получить трехмерное описание строения геологического объекта, изучить характер и изменчивость параметров пласта и насыщающих его флюидов, оно также позволяет оценить неопределенности, неизбежно возникающие при моделировании геологического строения пласта. Из этого следует, что точность решения любой геологической задачи в существенной степени определяется адекватностью трехмерной модели соответствующего объекта. Таким образом, появляется необходимость привлечения для построения моделей, кроме эмпирических данных, всех видов априорной и косвенной информации – в частности, концептуальной седиментологической модели. Цель: усовершенствование методики построения трёхмерных геологических моделей, учитывающей особенности условий седиментации. Это обусловлено тем, что именно литофациальные характеристики продуктивных отложений являются основными факторами неоднородности природных резервуаров и нефтенасыщенности пород-коллекторов. Методика, учитывающая фациальное строение залежей, позволяет построить дискретно-непрерывную трехмерную модель, более адекватно описывающую изучаемый геологический объект и обладающую заметно более высокими прогностическими свойствами. Объекты: продуктивные пласты викуловской свиты Ем-Еговского лицензионного участка. Методы: детальная корреляция, усовершенствованная электрометрическая методика фациальной диагностики отложений, детерминистические и стохастические методы двухмерного и трехмерного моделирования геологических параметров. Результаты. По данным керна и материалов геофизических исследований скважин с использованием усовершенствованной методики В.С. Муромцева построена фациальная модель, включающая следующие группы фаций горизонта ВК1 викуловской свиты: дальняя зона пляжа, переходная зона пляжа и предфронтальная зона пляжа. С учётом данных по вновь пробуренным 192 скважинам проведена детальная корреляция горизонта ВК1. По её результатам внутри пласта ВК1 выделено три седиментационных цикла, для которых характерна довольно хорошая выдержанность по площади. На основе более точных данных сейсмики и данных 192 вновь пробуренных скважин с использованием концептуальной модели обстановок седиментации создана уточнённая модель залежи горизонта ВК1 Ем – Еговского месторождения. Согласно построенной модели, представления о геологическом строении залежи горизонта ВК1 изменилось значимо. Внешняя проверка подтвердила более высокую точность, а значит, и более высокие прогностические свойства созданной геологической модели. Согласно уточнённому строению, уменьшилась площадь и нефтенасыщенные толщины залежи, и как следствие геологические запасы. Уточнение и детализация строения залежи горизонта ВК1 позволит повысить эффективность доразведки слабо изученных частей и разработки. Предлагаемая в работе модель использована для создания гидродинамической модели и для обоснования наиболее эффективных геолого-технических мероприятий.

The use of the Electrometric Method in Measuring the Activity of Cholinesterase in Local Female Buffalo in north of Iraq

The aim of present study, was desigen to measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) activity by electrometric method in normal blood of adult Female buffalo, Cholinesterase was used in red blood cells (RBCs)to determine the linear relationship between incubation time and cholinesterase activity. The change in pH of RBCs cells reaction mixture (0.21 to 0.47) agreed with increased incubation time of 10 - 50 minutes and the pH change red blood cells reaction mixture (0.31 to 0.46) was associated with increased incubation temperature of 25-40C. recorded the highest activity of natural ChE the change in pH / 40 C° minutes in the red blood cells (0.46), whole blood (0.42) and least in the blood plasma (0.076). To illustrate the accuracy of the way the coefficient of variation in red blood cells and blood plasma and the whole blood (1.65%, 6.97% and 4.12%), respectively, this was done using 0.1 ml acetylcholine iodide 7.5% as the basis of the combination interaction of the current study. Quinidine sulfate specifically inhibited pseudo ChE in the RBC and whole blood, and it was estimated to be (6.5%,16.7%), where as true ChE activity was (93.5%, 83.3%). Monocrotophos at concentration (0.5, 1 µM) and carbaryl at (5, 10 µM) significantly inhibited RBCs ChE in vitro. These results indicate that the used of modified electrometric method its simple, precise, efficient and have the validity for measurement of ChE activities in adult Female of buffalo.

Assessment of the physico-chemical quality and extent of algal proliferation in water from an impounding reservoir prone to eutrophication

BackgroundPiton du Milieu (PdM) impounding reservoir is suspected to be eutrophic based on the elevated level of orthophosphate and nitrate. Water supplies from three adjacent rivers are primarily thought to contribute to the nutrient enrichment of the reservoir. It is also suspected that there is leaching of orthophosphate, nitrate and organic matter into the rivers during rainfall events and also as a result of anthropogenic activities within the catchment area. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of nutrient loading on the water quality of PdM water and on the population of freshwater microalgae in the reservoir. The enumeration and identification of algae from PdM were performed by differential interference contrast microscopy. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were determined by electrometric methods, whereas nutrient levels, silica and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined by instrumentation techniques.ResultsAnnual mean orthophosphate, nitrate and total organic carbon input from the three feeders within the catchment area of PdM reached levels as high as 0.09 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L and 2.62 ppm respectively. Over a 12-month period, mean TOC concentration in the reservoir was 2.32 ppm while the mean algal cell count was 4601 cells/mL. The dominant algal species identified were Oscillatoria, Cyclotella, Navicula and Cosmarium.ConclusionThis study highlights the trophic state of the reservoir water and clearly points to the need for constant monitoring in order to avoid the occurrence of an impending harmful algal bloom.

