Electromagnetic Particle Research Articles

Real power loss reduction by Enhanced Electromagnetic Field and Lightning Process Optimization algorithms

In this research paper Enhanced Electromagnetic Field Optimization (EEFO) algorithm and Lightning Process Optimization (LPO) algorithm are projected to solve the problem. Real power loss reduction is the main objective of the work. In the algorithm population is alienated into three fields: positive, negative, and neutral. Based on the attraction–repulsion forces among these electromagnetic positive, negative, and neutral fields, a new-fangled electromagnetic particle will be engendered in iterations. In Electromagnetic field optimization algorithm, solution symbolized by Electromagnetic Particle (EMPE) and is made through electromagnets which equal to the total number of variables. Among the neighbor’s every electromagnet will imply the attraction and repulsion which possess’​ positive, negative polarity. Then in this paper Lightning Process Optimization (LPO) algorithm is used to solve optimal reactive power problem. Naturally happening lightning process has been imitated to formulate the algorithm. Test points situated on the cloud surface and the ground area are considered as solutions. Objective function is computed with all test points and taken as electric field. With reference to the function of head tip elevation, cloud altitude, channel charge subsequent bound of upward leader is interrelated to charge of the channel. With considering voltage stability index EEFO and LPO algorithms are verified in IEEE 30 bus system. Then EEFO and LPO algorithms evaluated in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300 bus test systems without considering the voltage stability index. Minimization of real power loss with voltage stability index enhancement has been attained and voltage deviation also minimized.

Clustering of electromagnetic showers and particle interactions with graph neural networks in liquid argon time projection chambers

Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) are a class of detectors that produce high resolution images of charged particles within their sensitive volume. In these images, the clustering of distinct particles into superstructures is of central importance to the current and future neutrino physics program. Electromagnetic (EM) activity typically exhibits spatially detached fragments of varying morphology and orientation that are challenging to efficiently assemble using traditional algorithms. Similarly, particles that are spatially removed from each other in the detector may originate from a common interaction. Graph neural networks (GNNs) were developed in recent years to find correlations between objects embedded in an arbitrary space. The graph particle aggregator (GrapPA) first leverages GNNs to predict the adjacency matrix of EM shower fragments and to identify the origin of showers, i.e., primary fragments. On the PILArNet public LArTPC simulation dataset, the algorithm achieves a shower clustering accuracy characterized by a mean purity of 99.4%, a mean efficiency of 99.6% and a primary identification accuracy of 99.8%. It yields a relative shower energy uncertainty of $(4.1+1.4/\sqrt{E(\mathrm{GeV})})%$ and a shower direction uncertainty of $(2.1/\sqrt{E(\mathrm{GeV})})\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The optimized algorithm is then applied to the related task of clustering particle instances into interactions and yields a mean purity of 99.8% and a mean efficiency of 99.5% for an interaction density of $\mathcal{O}(1)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.

Simulations of Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Production from Relativistic Black-Hole Microquasar Jets

Recently, microquasar jets have aroused the interest of many researchers focusing on the astrophysical plasma outflows and various jet ejections. In this work, we concentrate on the investigation of electromagnetic radiation and particle emissions from the jets of stellar black hole binary systems characterized by the hadronic content in their jets. Such emissions are reliably described within the context of relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics. Our model calculations are based on the Fermi acceleration mechanism through which the primary particles (mainly protons and electrons) of the jet are accelerated. As a result, a small portion of thermal protons of the jet acquire relativistic energies, through shock-waves generated into the jet plasma. From the inelastic collisions of fast (non-thermal) protons with the thermal (cold) ones, secondary charged and neutral particles (pions, kaons, muons, η-particles, etc.) are created, as well as electromagnetic radiation from the radio wavelength band to X-rays and even very high energy gamma-rays. One of our main goals is, through the appropriate solution of the transport equation and taking into account the various mechanisms that cause energy losses to the particles, to study the secondary particle concentrations within hadronic astrophysical jets. After assessing the suitability and sensitivity of the derived (for this purpose) algorithms on the Galactic MQs SS 433 and Cyg X-1, as a concrete extragalactic binary system, we examine the LMC X-1 located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way Galaxy. It is worth mentioning that, for the companion O star (and its extended nebula structure) of the LMC X-1 system, new observations using spectroscopic data from VLT/UVES have been published a few years ago.

