Electromagnetic Millimeter Research Articles

Hypoalgesia and parasympathetic effects of millimeter waves on experimentally induced pain in healthy volunteers

ABSTRACT In humans, exposure to electromagnetic millimeter waves (MMW) has a hypoalgesic effect. In animals, this effect has been shown to depend on innervation density of the area exposed. This study aims to assess hypoalgesic and parasympathetic effects of MMW applied on the palmar side of the wrist in healthy participants. In a within-subject design, 10 healthy participants had the palmar side of their wrist exposed to MMW (61.25 GHz, 17 mW/cm2) for 30 minutes, 1 h, & 1 h30, and 30 minutes of sham exposure. Experimental pain was induced after the exposure sessions with the Cold Pressor Test, and pain threshold and pain tolerance values were compared to that of the sham condition. Participants’ heart rate and blood pressure were measured before and after exposures. Finally, innocuity of the exposure system was controlled with a pre-post exposure visual examination scale and skin temperature measured by a thermal camera. Exposure to 30 minutes, but not 1 h or 1 h30, of MMW led to significant increases in pain thresholds compared to the sham condition, but no increase of pain tolerance. All conditions led to decreased heart rate, while no change in blood pressure was observed. No change in skin state or temperature was observed for any of the conditions. MMW applied on the inner part of the wrist diminish pain sensations more effectively than placebo, and seem to increase parasympathetic activities, while remaining innocuous. Building a miniaturized MMW emission system to be worn on the wrist would provide access to ambulatory MMW therapy for pain management.

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype.

Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The importance of gut-brain axis has been uncovered and the relevance of an appropriate microbiota balance has been highlighted. Probiotic treatment, rebalancing the gut microbioma, may reduce inflammation. We show that Milmed yeast, obtained from S. cerevisiae after exposure to electromagnetic millimeter wavelengths, induces a reversal of LPS-M1 polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated morphologically by the recovery of resting phenotype by microglia, by the decrease in the mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and in the expression of iNOS. Moreover, Milmed stimulated the secretion of IL-10 and the expression of Arginase-1, cell markers of M2 anti-inflammatory polarized cells. The present findings data suggest that Milmed may be considered to be a probiotic with diversified anti-inflammatory activity, capable of directing the polarization of microglial cells.

Linking the elastic, electromagnetic and thermal properties of fresh cement

In this manuscript a multi-modal non-destructive testing (NDT) approach is presented for hydration monitoring of fresh mortar based on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and electromagnetic (EM) transmission measurements. The EM millimeter wave velocity and permittivity are measured for the first time throughout cement hydration and accurately demonstrate the conversion of mortar's free water to chemically bound. UPV and isothermal calorimetry complementarily correlate with the stiffness development and the heat of the exothermal reaction, respectively. The common trends of all methods are benchmarked in this multi-modal proof-of-concept study that reveals unknown links between the EM and elastic properties of the material, enabling contactless monitoring of stiffness development during hydration.

Эффекты электромагнитного излучения миллиметрового диапазона на нейрональную активность спинального ядра тройничного нерва крысы

The study examined the effects of continuous low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves (MMW; frequency 40 GHz, power density of 0.04 mW/cm2) on ongoing firing of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) neurons and their responses to the electrical stimulation of the dura mater in neurophysiological experiments on anesthetized rats. It is known that local exposure of MMW to certain areas of the skin can have a systemic therapeutic effect in the treatment of various pathologies. In particular, it concerns the use of MMW to treat headache of different genesis, with migraine being the most common form. The mechanisms of migraine are not clear, but it is known that the STN plays a key role in the migraine pathogenesis, providing the primary processing of pain signals from the cranial vessels as well as the transmission of these signals to overlying brain structures, in particular, to the thalamus. Recently, it has been reported that the frequency-modulated MMW causes short-term inhibitory changes in both the background activity of STN neurons and their responses to electrical stimulation of the dura mater. We assumed that the use of MMW in the unmodulated mode will allow to increase the duration of the MMW inhibitory effect on the background and evoked activity of STN neurons and thereby confirm potential antinociceptive action of MMW in migraine. The results of the present study have showed that the exposure of the STN neurons’ cutaneous receptive fields to unmodulated MMW is accompanied by prolonged cumulative inhibition of both the background activity of these neurons and their dural electrostimulation-evoked responses. The data allow considering these effects as an evindence in favour of potential antimigraine action of a continuous low-intensity MMW. It is proposed that the action can be based on the activation of nervous and immune processes in the skin, which, through a chain of neuronal mechanisms, can lead to a decrease in the excitability of STN neurons involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.

