Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Research Articles

Effects of continuous prenatal and postnatal global system for mobile communications electromagnetic waves (GSM-EMW) exposure on the oxidative stress biomarkers in female rat liver

In light of the increased use of communication technologies, the harm caused by continuous exposure to emitted radiation on pregnancy and developing newborns is among the public concerns. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, our study investigates the effects of 24 h/day prenatal and postnatal 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure of female rats on liver oxidative stress (OS) and other hepatic parameters at postnatal days (PND) 1, 9, and 21. Our results showed that RF-EMR exposure led to an increase in oxidative stress status as indicated by a significant elevation in MDA level at PND9 and PND21, a decrease in catalase (CAT) activity at all ages, a reduction (PND1 and PND9) in catalase amounts and mRNA expression, in addition to a decrease in GPx activity at PND21 in the exposed group. Current findings also showed a significant increase in cytoSOD at PND9 and 21 and a reduction in mitoSOD at PND21 in the exposed groups compared to the control groups. However, significant increases in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level and mitoSOD activity were observed at all studied ages. Furthermore, cytoSOD activity showed a significant reduction in PND1, whereas in PND9 the value of this parameter increased compared to the non-exposed group. Moreover, while SOD1 mRNA expression increased at PND1, it decreased at PND9 and 21. However, GPx1 expression was shown to be always decreased in the exposed group. In addition, at PND1 and 9, exposed rats showed a similar response on Akt1, nuclear factor erythroïd 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Therefore, an increased oxidative stress status produced from a continuous (24 h/day) GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure during the prenatal and postnatal periods may result in adverse health effects during future life stages.

Acute radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure impairs neurogenesis and causes neuronal DNA damage in the young rat brain

A mobile phone is now a commonly used device for digital media and communication among all age groups. Young adolescents use it for longer durations, which exposes them to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). This exposure can lead to neuropsychiatric changes. The underlying cellular mechanism behind these changes requires detailed investigation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of RF-EMR emitted from mobile phones on young adolescent rat brains. Wistar rats (5 weeks, male) were exposed to RF-EMR signal (2115 MHz) at a head average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.51 W/kg continuously for 8 h. Higher level of lipid peroxidation, carbon-centered lipid radicals, and single-strand DNA damage was observed in the brain of rat exposed to RF-EMR. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) decreased in RF-EMR-exposed rats, indicating reduced neurogenesis. RF-EMR exposure also induced degenerative changes and neuronal loss in DG neurons but had no effect on the CA3 and CA1 neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The activity of Pro-caspase3 did not increase upon exposure in any of the brain regions, pointing out that degeneration observed in the DG region is not dependent on caspase activation. Results indicate that short-term acute exposure to RF-EMR induced the generation of carbon-centered lipid radicals and nuclear DNA damage, both of which likely played a role in the impaired neurogenesis and neuronal degeneration seen in the young brain's hippocampus region. The understanding of RF-EMR-induced alteration in the brain at the cellular level will help develop appropriate interventions for reducing its adverse impact.

On the adapting ability of living organisms to stationary and non-stationary electromagnetic fields

The adapting ability of living organisms is the key to survival of the species, and its scope is defined by homeostasis, meaning the tendency of any living system to maintain its biologic parameters. Heat shock proteins are part of a homeostasis system in charge with the regulation of damaged proteins caused by the action of several types of stressors. Among all types of stressors, the electromagnetic radiation has not yet been investigated in terms of heat shock protein response. Recent investigations regarding in vivo experiments using electromagnetic exposure from laboratory sources and commercial mobile phones indicate that the biologic response is more intense when using real life sources. This paper proposes a model for heat shock proteins expression as response to electromagnetic radiation exposure, based on a Hill controller.

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects.