Full 3-D Simulation and Optimization of Gigawatt Class C-Band 20% Efficient Coaxial Vircator

An investigation of several configurations of a gigawatt class coaxial triode vircator is presented. To maximize averaged power output efficiency, several device dimensions are optimized. Simulations of the source were carried out using a full 3-D simulation code called improved concurrent electromagnetic particle in cell (ICEPIC). The optimization method used was a gradient-free method called asynchronous parallel pattern search. The optimization was run until convergence; until efficiency would no longer increase. The converged optimization resulted in a device that has 2.08 GW of output power with a steady-state efficiency of 20%. The device's output power is almost pure in the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> mode. The operating frequency is approximately 4.43 GHz, a frequency band previously unexplored for gigawatt class vircators. Additionally presented is a configuration designed to mitigate explosive emission on undesirable surfaces along the cathode. The configuration successfully keeps nonemission surface E-fields below 300 kV/cm. It maintains multigigawatt output power at 1.86 GW and has an operating frequency of 4.43 GHz.

Investigation of Natural Occurring Radioactive Material Activity Level in Falluja-Anbar (Iraq)

Radiation may be defined as the energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that pass through space and even heavy dense materials. The radioactivity is a continuously decreasing quantity which is a function of the half-life of the responsible radionuclides. The natural sources of radiation came from terrestrial radionuclides which are widely distributed in the earth's crust. Field radiological surveys were conducted by the GR-460 mobile detection system, the only mobile system in Iraq and the region. This system is dedicated to the radiological scanning process for large areas and in less time. The system is attached to a GPS satellite positioning device so that the measurement points are coupled with the spatial coordinates of the radiometric area. In this study, the concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials had been determined experimentally of AL-Falluja / Anbar Governorate- Iraq for (66) km2 using GR-460 portable gamma spectrometer system. The results showed that the high level of uranium concentration (238U) was 8.1 ppm in the industrial area, the low level was 0.1 ppm in most districts. The high level of Thorium (232Th) concentration was 17.5 ppm and less than 0.1 ppm in most neighborhoods are within Iraq's natural background.

Wave-particle energy transfer directly observed in an ion cyclotron wave

Context. The first studies with Parker Solar Probe (PSP) data have made significant progress toward understanding of the fundamental properties of ion cyclotron waves in the inner heliosphere. The survey mode particle measurements of PSP, however, did not make it possible to measure the coupling between electromagnetic fields and particles on the time scale of the wave periods. Aims. We present a novel approach to study wave-particle energy exchange with PSP. Methods. We used the Flux Angle operation mode of the Solar Probe Cup in conjunction with the electric field measurements and present a case study when the Flux Angle mode measured the direct interaction of the proton velocity distribution with an ion cyclotron wave. Results. Our results suggest that the energy transfer from fields to particles on the timescale of a cyclotron period is equal to approximately 3–6% of the electromagnetic energy flux. This rate is consistent with the hypothesis that the ion cyclotron wave was locally generated in the solar wind.

Short Communication on Photon Mass

The atomic structure is presented on the basis of the theory of vortex gravitation. The feasibility and calculation of the values of the density and mass of electromagnetic particles are proposed. A calculation is made, which proves that the photon must have mass. In the calculations, some physical characteristics of electromagnetic particles that are accepted by modern physics are refuted.

Study of the performance of photomultiplier tubes at high variable counting rates

Over 5000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are being deployed for electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) for the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) project. The linearity of the PMT signal is optimized using a high dynamic range base. However, the PMT gain and linearity tend to change under various lighting conditions. In this paper, the variations in the gain and linearity of the XP3960 PMT are studied by changing the signal counting rate. The PMT gain increases appreciably at high counting rates due to the voltage redistribution between the dynode stages, resulting in an apparent increase in the linearity of the dynode. The details of the characteristics of PMTs at high counting rates and the corresponding simulations are described. These results show the impact of various counting rates on PMT performances can be ignored in the ED experimental conditions.

