Electromagnetic Power Generator Research Articles

Approach to Validate ISPM-15 Compliance for Commercial Treatment Certification of Dielectric Standard Heating of Bulk Solid Wood Packing Materials using Radio Frequency

Abstract To substantially reduce the risk of alien invasive species moving to new geographic areas, phytosanitary treatment of wood packaging materials (WPM) in compliance with the International Standard of Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 (ISPM-15) is required by trading partners. Approved treatments include conventional heating, methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride fumigation, and dielectric heating (DH). The DH standard was officially adopted in 2013 but has not been practiced commercially due primarily to insufficient operational validation at commercial scale. In 2022, we converted our 50-kW radio frequency (RF) unit with a 1,200-board foot capacity from an oscillator electromagnetic field power generator to a solid-state power supply, which allows for selective power input adjustments during treatment; we also switched from a five-plate to a three-plate winged electrode system to improve heating uniformity. Each loading cycle can treat sufficient material to build ∼94 standard Grocery Manufacturers Association pallets. Our research team characterized the dielectric heating pattern and options for monitoring wood temperatures over a wide-ranging test matrix of WPM that varied by wood species, dimension, moisture content, and loading configuration. We found that this upgraded RF system markedly reduced treatment times and improved heating uniformity, allowing us to develop methods that can be used to verify compliance with ISPM-15 for improved technology transfer to industry. We also discuss the operational cost of RF treatment and make general cost comparisons to conventional heat treatment for WPM.

High Performance Magnetic Mass‐Enhanced Triboelectric‐Electromagnetic Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Enabling Totally Self‐Powered Long‐Distance Wireless Sensing

AbstractWireless sensor networks play a significant role in various fields, and it is promising to construct a totally self‐powered wireless sensor network by harvesting unused mechanical vibration energy. Here, a magnetic mass‐enhanced triboelectric‐electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (MM‐HNG) is proposed for harvesting mechanical vibration energy. The additional magnets generate magnetic fields for electromagnetic power generation. As an additional mass effectively increases the membrane's amplitude, thereby enhancing the output performance of the MM‐HNG. The peak power density of TENG in the MM‐HNG reaches 380.4 W m−3, while the peak power density of EMG achieves 736 W m−3, which can charge a 0.1 F capacitor rapidly. In addition, a totally self‐powered wireless sensing system is constructed, with the integrated microcontroller unit (MCU), which detects and processes various sensing parameters and controls wireless transmission. The system features rapid transmission speeds and an extensive transmission range (up to 1 km), and its effectiveness has been validated in a practical application aboard an actual ship. The results illustrate the MM‐HNG's broad applicability across various Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, including smart machinery, smart transportation, and smart factories.

Wearable Sensors Based on Miniaturized High-Performance Hybrid Nanogenerator for Medical Health Monitoring.

Wearable sensors are important components, converting mechanical vibration energy into electrical signals or other forms of output, which are widely used in healthcare, disaster warning, and transportation. However, the reliance on batteries limits the portability of wearable sensors and hinders their application in the field of Internet of Things. To solve this problem, we designed a miniaturized high-performance hybrid nanogenerator (MHP-HNG), which combined the functions of triboelectric sensing and electromagnetic power generation as well as the advantages of miniaturization. By optimizing the design of TENG and EMG, the wearable sensor achieved a voltage output of 14.14 V and a power output of 49 mW. Based on the wireless optical communication and wireless communication technologies, the wearable sensor achieved the integration of sensing, communication, and self-powered function, which is expected to realize health monitoring, emergency warning, and rehabilitation assistance, and further extend the potential application value in the medical field.

Research on Hybrid Vibration Sensor for Measuring Downhole Drilling Tool Vibrational Frequencies

The vibration parameters during drilling play a critical role in enhancing drilling speed and ensuring safety. However, traditional downhole vibration sensors face limitations in their power supply methods, hindering widespread adoption. To address this challenge, our research introduces a novel solution: a hybrid downhole vibration sensor (HDV-TENG) utilizing triboelectric nanogenerators. This sensor not only enables the measurement of low- to medium–high-frequency vibrations using self-power but also serves to energize other downhole devices. We utilized a self-constructed vibration simulator to replicate downhole drilling tool vibrations and conducted a comprehensive series of sensor tests. The test results indicate that the frequency measurement bandwidth of the HDV-TENG spans from 0 to 200 kHz. Especially, the measurement errors for vibrations within the low-frequency range of 0 to 10 Hz and the high-frequency range of 10 to 200 k Hz are less than 5% and 8%, respectively. Additionally, the experimental findings regarding load matching demonstrate that the HDV-TENG achieves an output power level in the milliwatt range, representing a significant improvement over the output power of traditional triboelectric nanogenerators. Unlike traditional downhole vibration measurement sensors, HDV-TENG operates without requiring any external power supply, thereby conserving downhole space and significantly enhancing drilling efficiency. Furthermore, HDV-TENG not only offers a broad measurement range but also amplifies output power through the synergy of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG), and electromagnetic power generator (EMG). This capability enables its utilization as an emergency power source for other micropower equipment downhole. The introduction of HDV-TENG also holds considerable implications for the development of self-powered underground sensors with high-frequency measurement capabilities.