Modern humanity wades daily through various radiations, resulting in frequent exposure and causing potentially important biological effects. Among them, the brain is the organ most sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure. Despite numerous correlated studies, critical unknowns surround the different parameters used, including operational frequency, power density (i.e., energy dose), and irradiation time that could permit reproducibility and comparability between analyses. Furthermore, the interactions of EMR with biological systems and its precise mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In this review, recent approaches examining the effects of microwave radiations on the brain, specifically learning and memory capabilities, as well as the mechanisms of brain dysfunction with exposure as reported in the literature, are analyzed and interpreted to provide prospective views for future research directed at this important and novel medical technology for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies on brain degeneration caused by microwave radiation. Additionally, the interactions of microwaves with biological systems and possible mechanisms are presented in this review. Treatment with natural products and safe techniques to reduce harm to organs have become essential components of daily life, and some promising techniques to treat cancers and their radioprotective effects are summarized as well. This review can serve as a platform for researchers to understand the mechanism and interactions of microwave radiation with biological systems, the present scenario, and prospects for future studies on the effect of microwaves on the brain.

Paternal Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Causes Sex-Specific Differences in Body Weight Trajectory and Glucose Metabolism in Offspring Mice.

Nowadays, concerns about the harmful effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on male fertility and offspring health are growing. In the present study, we investigated the effects of long-term exposure (at least 10 weeks) to the RF-EMR [2.0 GHz; power density, 2.5 W/m2; whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR), 0.125–0.5 W/kg] on male mice fertility and F1 growth and glucose metabolism. No significant injuries were observed in testis organization, sperm quality, and pregnancy rate. However, mice exposed to RF-EMR exhibited a significantly elevated apoptosis rate in testis germ cells. Interestingly, paternal RF-EMR exposure resulted in sex-specific weight trajectory differences and glucose metabolism changes in male F1 mice but not in female F1 mice. The changed glucose metabolism in F1 male may result from the altered gene expression of liver Gck. These data collectively suggested that 2.0 GHz RF-EMR whole-body exposure of male mice does not cause obvious impairment in testis, sperm quality, and pregnancy rate. Paternal RF-EMR exposure causes male-specific alterations in body weight trajectories and glucose metabolism of F1.

Determination of short-interval time estimates in humans exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation

Aim: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure on short-interval time estimates in humans living in the vicinity of base transceiver stations. Methodology: The study was conducted in Phase-1 and Phase-2 with 1281 and 192 subjects, respectively. Four groups with one control were identified in each phase depending on the distance from the ground-based transceiver stations. The cognitive ability of the subjects of each group was determined by measuring short-interval time estimates, namely 10 s, 30 s, and 60 s, with time production and time reproduction methods using the Interval Clock software (Version 2.2). The electric field strength at each participant’s house was determined using the Narda Broadband Meter-550 with a probe EF0-391. Results: ANOVA results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in electric field strength among different zones around the installations of base transceiver stations (F4,1274 = 50.071; p<0.001). It was significantly higher in the inter-tower zone than in all other zones. The prevalence of various clinical problems was higher among the individuals living in the inter-tower zone. ANCOVA results revealed that the main factors zone, gender, and year of residence, did not significantly affect any short-interval time estimates. However, a statistically significant 'time of the day' variation in most of the target short-interval time estimates with both the methods for all the studied groups, except the inter-tower zone, was observed. Interpretation: The radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from base transceiver stations did not significantly impact the ability to estimate short-time intervals in humans.

Measurement and Prediction of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Level in a University Campus

Measurement and Prediction of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Level in a University Campus

Use of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) in Preservation of Fruit Juices