The development of an implicit full f method for electromagnetic particle simulations of Alfvén waves and energetic particle physics

In this work, an implicit scheme for particle-in-cell/Fourier electromagnetic simulations is developed and applied to studies of Alfvén waves in one dimension and three dimensional tokamak plasmas. An analytical treatment is introduced to achieve efficient convergence of the iterative solution of the implicit field-particle system. First, its application to the one-dimensional uniform plasma demonstrates its applicability in a broad range of β/me values. Second, toroidicity induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) are simulated in a three dimensional axisymmetric tokamak plasma, using the widely studied case defined by the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) Energetic Particle (EP) Topical Group. The real frequency and the growth (or damping) rate of the TAE with (or without) EPs agree with previous results reasonably well. The full f electromagnetic particle scheme established in this work provides a possible natural choice for EP transport studies where large profile variation and arbitrary particle distribution functions need to be treated in kinetic simulations.

PATCH: Particle Arrival Time Correlation for Heliophysics

AbstractThe ability to understand the fundamental nature of the physics that governs the heliosphere requires spacecraft instrumentation to measure energy transfer at kinetic scales. This translates to a time cadence resolving the proton kinetic timescales, typically of the order of the proton gyrofrequency. The downlinked survey‐mode data from modern spacecraft are often much lower resolution than this criterion, meaning that the higher resolution, burst‐mode data must be captured to study an event at kinetic time scales. Telemetry restrictions, however, prohibit a sizable fraction of this burst‐mode data from being downlinked to the ground. The field‐particle correlation (FPC) technique can quantify kinetic‐scale energy transfer between electromagnetic fields and charged particles and identify the mechanisms responsible for mediating the transfer. In this study, we adapt the FPC technique for calculating wave‐particle energy transfer onboard modern spacecraft using time‐tagged particle counts simultaneous with electromagnetic field measurements. The newly developed procedure, called Particle Arrival Time Correlation for Heliophysics (PATCH), is tested using synthetic spacecraft data, where output from a gyrokinetic plasma turbulence simulation was downsampled to Parker Solar Probe (PSP) energy‐angle resolution. We assess the ability of the PATCH algorithm to recover the qualitative and quantitative features of the resulting velocity‐space signatures, such as ion‐Landau damping, that can be used to distinguish different kinetic mechanisms of particle energization. Ultimately, we demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept that the PATCH method could enable calculations of onboard wave‐particle correlations, with the intent of enhancing spacecraft data return by several orders of magnitude.

Ion Acceleration by Foreshock Bubbles

AbstractForeshock bubbles (FBs) form as a result of the interaction between solar wind discontinuities and backstreaming ion beams in the foreshock. They are carried by the solar wind in the anti‐sunward direction and are associated with high energy ions. We employ electromagnetic hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) simulations and test particle calculations to investigate ion acceleration by FBs. Simulation results show that the maximum energies which the ions attain are not sensitive to the topology of the FBs, which varies from spherical to planar limits. However, the solar wind velocity does control the maximum energies reached by FB acceleration. Test particle calculations show that ion energization takes place through reflection of sunward moving ions from FBs through one or more collisions consistent with second‐order Fermi acceleration. The results also indicate that energy gain does not reach that expected for elastic reflections. Examination of ion energy spectra within different FBs shows a self‐similar pattern consisting of distribution peaked at the solar wind ram energy Esw with a distribution tail that reaches energies of ∼5.6 Esw. This behavior is consistent with second‐order Fermi acceleration and the inherent limitations on energy gain in this process. We also discuss the role of nonlinear structures called foreshock cavitons in the acceleration process.

A novel technique for in situ calibration of the C-2W electromagnetic neutral particle analyzer utilizing machine learning.