Research on Vibration Accumulation Self-Powered Downhole Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

In drilling operations, measuring vibration parameters is crucial for enhancing drilling efficiency and ensuring safety. Nevertheless, the conventional vibration measurement sensor significantly extends the drilling cycle due to its dependence on an external power source. Therefore, we propose a vibration-accumulation-type self-powered sensor in this research, aiming to address these needs. By leveraging vibration accumulation and electromagnetic power generation to accelerate charging, the sensor's output performance is enhanced through a complementary charging mode. The experimental results regarding sensing performance demonstrate that the sensor possesses a measurement range spanning from 0 to 11 Hz, with a linearity of 3.2% and a sensitivity of 1.032. Additionally, it exhibits a maximum average measurement error of less than 4%. The experimental results of output performance measurement indicate that the sensor unit and generator set exhibit a maximum output power of 0.258 μW and 25.5 mW, respectively, and eight LED lights can be lit at the same time. When the sensor unit and power generation unit output together, the maximum output power of the sensor is also 25.5 mW. Furthermore, we conducted tests on the sensor's output signal in conditions of high temperature and humidity, confirming its continued functionality in such environments. This sensor not only achieves self-powered sensing capabilities, addressing the power supply challenges faced by traditional downhole sensors, but also integrates energy accumulation with electromagnetic power generation to enhance its output performance. This innovation enables the sensor to harness downhole vibration energy for powering other micro-power devices, showcasing promising application prospects.

A wind-driven rotating micro-hybrid nanogenerator for powering environmental monitoring devices based on a brush-type triboelectric unit

Abstract The rapid rise of the IoT (Internet of Things) technology and microelectronics technology has promoted the development of sensors to ultra-low power consumption. However, for conventional wired power supply and chemical battery power supply, there are difficulties in wiring, inconvenient battery replacement and environmental pollution problems, so there is an urgent need for a green power supply. The low cost and simple structure of TENG (Triboelectric nanogenerator) have attracted much attention from researchers. However, for most of the existing TENG, there are some problems such as narrow operating frequency range, short life of TENG, insufficient traditional flexible friction contact, and serious wear of rigid friction contact. Herein, we propose a rotary brush-type triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. Through the experimental tests, the TENG part can output the maximum power of 0.88 mW under the external load of 8 MΩ at 400 rpm (wind speed of about 8.3 m/s). The EMG (Electromagnetic Generator) part can output the maximum power of 15.5 mW under external load of 360 Ω. The LED lighting test proves that the generator broadens the frequency of energy harvesting. In the capacitor charging test, the high voltage characteristics of tribological power generation play the advantages of continuous voltage boost, and the high current characteristics of electromagnetic power generation play the advantages of high power. The hybrid nanogenerator can realize the wind energy harvesting under the broadband wind speed of 3 m/s~14 m/s. At a wind speed of 5.6 m/s, the hybrid nanogenerator ran at about 225 rpm and successfully powered the anemometer after 21 s. After 80,000 cycles, the maximum open circuit voltage only drops by 5.6%, which proves that the rotary TENG unit has a long generation life, and can realize the harvesting of wind energy and the power supply of wind speed sensor.

The Conceptual Design of An Electro-Magnetic Power Generator

Nowadays, magnetic field induction is a dependable renewable energy source that can convert magnetic fields into electrical power. In this study, our objective is to propose a low-cost free energy generator design based on neodymium. The main problems with existing generators were air pollution, noise pollution, and even fuel price volatility. To begin addressing this issue, we compared 6 currently used generators. We concentrated on 5 criteria in light of this outcome. Our top considerations in this study are cost and maintenance. Then comes the size, weight, and noise. The best electromagnetic power generators for satisfying all the criterion domains are determined using Pugh's matrix. It demonstrates that electromagnetic power generators have a high score of 95 compared to natural gas, portable, and diesel power generators. We have also calculated the resulting voltage from the selected number of permanent magnet coils. This calculation shows 60V resulting in 9600 turns. As a result, we draw the conclusion that the reduction of problems like noise and air pollution makes this power generator look like a very appealing alternative.

A piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester for low-frequency wave motion and self-sensing wave environment monitoring

Techniques for harvesting energy and environmental monitoring are crucial for the development and application of wave energy. Here, we propose a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (PEHEH) for low-frequency wave motion and self-sensing wave environment monitoring. The PEHEH consists of an electromagnetic energy harvester (EMH) and two distinct types of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH-1 and PEH-2). The combination of piezoelectric power generation and electromagnetic power generation can effectively harvest low-frequency wave energy. Using the L-shaped piezoelectric cantilever can make it produce large deformation under low-frequency excitation to obtain better power output. The movement of the spherical magnet in the channel tube changes the magnetic flux in the coil to generate electricity. The PEHEH is designed to float on the surface of the water to harvest wave energy in multiple directions. According to the experimental findings, the PEHEH can obtain a power output of 32.58 mW with the optimal combination of parameters. The PEHEH can supply power to the LEDs and enable them to emit light properly. Meanwhile, using the PEH-1 and PEH-2 as the power supply part and the EMH as the self-sensing part, the PEHEH can realize the monitoring of wave amplitude in the actual wave environment. The above results verified that PEHEH has the functions of self-powering and self-sensing. This research provides a novel technical solution for the development and utilization of wave energy.

A composite energy harvester based on human reciprocating motion.

In this paper, a piezoelectric electromagnetic composite energy harvester is studied. The device consists of a mechanical spring, upper and lower base, magnet coil, etc. The upper and lower bases are connected by struts and mechanical springs and secured by end caps. The device moves up and down under the vibration of the external environment. As the upper base moves downward, the circular excitation magnet moves downward, and the piezoelectric magnet is deformed under a non-contact magnetic force. Traditional energy harvesters have the problems of a single form of power generation and inefficient energy collection. This paper proposes a piezoelectric electromagnetic composite energy harvester to improve energy efficiency. Through theoretical analysis, the power generation trends of rectangular, circular, and electric coils are obtained. Simulation analysis yields the maximum displacement of the rectangular and circular piezoelectric sheets. The device uses piezoelectric power generation and electromagnetic power generation to achieve compound power generation, improve the output voltage and output power, and can provide power supply to more electronic components. By introducing the nonlinear magnetic action, the mechanical collision and wear of the piezoelectric elements during the work are avoided, so that the service life and service life of the equipment is extended. The experimental results show that the highest output voltage of the device is 13.28V when the circular magnets mutually repel rectangular mass magnets and the tip magnet of the piezoelectric element is 0.6mm from the sleeve. The external resistance is 1000Ω, and the maximum power output of the device is 5.5 mW.

Innovation of Electromagnetic Power Generator as Energy Sources for Sustainable Citronella Oil Processing

By planting citronella, the community has historically and culturally promoted citronella oil production for decades (Cymbopogon nardus L). The most common energy sources for distillation are distillation waste and firewood. The completion energy distillation of citronella oil is becoming more challenging as it becomes more difficult to obtain firewood and the price increases. This limitation renders citronella oil production untenable. For the distillation process, alternative energy sources with the attributes of Consolidated, Continue, Controllable, Clean, and Affordable are introduced, in this case, an electromagnetic power generator energy source. The research was carried out at Sirna Jaya Village, Gunung Halu District, West Bandung Province. The Electromagnetic Power Generator consists of three major components: 1. Starter for beginning rotation; 2. Electromagnet Guider for controlling the repulsion force between comparable magnetic poles, which is subsequently transferred to kinetic energy; and 3. Generator for producing electrical energy. It has been demonstrated that the power generator innovation can create 1500 watts of electrical energy and be scaled up. It has been demonstrated that the Electromagnetic Power Generator is a valuable energy source for processing citronella oil.