This study shows the bactericidal effect of Electromagnetic Field on fruit juice microbes. Short shelf-life period of fruit juice caused by spoilage organisms has limiting factor for its economy value. The Eighteen microorganisms isolated from both fresh and spoilt fruit samples (Pineapple and Apple), and identified during the study include, twelve (12) bacteria and Six (6) fungi, out of which only the bacterial isolates were exposed to electromagnetic field of 0mG, 500mG, and 5000mG for thirty minutes. The bacteria species were Leuconostoc mesentroides, Bacillus species, Lactobacillus brevis, Microbacterium species, Clostridium species, Bacillus cereus, Acetobacter aceti, and Staphylococcus aureus. The Gram negative bacteria isolates were Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia ananas, and Proteus species. Exposure of the isolates to an electromagnetic field of 0mG, 500mG and 5000mG showed a decrease in some electromagnetic field magnitude. This study shows reduction in growth range among most bacterial species tested at 500mG electromagnetic radiation exposure, but the growth of many of these bacterial species were triggered at 5000mG electromagnetic radiation exposure. This may mean an initiation of: adaptation mechanism, growth mechanism in some microorganism, and sugar content of the fruit juice from which they are being isolated. The exposure of the bacteria to electromagnetic field elicited detectable responses therefore depends on the adaptation mechanism of each bacteria and sugar content of the fruit from which it is being isolated from. Thus, future research can be done to optimize the limits specified for target microbes that are strength and frequency of this EMF in diseases control.

Specific electromagnetic radiation in the wireless signal range increases wakefulness in mice

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment has increased sharply in recent decades. The effect of environmental EMR on living organisms remains poorly characterized. Here, we report the impact of wireless-range EMR on the sleep architecture of mouse. Prolonged exposure to 2.4-GHz EMR modulated by 100-Hz square pulses at a nonthermal output level results in markedly increased time of wakefulness in mice. These mice display corresponding decreased time of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). In contrast, prolonged exposure to unmodulated 2.4-GHz EMR at the same time-averaged output level has little impact on mouse sleep. These observations identify alteration of sleep architecture in mice as a specific physiological response to prolonged wireless-range EMR exposure.

Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone radiation and its possible impact on the development of albino rat testicular tissue light and electron microscopic study

AbstractIntroduction: Perinatal periods are critical phases in the development of testis, and it is sentient to the surrounding environmental pollutants. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure as a consequence of excessive use of cell phones might be one of such pollutants. Aim of the work: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of pre-and postnatal exposure to cell phone radiations on the development of rats’ testes.Methods: Sixteen healthy pregnant female rats were used in the current work. The dams were exposed to EMR of cell phone 2 hours /day from the 6th day of pregnancy, throughout lactation until weaning. We also used corresponding control dams kept away from any radiation. The male pups of both groups were subdivided into three groups (n = 10); according to their age at the time of scarification; group A; scarified at first postnatal day (PND 1), B (PND 21), and C (PND 70). Testes of each group were excised and processed for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) studies. Assessment of oxidative parameters, semen analysis and morphometric analysis were conducted on each group.Results: Various degenerative changes in the structure of rat testis were noticed in EMR-exposed animals which were assured by the significant changes in morphometric parameters. Besides, the oxidative stress status because of EMR-exposure was evident. Sperm parameters of rats at PND 70 were markedly decreased in the exposed animals compared with controls regarding sperm count and motility with an increase in abnormal forms. Conclusion: Serious effects might result from excessive EMR exposure on developing testis.

Asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed textile‐based wearable antenna for MBAN and ISM band applications

AbstractThe design of portable textile‐based asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed comb‐shaped patch (CSP) antenna is proposed and analyzed for Medical Body Area Network and Industrial Scientific and Medical band applications. A thin sheet of fabric with high conductivity has been embedded on a denim textile to fabricate a flexible conductive wearable antenna. The CSP antenna is validated in both free spaces and on the body. The proposed CSP antenna resonates at an operating frequency of 2.49 GHz (2.27–3.42 GHz) for free space with a bandwidth of 1150 MHz. On‐body, the antenna resonates at 2.44 GHz (1.9–2.8 GHz) with a bandwidth of 900 MHz. The gain is 4.67 dBi for free space, and −4.82 dBi for on‐body is observed. The CSP antenna was tested under bent and crumpling conditions, and the performance remains unaffected by the deformation. The CSP antenna performance is analyzed by using the artificial human hand for the physically challenged people. Specific absorption rate is 1.4 W/kg, and values under the electromagnetic radiation exposure limits have been obtained, with a safe margin of 1.6 W/kg. There is good agreement between the simulation and measurement results for the proposed CSP antenna.

Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields

Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields

Thermal Effects of 5G Frequency EM Waves on Ocular Tissue

This research article aims to investigate the thermal effects on human eye due to exposure of EM (electromagnetic) field at 5G frequencies. A secondary purpose of the article is to show that SPICE, one of the most commonly used tools in circuit analysis, can be used to solve complex EM and bioheat transfer problems. Both electric field and temperature distributions in human eye are simulated with transmission line modelling (TLM) method. Also, finite element method (FEM) calculations are carried out for comparison. Temperature distributions are calculated for 30 minutes of EM radiation exposure. As a subject of the simulation, a human is chosen that the power density of incoming field at the human eye is assumed as the maximum of the ICNIRP general public exposure limits. A good consistency between TLM and FEM based simulations is found. A new transmission line model based on Debye parametric model is generated for simulation of EM field distribution in the tissues. With this generated transmission line, the results for the frequencies of interest can be obtained via single simulation. Also, a new transmission line model is developed for the temperature distribution simulation in which the effects of noncompressible fluid flow such as non-unidirectional blood flow in tissues and flow in aqueous humor are taken into consideration.

MODULATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BIOFILM BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Mobile communication systems are undoubtedly an environmental source of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Although the direct health effect of a cell phone to human is still elusive, the effect to unicellular organisms is rather apparent. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of EMR on development of bacterial biofilm. Microtitration plates with four strains of Staphylococcus aureus were exposed to electromagnetic field of frequencies 1-5 GHz, which are used in mobile phones. The results showed mostly the inhibition of the development biofilm activity at frequencies 1, 2 and 3 GHz, however the significant stimulation of biofilm development occurred at frequencies 4 and 5 GHz. Our observations demonstrate that EMR exposure produced modulation effects on bacterial biofilms, which are very important in commensal and pathogen bacteria.

Safety and efficacy of a low frame rate protocol for percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions.

Safety and efficacy of a low frame rate protocol for percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions.

Hematobiochemical and histopathological alterations of kidney and testis due to exposure of 4G cell phone radiation in mice.

The radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by smart phones on biological systems has wide media coverage and public concern in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of fourth-generation cell phone radiation exposure on hematological (Total leukocyte count, Total erythrocyte count, and hemoglobin %), biochemical (Serum creatinine) parameters, and histopathological changes in the kidney and testis of Swiss albino mice. A total of 30 male Swiss albino mice weighing 45–65 g was randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). The first group A was the control group, the second group B, was exposed to 40 minutes of mobile phone radiation daily, the third group C was exposed to 60 minutes of radiation daily from two 2400 Megahertz fourth-generation connected mobile phones for 60 days, respectively. The electromagnetic radiation frequency radiometer measured the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phones. The specific absorption rate was calculated as 0.087 W/kg. The control group was kept under similar conditions, but the electromagnetic field was not given for the same period. All the mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The blood samples were collected for hematobiochemical study, and then kidney and testis tissues were collected for histopathological study. Results of the study showed that the body weight and total erythrocyte count values were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased while total leukocyte count, hemoglobin %, and serum creatinine values were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in both the radiation exposure groups relative to the control group. Histopathological observation showed the kidney of 60 minutes exposed mice interstitial inflammation that causes marked mononuclear cellular infiltration compared to the 40 minutes and control mice. Compared to control mice, histopathological examinations of testicular tissue from the exposed mice, showed irregular in shapes and non-uniform sizes and fewer spermatogenic cells layer that leads to the larger lumen in the seminiferous tubules. It is concluded that fourth-generation cell phone radiation exposure may affect blood hemostasis and inflammation of mice's kidney and testis tissue. Based on these studies, it is important to increase public consciousness of potential adverse effects of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure.