Physico-Chemical Complex of Matorral Soils of the North Western Region of Algeria

The objective of this study is to determine the influence of soil physico-chemical factors on the spatial distribution of matorrals in the plain from Remchi to Beni-Saf located in the western region of Algeria. This study informs us of the relationships that soil can have on the diversity of matorrals. On the bioclimatic level, the region is characterized by semi-aridity accentuating the phenomena of therophysation. Soil analyzes carried out using known methods (Stokes Particle Size Method, Electrometric Method for pH, 1/5 Extract Method for Electrical Conductivity, Bernard Calcium Method for CaCO3, Anne Method for Organic Carbon). The results show a textural diversity; sandy-muddy “Remchi”, sandy “Rachgoun 1 and Rechgoun 2”, not far from Beni-Saf. The low clay content (Remchi: Profile 1: Horizon 1: Clays 10%, Profile 2: Horizon 1: Clays 16%, Profile 3: Horizon 1: Clays 5%, Rechgoun: Profile 1: Horizon 1: Clays 3%, Profile 3: Horizon 1: 2% Clays and Horizon 2: 3% Clays) leads to poor structural stability leading to degradation of the soil surface through erosion. The latter is revealed by the presence of small erosion claws visible on these rough slopes or almost.

A simple electrometric method for parametric determination of Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state from underwater explosion test

The parametric determination of the Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state (JWL-EOS) of condensed explosives was mostly dependent on a cylinder test using a high-speed photography technique. In the present work, a simple electrometric method based on the underwater explosion test was developed with a novel pressure-conducted velocity probe permitting recording the detonation and shock wave velocity in a single test. Specifically, a velocity probe-based testing setup for the underwater explosion was designed at first to measure the oblique shock wave front of the cylinder charge. We carried out four tests using powdery cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and obtained the curves of detonation-shock front position versus time. The oblique shock wave fronts were then determined based on the analysis of two-dimensional steady flow, and some other parameters such as detonation pressure, adiabatic exponent, Mach number, and gas-water interface angle were calculated combining the Prandtl-Mayer expansion law. Excellent agreements with the calculation results of Kamlet’s semi-empirical formulas were achieved. By applying a numerical calculation and test-and-error process, we adjusted the six JWL-EOS parameters (A, B, C, R1, R2, and ω) constantly to make the error between numerical and experimental results of oblique shock front fall within ±2%. Finally, the JWL-EOS of powdery RDX in each test was determined, and the curves of adiabatic pressure versus relative volume were plotted as well to demonstrate the accuracy of the present method.

The Investigation of precision of analytical methods for determination of salt content in Iranian crude oils

In crude oil analysis, the determination of salt content is one of the most important parameters especially for refining and exporting industries. In this study, extraction followed by volumetric titration and electrometric procedure are performed for determining salt content for several Iranian crude oils. Also, the effects of disturbing agents such as increasing associated water for determining salt in crude oil were investigated for both methods. The results show when water content in crude oil is less than 0.05 weight percent, both methods are equally accurate for determining salt content, but when there is an increase in associated water content in crude oil, the electrometric method followed by volumetric titration method shows more accurate results in comparison with the extraction procedure.

Peculiarities of Productive Sediments Facies Analysis according to GWL Data

The research objective is to determine the genesis of productive sediments in the AS8, BS1, and YUS2 reservoirs and reveal the peculiarities of their forming. The identification of facies complexes in productive sediments was carried out with the help of facial and electrometric methods of investigation.

Diagnostics of Facial Complexes in Bajocian-Bathonian Deposits of the Peschanoye Field

The establishment of the paleofacial nature of sand bodies is of an utmost importance in the search for lithological traps of oil and gas, and also allows forecasting their spatial location, the position of wedging zones and changes in the reservoir properties of reservoir units. The research objective is to determine the genesis of productive deposits of the Bajocian-Bathonian age and to reveal the features of their geological structure. With the help of facial and electrometric methods of research, facies complexes were identified in deposits of the Bajocian-Bathonian age.

Acesso à água fluoretada: panorama desde sua implantação aos dias atuais em um município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Objetivo: avaliar o cenário de fluoretação em um município do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais. Material e Métodos: foram coletadas amostras de água de 2011 a 2017, em 21 localidades da cidade, analisadas pelo método eletrométrico e classificadas com base nas concentrações nacionais recomendadas de flúor. Resultados: de um total de 2.297 amostras coletadas, apenas 688 (29,95%) estavam dentro da faixa recomendada (0,65-0,94 ppmF), com concentrações variando de 0,00 a 1,92 ppmF e com uma concentração média de 0,41 ppmF. Durante o período de avaliação, observou-se que os locais mais próximos da região central da cidade eram constantemente fluoretados e a maioria das amostras estava de acordo com os parâmetros recomendados pelo CECOL-USP. Por outro lado, nos bairros periféricos, as amostras foram consideradas subfluoretadas, o que pode resultar em ineficácia na prevenção da doença cárie. Conclusão: o município apresentou uma deficiência clara na manutenção dos níveis de flúor em concentrações adequadas, o que reforça a relevância do controle dessa medida como parte de uma ação de vigilância contínua na atenção à saúde bucal.