In TAE Technologies' current experimental device, C-2W, neutral beam injection creates a large fast ion population that sustains a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma. Diagnosis of these fast ions is therefore critical for understanding the behavior of the FRC. Neutral Particle Analyzers (NPAs) are used to measure the energy spectrum of fast ions that charge exchange on background or beam neutrals and are lost from the plasma. To ensure correct diagnosis of the fast ion population, a calibration check of the NPAs was performed. A novel, generally applicable method for an in situ relative calibration of diagnostics on an unknown source with a small dataset was developed. The method utilizes a machine learning technique, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), to reconstruct the diagnostic source distribution, and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) to determine the NPA channel calibration factors. The results on both synthetic and experimental datasets are presented.

A sign-function receiving scheme for sine signals enhanced by stochastic resonance* *Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (Grant Nos. F2019506031, F2019506037, and F2020506036), the Frontier Innovation Program of Army Engineering University (Grant No. KYSZJQZL2005), the Basic Frontier Science and Technology Innovation Program of Army Engineering University (Grant No. KYSZJQZL2020).

To address the problem that it is difficult to detect an intermediate frequency (IF) signal at the receiving end of a communication system under extremely low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, we propose a stochastic resonance (SR)-enhanced sine-signal detection method based on the sign function. By analyzing the SR mechanism of the sine signal and combining it with the characteristics of a dual-sequence frequency-hopping (DSFH) receiver, a periodic stationary solution of the Fokker–Planck equation (FPE) with a time parameter is obtained. The extreme point of the sine signal is selected as the decision time, and the force law of the electromagnetic particles is analyzed. A receiving structure based on the sign function is proposed to maximize the output difference of the system, and the value condition of the sign function is determined. In order to further improve the detection performance, in combination with the central-limit theorem, the sampling points are averaged N times, and the signal-detection problem is transformed into a hypothesis-testing problem under a Gaussian distribution. The theoretical analysis and simulation experiment results confirm that when N is 100 and the SNR is greater than 20 dB, the bit-error ratio (BER) is less than 1.5 × 10−2 under conditions in which the signal conforms to the optimal SR parameters.

Prospects of multimessenger astronomy in the next decades

Multimessenger astronomy aims to utilize all accessible information from the universe: electromagnetic waves, particles (e.g., neutrinos), and gravitational waves. The discovery of GW170817/GRB170817A and the international follow-up observations showed the power of multimessenger astronomy in understanding cosmic phenomena. The best candidates for multimessenger astronomy are compact binary coalescences, gamma-ray bursts, or supernovae. In particular, binaries consisting of neutron stars or black holes are the most attractive candidates for standard sirens in the context of gravitational-wave astrophysics. The possibility of measuring a Hubble constant with compact binaries has drawn strong attention as an independent method from electromagnetic-wave observations. In addition to the 20–2000 Hz band available on Earth, multimessenger astronomy with gravitational-wave observations in lower frequencies below ~10 mHz would be fruitful for understanding the underlying properties and cosmological implications for Galactic binaries and massive black holes. The lowest gravitational-wave frequencies (µHz–nHz) would allow us to explore supermassive black hole mergers and the stochastic GW background from the early universe. In this review paper, we summarize recent progress of and prospects for multimessenger astronomy, focusing on compact binaries.

Performance test of the electromagnetic particle detectors for the LHAASO experiment

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is a new generation hybrid cosmic ray observatory which is expected to reveal the mystery of the origin of cosmic rays. The one square kilometer array (KM2A) consisting of 5195 Electromagnetic particle Detectors (ED) and 1188 Muon Detectors (MD) is a sub-array of LHAASO. The EDs are designed to measure the density and arriving time of the secondary particles of extensive air showers. The performance of the EDs is tested for the quality control after construction in the laboratory at sea level. In this paper, the performance of more than four thousands EDs is summarized. The performance of all tested EDs meets the design requirements with the time resolution of 1.6 ns, the detection efficiency of 97.8%, charge resolution for single particle of 18.5% and count rate around 480 Hz. Furthermore, one ED is singled out for monitoring of the long-term stability over a period of nearly two years from December 2018 to November 2020.