Horizontal Bi-Stable Vibration Energy Harvesting Using Electromagnetic Induction and Power Generation Efficiency Improvement via Stochastic Resonance

In this study, a vibration energy-harvesting system is developed by first proposing a horizontal bi-stable vibration model comprising an elastic spring and a mass block and then applying an electromagnetic induction power generation device composed of a magnet and a coil. Subsequently, based on a weight function that considers the mutual positional relationship between the magnet and conducting coil, a set of simultaneous governing equations that consider the elastic force of the elastic spring and the Lorentz force of electromagnetic induction is derived. Additionally, a numerical analysis method employing the Runge–Kutta method is utilized to obtain a numerical solution for the vibration response displacement and vibration power generation voltage simultaneously. Experiments are performed to verify the results yielded by the proposed bi-stable vibration energy-harvesting system. The results shows that the measured vibration response displacement and the vibration power generation voltage are consistent with the analytical results. Moreover, issues including the identification of damping coefficients that consider the mutual effects of normal kinetic friction and electromagnetic induction damping forces, as well as the effects of electromagnetic induction damping on the vibration response displacement, are discussed comprehensively. Simultaneously adding random and periodic signals to the bi-stable vibration model results in stochastic resonance and improves both the vibration amplification effect and vibration power generation.

A Wind Energy Harvester Based on Piezoelectric Magnetic Compound

Herein, an energy harvester relying on the combination of piezoelectric and electromagnetic power generation is developed to increase the power generation and realize the force deformation of the piezoelectric sheets through the interaction between the exciting and mass magnets, thus avoiding mechanical collision and abrasion and improving the operational life span. The theoretical analysis for the magnetic movement, winding moment, and resilience strain is done, and the maximum shift of the rectangular and circular piezoelectric sheets is obtained through simulation. Experimentally, the device achieves the highest output voltage of 28.4 V when there are two exciting magnets and in mutual repulsion with the mass magnet. For an external resistance of 2 kΩ, the device outputs a maximum power of 20.48 mW. The device can convert wind energy from the environment into electricity and power other devices via circuit storage.

Design and Experiment of Piezoelectric–Electromagnetic Composite Energy Trap Based on Human Motion

To realize the harvesting of energy generated by human movement, in this study, a piezoelectric–electromagnetic composite was designed for harvesting the energy generated by low-frequency human motion is designed by combining the principle of power generation and electromagnetic energy conversion of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric materials. First, the structure and working principle of the piezoelectric–electromagnetic composite energy trap were designed and analyzed. Next, the system dynamics model of piezoelectric–electromagnetic coupling power generation was established, and the main influencing factors of the composite energy trap were derived. Moreover, the influence of PVDF piezoelectric materials with different size parameters on the output voltage and the influence of the frequency of the moving permanent magnet on electromagnetic power generation were analyzed. Finally, the prototype was constructed and tested. The results revealed that the output voltage of the piezoelectric–electromagnetic composite energy trap placed horizontally is higher than that of the composite energy trap placed vertically at step frequencies of over 90 steps/min, and the maximum output voltage is 25.6 V at the step frequency of 140 steps/min. The electric energy generated by the composite energy trap can supply power to low-power electronic devices, thus demonstrating the feasibility of collecting human-motion energy for power generation.

Whisk-Inspired Motion Converter for Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting

Inspired by hand push whisk blenders that are widely used in the kitchen, we here propose an energy harvester that enables conversion of low-frequency translational vibration to high-speed rotations and further generates electricity via the electromagnetic effect. The whisk-inspired energy harvester (W-EH) is composed of an internal thread sleeve, an external thread driving shaft, a spring, and a buoy. Compared with transmission approaches used by the electromagnetic power generators, the proposed design has the superiority of low cost, ultralow operation frequency (lower than 1 Hz), and high-power output. Tests in water indicate that the normalized power density is 300% higher than state of the art. Excited by mimicking ocean waves at 1.5 Hz, the W-EH prototype generates a maximum power of 64.4 mW and succeeds in lighting up 115 LEDs simultaneously, whose power is enough for continuous operations of most wireless sensors.

An easy and efficient power generator with ultrahigh voltage for lighting, charging and self-powered systems

Can you imagine that when you slide on the polymer plate with your hands, the generated electromagnetic field can drive 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps and can even charge the mobile phone? The progress of science and technology subverts traditional cognition. Here, an easy and efficient power generator (EEPG) with ultrahigh voltage is invented, which can light up 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps. The average output voltage and current of planar EEPG can reach up to nearly 5000 V and 116 μA, respectively. Not only can it be used for lighting, but also for charging, and even for mobile phones. The rotary EEPG can be used to harvest wind energy and tidal energy, which overcomes the shortcomings of traditional electromagnetic wind power generation working only when the wind speed is greater than 5 m/s. In addition, the EEPG power generator can be utilized as a footswitch and trajectory tracking tool. This is likely to become an easy and effective method of power generation in the world. It can be expected that mobile phones can be charged by just rubbing their backs. Collecting the green wind energy more easily and efficiently will be truly realized.