Carbonic anhydrase activity in seaweeds: overview and recommendations for measuring activity with an electrometric method, using Macrocystis pyrifera as a model species

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important physiological role in all biological systems by accelerating the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3−. In algae, CA is essential for photosynthesis: external CA (CAext) dehydrates HCO3−, enhancing the supply of CO2 to the cell surface, and internal CA (CAint) interconverts HCO3− and CO2 to maintain the inorganic carbon (Ci) pool and supply CO2 to RuBisCO. We first conducted a literature review comparing the conditions in which CA extraction and measurement have been carried out, using the commonly used Wilbur–Anderson method. We found that the assay has been widely modified since its introduction in 1948, mostly without being optimized for the species tested. Based on the review, an optimized protocol for measuring CA in Macrocystis pyrifera was developed, which showed that the assay conditions can strongly affect CA activity. Tris–HCl buffer gave the highest levels of CA activity, but phosphate buffer reduced activity significantly. Buffers containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and dithiothreitol (DTT) stabilized CA. Using the optimized assay, CAext and CAint activities were readily measured in Macrocystis with higher precision compared to the non-optimized method. The CAint activity was 2 × higher than CAext, which is attributed to the Ci uptake mechanisms of Macrocystis. This study suggests that the CA assay needs to be optimized for each species prior to experimental work to obtain both accurate and precise results.

Effect of vibro-impact exposure on intensity of geodynamic events in rock mass

Effect of vibrational impacts on rockburst-hazardous iron ore body and enclosing rocks is experimentally studied using the microseismic, electromagnetic, acoustic and electrometric methods. The nature of the change in the intensity of electrical resistance, and in electromagnetic and acoustic signals in a series of impacts is determined. The variation in the amplitude dispersion of spectral components of signals at different frequencies is described.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЕЛЕКТРОМЕТРИЧНОГО МЕТОДУ ДІАГНОСТИКИ СТАТЕВОЇ ОХОТИ У КОРІВ

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЕЛЕКТРОМЕТРИЧНОГО МЕТОДУ ДІАГНОСТИКИ СТАТЕВОЇ ОХОТИ У КОРІВ

Highly Thermal Stable TATB‐based Aluminized Explosives Realizing Optimized Balance between Thermal Stability and Detonation Performance

AbstractIn this work, a series of TATB‐based aluminized explosives were formulated from 1, 3, 5‐triamino‐2, 4, 6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB), aluminum powders and polymeric binders. The thermal stability, heat of detonation, detonation velocity and pressure of the TATB based aluminized (TATB/Al) explosives were systematically investigated by cook‐off, constant temperature calorimeter, electrometric method and manganin piezo resistance gauge, respectively. The selected PBX‐3 (70 wt% TATB/25 wt% Al/5 wt% fluorine resin) achieved optimized balance between thermal stability and detonation performance, with the thermal runaway temperature around 583 K. The thermal ignition of TATB‐based aluminized explosive occurred at the edge of the cylinder according to the experimental and numerical simulations. Moreover, the critical thermal runaway temperature for PBX‐3 was calculated based on the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of the explosive, which was consistent with the experimental value.

PH of CO2 saturated water and CO2 saturated brines: Experimental measurements and modelling

In this work, both spectroscopic and electrometric methods were employed to measure the pH of water saturated with carbon dioxide at pressures up to 6MPa, temperature ranges from 293.15 to 353.15K and salinities up to 3molkg−1.Furthermore, a model was developed to predict the changes in the pH due to the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous phase at high pressure and high temperature conditions as well as the effect of NaCl. The pH model was developed by coupling the Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State (CPA EoS) and the Pitzer equations. The former was used to determine the solubility of acid gases in aqueous solutions while the latter was employed to calculate activity coefficients for each ion species. The predictive capability of the pH model was evaluated against the data gathered from the literature and data measured in this work. The model allowed a prediction of the pH with an overall average absolute deviation (AAD) to measured data of 0.03 and 0.06pH units in the CO2-H2O system using electrometric and spectroscopic techniques, respectively, and between 0.04 and 0.10pH units in the CO2-H2O-NaCl systems by employing the spectroscopic technique.

Numerical and experimental analysis of AC loss for CFETR CS model coil

The central solenoid (CS) is an important component of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, for producing, forming and stabilizing plasma in the superconducting tokamak. It is a complicated work to design and manufacture the large superconducting CS magnet, so it is meaningful to design a central solenoid model coil (CSMC) and analyze its electromagnetic properties in advance. In this paper, the structure, design parameters and magnetic field distribution of the CS model coil are discussed. The peak power of radial and axial turn conductors and time bucket loss are analyzed by using piecewise-linear method. The CSMC AC loss with different Nb3Sn CICCs and AC loss of ITER CS coil are compared. The special electrometric method to measure AC loss of the CS model coil for future reference is presented.