GB decomposition method based on standard particle swarm algorithm

Groom-Bailey decomposition method is the most widely used method of tensor decomposition of magnetotelluric impedance, which is referred to as GB decomposition. The essence of the GB decomposition method is to solve the nonlinear over-determined equations derived from the GB decomposition definition. Traditional GB decomposition methods often use linear optimization methods to solve the equations, which have low calculation accuracy and slow speed. In this regard, this article introduces the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm into the GB decomposition method for the first time. The standard particle swarm algorithm is used to solve the equations. The global optimization method is used to implement the magnetotelluric GB decomposition method, and the synthesized single-point single-frequency data is used. The 3D / 2D model forward data is used to perform decomposition experiments. The experimental results show that the standard electromagnetic particle decomposition method based on the standard particle swarm algorithm is effective.

Single-pixel imaging with high-energy electromagnetic radiation and particles

Single-pixel imaging with high-energy electromagnetic radiation and particles

The role of scientific research on nuclear radiation waste management and preserving environment

On the level of this article, we deal with nuclear radiation (and their residues), which is defined as a physical phenomenon and strong atomic activity that occurs in unstable atoms of elements. We are interested in studying radiation as the emission or diffusion of energy into space in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. The scientist Fermi (1934 AD) is among the first to present scientific research in this field. Radioisotopes are considered one of the most prominent discoveries of modern science and based on the importance of the topic, scientists and researchers searched for methods and techniques to facilitate the implementation of practical applications for radiation measurement, and among those methods a specialized program was used to simulate radiation dose (digital simulation in a computer through the use of an imaginary model of the radiometric process with technology Monte Carlo using code (Geant 4). We have also highlighted the views of researchers and specialists in the area of disposal of radioactive waste, relying on a field study and a comparison of some of the currently adopted techniques to get rid of the negative consequences that each unreasonable (reckless) management and measure of this radioactive waste may have Among the most prominent results we have reached is highlighting the weakness of dealing with this topic and not giving it the right to research and scientific achievements carried out by researchers, which increases the complexity of the situation and from which it is difficult to control the problem in the future.