Verification of the effectiveness of a converter with adjustable input resistance for an electromagnetic induction type vibration power generator in a white noise environment

Verification of the effectiveness of a converter with adjustable input resistance for an electromagnetic induction type vibration power generator in a white noise environment

Research on cam frequency-increasing hybrid piezoelectric electromagnetic energy harvester with center symmetric structure

This paper proposes a cam frequency-increasing hybrid piezoelectric electromagnetic energy harvester with center symmetric structure (C-HEH). The use of the cam structure allows the harvester to increase the efficiency of energy harvester per unit time, while the center symmetric structure of the entire harvester allows for maximum energy output in a limited size. This paper studies the influence of the number of cam protrusions and the length of the cylindrical permanent magnet on the output voltage signal at different rotation speeds. When the number of cam protrusions is 3 and the length of the cylindrical magnet is 10 mm, the maximum peak-to-peak voltages of the piezoelectric and the electromagnetic power generation unit are 53.74 V and 3.16 V, respectively. The effective value power of the hybrid energy harvester can be obtained as 1.49 mW. A series of application experiments were carried out to verify the performance of the C-HEH. The hybrid energy harvester can easily light up 86 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights and make the scientific calculators work stably after rectification. These results demonstrate the giant prospect of piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvesters for supplying wireless sensor networks and low-power electronic devices.

A novel vibration energy harvester based on eccentric semicircular rotor for self-powered applications in wildlife monitoring

Wildlife monitoring has become increasingly crucial for better examination and protection of wildlife. However, existing monitoring devices are limited and less effective due to battery life limitations. This paper proposes a novel vibration energy harvester (VEH) for self-powered applications in wildlife monitoring. An eccentric semicircular rotor was designed and developed to effectively convert the random movements of wild animals into energy. The proposed vibration energy harvester mainly consists of four components: vibration input module, electromagnetic generation module, power management module, and work module. The electromagnetic power generation module converts the kinetic energy of wildlife harvested by the eccentric semicircular rotor into electrical energy. The power management module converts the generated AC power into DC power; the electricity is stored in a lithium battery to provide power for the wildlife monitoring system. Experiments were conducted to record the harvested power from human and animal kinetic energy. The installed VEH on the leg of the tester produced 25.8 mW output power at the speed of 15 km/h, whereas sika deer resulted in 19.66 mW while running. Finally, an estimation analysis was conducted for sika deer, and found that 212.08 J/day can be harvested for the wildlife tag to work for 15 days.

All-in-One High-Power-Density Vibrational Energy Harvester with Impact-Induced Frequency Broadening Mechanisms.

This paper proposes an electrostatic-piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid vibrational power generator with different frequency broadening schemes. Both the nonlinear frequency broadening mechanisms and the synergized effect of the electrostatic-piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid structures are investigated. The structure and performance of the composite generator are optimized to improve the response bandwidth and performance. We propose that the electrostatic power generation module and the electromagnetic power generation module be introduced into the cantilever beam to make the multifunctional cantilever beam, realizing small integrated output loss, high output voltage, and high current characteristics. When the external load of the electrostatic power generation module is 10 kΩ, its peak power can reach 3.6 mW; when the external load of the piezoelectric power generation module is 2 kΩ, its peak power is 2.2 mW; and when the external load of the electromagnetic power generation module is 170 Ω, its peak power is 0.735 mW. This means that under the same space utilization, the performance is improved by 90%. Moreover, an energy management circuit (ECM) at the rear end of the device is added, through the energy conditioning circuit, the device can directly export a 3.3 V DC voltage to supply power to most of the sensing equipment. In this paper, the hybrid generator’s structure and performance are optimized, and the response bandwidth and performance are improved. In general, the primary advantages of the device in this paper are its larger bandwidth and enhanced performance.

Hydrodynamic and Energy Capture Properties of a Cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Ocean Buoy

It is rather challenging to collect ocean wave energy at high efficiency because of its ultra-low frequencies and variable amplitudes. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) technology is more suitable for harvesting low-frequency than electromagnetic power generation technology. In this work, we designed a built-in cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator (C-TENG) installed inside the ocean buoy (BUOY-41). The hydrodynamic properties of the C-TENG are consistent with the ocean buoy, which are calculated by CFD software (Star-CCM+). The Energy Capture Properties of the C-TENG are established by the finite element software (COMSOL). The C-TENG has high power density (30 mW/m2) and can meet the power demand of the ocean buoy (10 mW). The implementation of the present work is of great academic value and practical significance for the development of efficient marine renewable energy conversion technology, enhancement of marine equipment energy replenishment, enrichment of hydrodynamic theories and revealing of the complex mechanisms.