Intermittent versus continuous social media exposure for energy consumption and human eye health

Social media has taken a lot from human life, not only time, activities, social approaches, finance and health. Social media absorbs battery the most among other applications. This is a result of overwhelming personal interest on social media content. In fact, continuous operation drains mobile battery faster, radiates continuous electromagnetic waves and emits heat to eyes. This paper shows that the intermittent exposure on using social media applications on mobile phone, not only conserves energy, but also reduces eye health risk. Since 3 ° C eye temperature rises may lead to eye cataract, eye temperature rise as result of electromagnetic radiation and heat light exposure should be as low as possible. Intermittent social media exposure results 3.1% lower energy consumption and 22.8% slower eye temperature rise.

Dynamic Electromagnetic Exposure Allocation for Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels

Future wearable and portable devices with multiple transmit antennas operating below 6 GHz are constrained by regulatory limitations on the level of electromagnetic radiation a user can be exposed to, measured using the specific absorption rate (SAR). Signaling designs that are optimized to include SAR constraints can improve the performance of uplink transmission. These signaling schemes could include closed-loop beamforming, closed-loop precoding, and space-time coding, which have all been shown to achieve increased rates when optimized as a function of SAR. Previous research addressed SAR constrained optimization only within a single coherence time block. In this paper, we present transmit policies that dynamically allocate user electromagnetic radiation exposure over time. We propose three exposure allocation methods - optimal, uniform, and asymptotic - in the practical case with causal channel state information (CSI), and an on-off transmission approach for the low SAR-to-noise ratio regime. Our results demonstrate that the performance of SAR-aware transmission can be further improved by exploiting frequency and time diversity.

Effect of Loranthus longiflorus ethanolic Extract on Neuronal Damage Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation in Wistar Rats

Background: The effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on brain is of serious concern as it causes adverse effects on memory and learning besides causing stress. Earlier studies indicated that EMR exposure could lead to recognized pathologic consequences including increased permeability of blood brain barrier, distressed neuronal function and increased activity of the alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands in electroencephalograph. Oxidant-antioxidant and neurotransmitter imbalances were also noted in previous studies. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of Loranthus longiflorus extract (LLE) on EMR-induced rat brain has been investigated. Methods: Four groups of rats (n=6) were considered for the study. Group 1 consisted of normal animals that received only feed and water while group 2 rats received only exposure to EMR for 28 consecutive days. Groups 3 and 4 were treated respectively with LLE (500 mg/kg bw) and standard drug melatonin (10 mg/kg bw) daily for 28 days together with EMR exposure for the same period. After 10, 20 and 28 days, Y- maze test was carried out to investigate the cognitive functions in experimental animals. Result: It was observed that chronic exposure to EMR decreased cognitive characteristics in rats as revealed by significant changes in their behaviour as well as neurotransmitters such as GABA, ACh and dopamine. Treatment with LLE and melatonin reversed these changes to near normal values weindicating the efficacy of the plant extract in combating the neuronal changes in animals. A normal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in LLE treated animals as compared to melatonin group was also recorded that further confirmed reversal of brain activity.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH AMBIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) BACTERIA

Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exists in our environment and remain unnoticeable. Studies show that EMR exposure may affect human health, animal, plants, and also living microorganisms. Therefore, this study intended to isolate, identify, and characterize bacteria exposed to high ambient EMR as well as to determine the viability and mutagenicity of bacteria exposed to different frequencies. The bacterial samples were collected from two areas with high and low electric field strengths; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) hostel (0.14 V/M) and near Lake of UniSZA (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin) (0.03 V/M). The bacteria were identified and characterized by several methods. The viability and mutagenicity of each bacterial species were determined by counting the number of colonies formed in the enriched (standard) and minimal media after exposure of 10 MHz and 5 GHz frequencies. The results show that Enterobacter sp., which was isolated in UMT hostel, exhibited non-mutagenic and increased viability after 24 hr of exposure to both EMR frequencies of 10 MHz and 5 GHz. Thus, this bacterial species should be further studied since it has the potential as a bioremediator.