Agustín Fernández MalloPixel Flesh by Zachary Rockwell Ludington

0 rambling at their captive audience. This is not a plot-driven novel. It drifts in multiple directions and is anchored only by its setting . Some readers may find themselves left at its conclusion unsure of a point beyond the author’s own homesick recollections, though maybe that’s the point. Some may, like the character Angie, notice the impression of an unseen, harmonious world that’s further out than the novel’s horizon allows. Michael Kazepis Los Angeles Agustín Fernández Mallo Pixel Flesh Trans. Zachary Rockwell Ludington. Phoenix. Cardboard House Press. 2020. 128 pages. WITH AGUSTÍN FERNÁNDEZ Mallo’s Pixel Flesh, translated by Zachary Rockwell Ludington, Cardboard House Press brings to readers the first English translation of the poetry of a noted Spanish advocate for the intersections of art and science in “postpoetic poetry.” Mallo is a radiation physicist working in biomedical engineering on cancer therapies and author of The Nocilla Trilogy. Pixel Flesh emerges from the idea that science is human creation and representation, which must therefore have an aesthetic dimension. Through the premise of pixel as the smallest unit containing visual information, Moonshot sets out through repetitions and fractal, fragmented snapshots to circle around a scientific aesthetic on the page. This is a conceptual work, and the text is designed to show more than it says. The movement of time in the text resembles electromagnetic rays, both wave and particle ; “I saw clearly at that instant [sum of instants],” the speaker reflects. The prose poems progress in iterative descriptions by a first person addressing an abstract “you”; what has elsewhere been read as love is perhaps better described as shared experience , obsession, and projection. Mallo’s interest in writing through cultural detritus informs this approach of using a set of trite tropes that generate a loop and ultimately demonstrate the deterioration of meaningful human connection in the face of technological static. The text repeats images of the speaker and his subject circling the city, crying in the rain, offering a Lucky in a vintage aura of recycled frames. Translator Rockwell Ludington reflects in the translator’s note that “it is repetition that most profoundly marks this collection of poems [poems? Polaroids? samples?]. The repeated scenes and pop references constitute and define the speaker and his partner, but this repetition also means each image or attitude is a copy of something prior, at the same time eager to transfer its anxieties to its next incarnation .” The translation becomes itself a rich commentary on the representation of fractal self-similarity. Ludington explores how to knowingly translate oddness in the original, exposing the valences of fractal deriving from the Latin for “broken” or “fractured.” Concrete images dissolve as the speaker posits that memories and people “mutate into fleshless characters, just vectors of ideas.” The speaker addresses a “woman” who remains only ephemeral, the feminized subject of the speaker’s projections. The speaker admits, “It’s true, there was a lot of night, rain, a woman, etc., but in reality I’m only talking about myself, because that’s all I have.” All perception becomes the projection of this detached, mechanistic , heterosexual masculine figure evading the “slime of true contact.” This archetype of the basic unit of Enlightenment science attempts to continue self-replicating as it becomes more evident that the only relationship which exists is with his own manufactured representation. Mallo employs poetic form in a pertinent conceptual commentary on virtual spheres and the technological wastelands bisecting human relationships. Honora Spicer El Paso Community College Ioana Ieronim Lavinia and Her Daughters: A Carpathian Elegy Trans. Adam J. Sorkin & Ioana Ieronim. Somerville, Massachusetts. Červená Barva Press. 2020. 109 pages. EVERY ONCE IN a while, a poet finds a new way to body forth in verse their cultural reality. Lavinia and Her Daughters, which can be experienced as a follow-on companion with a previous volume by Ioana Ieronim, The Triumph of the Water Witch (2000), is such a body of work. Infoursections(Prologue;Works,Days, and the Sliding of the Ground; Newcomers ; and Epilogue), the poet spills across these pages such an immersive, sprawling, yet somehow essentialized experience of rural Transylvania, in Romania during the former Ceaușescu...

Simulation study of scaler mode at large high altitude air shower observatory

A large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) located at Daocheng in Sichuan province, China, with an altitude up to 4410 m above the sea level, takes the function of hybrid technology to detect cosmic rays. It is composed of three sub-arrays: a 1.3 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ground-based particle detector array (KM2A) for γ-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics, a 78000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) for γ-ray astronomy, and 18 wide field-of-view air Cherenkov/fluorescence telescopes array (WFCTA) for cosmic ray physics. As the major array of LHAASO, KM2A is composed of 5195 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs, each with 1 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs, each with 36 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). In the ground-based experiments, there are two common independent data acquisition systems, corresponding to the shower and scaler operation modes. Up to now, the KM2A array operates only in shower mode with the primary energy threshold of about 10 TeV. In the scaler mode, it is not necessary for too many detectors to be hit at the same time. The energy threshold of the experiment can be greatly lowered. In order to learn more about the scaler mode in LHAASO-KM2A, we adopt the CORSIKA 7.5700 to study the cascade processes of extensive air showers in the atmosphere, and employ the G4KM2A (based on Geant4) to simulate the detector responses. The KM2A-ED array is divided into dozens of clusters. For one cluster (composed of 64 EDs), the event rates of showers having a number of fired EDs ≥ 1, 2, 3, 4 (in a time coincidence of 100 ns) are recorded. The average rates of the four multiplicities are ~88 kHz, ~1400 Hz, ~220 Hz, and ~110 Hz, respectively. The particle multiplicities &lt;i&gt;m&lt;/i&gt; ≥ 3 are almost completely due to cosmic ray secondary particles. The corresponding primary energies and effective areas are also given in this paper. According to our simulations, the energy threshold of the scaler mode can be lowered to 100 GeV, and the effective areas reach up to ~100 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The simulation results in this work are helpful in the online triggering with the scaler mode, and provide information for the subsequent data analysis in LHAASO-KM2A.