Protection of the population health from electromagnetic hazards - challenges resulting from the implementation of the 5G network planned in Poland

There is an ongoing discussion about electromagnetic hazards in the context of the new wireless communication technology - the fifth generation (5G) standard. Concerns about safety and health hazards resulting from the influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by the designed 5G antennas have been raised. In Poland, the level of the population's exposure to EMF is limited to 7 V/m for frequencies above 300 MHz. This limitation results from taking into account the protective measures related not only to direct thermal hazards, but also to diversified indirect and long-term threats. Many countries have not established legal requirements in this frequency range, or they have introduced regulations based on recommendations regarding protection against direct thermal risks only (Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC). For such protection, the permissible levels of electric field intensity are 20-60 V/m (depending on the frequency). This work has been created through an interdisciplinary collaboration of engineers, biologists and doctors, who have been for many years professionally dealing with the protection of the biosphere against the negative effects of EMF. It presents the state of knowledge on the biological and health effects of the EMF emitted by mobile phone devices (including millimeter waves which are planned to be used in the 5G network). A comparison of the EU recommendations and the provisions on public protection being in force in Poland was made against this background. The results of research conducted to date on the biological effects of the EMF radiofrequency emitted by mobile telecommunication devices, operating with the frequencies up to 6 GHz, do not allow drawing any firm conclusions; however, the research evidence is strong enough for the World Health Organization to classify EMF as an environmental factor potentially carcinogenic to humans. At the moment, there is a shortage of adequate scientific data to assess the health effects of exposure to electromagnetic millimeter waves, which are planned to be used in the designed 5G devices. Nevertheless, due to the fact that there are data indicating the existence of biophysical mechanisms of the EMF influence that may lead to adverse health effects, it seems necessary to use the precautionary principle and the ALARA principle when creating environmental requirements for the construction and exploitation of the infrastructure of the planned 5G system. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105-13.

Remote Effects of Electromagnetic Millimeter Waves on Experimentally Induced Cold Pain: A Double-Blinded Crossover Investigation in Healthy Volunteers.

The hypoalgesic effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves (MW) is well studied in animal model; however, the results of human research are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various frequency ranges of MW on hypoalgesia using the cold pressor test (CPT). Experimental pain was induced using standardized CPT protocols in 20 healthy male volunteers. The skin of the lower part of sternum was exposed to MW with a frequency of 42.25 GHz (active generator); MW within 50-75 GHz frequency range (noise generator); or an inactive MW device (placebo generator) in a random crossover double-blinded manner. Pain threshold, measured using the CPT, was the primary outcome. Other CPT parameters, heart rate, blood pressure, incidence of subjective sensations (paresthesia) during exposure, as well as quality of volunteers' blinding were also recorded. The end points of the condition with exposure to 42.25 GHz, were compared with baseline; exposure to noise 50-75 GHz; and placebo generators. Pain threshold increased during exposure to the 42.25 GHz generator when compared with baseline: median difference (MD), 1.97 seconds (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-3.73) and noise generator: MD, 1.27 seconds (95% CI, 0.05-2.33) but not compared with the placebo generator. Time to onset of cold and increasing pain sensations as well as diastolic blood pressure increased under the exposure to the 42.25 GHz generator when compared with baseline and noise generator. Other outcome measures were comparable among the study conditions. We were able to partially confirm the previously suggested hypoalgesic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic MW. However, the effect was indistinguishable from the placebo condition in our investigation.

New possibilities for acupuncture system stimulation with low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves: Microwave resonance therapy (MRT), effects on pain conditions

New possibilities for acupuncture system stimulation with low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves: Microwave resonance therapy (MRT), effects on pain conditions

An Original Theory Regarding the Correlations between the Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves of Athermic Intensities and their Cellular Effects

Lately it has been demonstrated that extremely low intensity millimeter therapy could represent an important new technological method, universal and effective in the treatment of diseases with various etiologies. In this way, millimeter waves have crystallized into a new branch of modern biophysics and cellular studies and are used extensively in medicine and biotechnology. Thus, in the present report, we will try to describe a new original theory regarding the interaction mechanism between extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves and their biological environment. This could be quite important since so far there has not been developed a general theory on the relations between extremely high frequency/extremely low intensity electromagnetic waves and the biological environment, at various levels of organization: submolecular, molecular, cellular, the organ level or the entire organism. In this way, the present paper was designed to contribute to the development and understanding of millimeter wave’s interaction with the biological entities and to propose a new alternative biophysical and cellular mechanism to explain the biological effects inherent to the electromagnetic millimeter field.

An Original Theory Regarding the Correlations between the Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves of Athermic Intensities and their Cellular Effects

Lately it has been demonstrated that extremely low intensity millimeter therapy could represent an important new technological method, universal and effective in the treatment of diseases with various etiologies. In this way, millimeter waves have crystallized into a new branch of modern biophysics and cellular studies and are used extensively in medicine and biotechnology. Thus, in the present report, we will try to describe a new original theory regarding the interaction mechanism between extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves and their biological environment. This could be quite important since so far there has not been developed a general theory on the relations between extremely high frequency/extremely low intensity electromagnetic waves and the biological environment, at various levels of organization: submolecular, molecular, cellular, the organ level or the entire organism. In this way, the present paper was designed to contribute to the development and understanding of millimeter wave’s interaction with the biological entities and to propose a new alternative biophysical and cellular mechanism to explain the biological effects inherent to the electromagnetic millimeter field.

The involvement of cutaneous receptors in the biological effects of electromagnetic millimeter waves

The involvement of peripheral nerve terminations in the mechanisms of action of electromagnetic millimeter waves (mmW) was assessed. It is currently thought that mmW could be used in noninvasive complementary therapy because of their analgesic effect. However, the mechanisms of their antinociceptive effect and non-ionizing radiation are the subjects of controversy. The mechanisms of interaction of mmW and the cutaneous tissue have not been elucidated. We observed mast cell degranulation at the place of mmW action, a decrease of chronaxie and Turck reflex time, an increase in the number of afferent impulses after sciatic nerve at stimulation, as well as an increase electrocardiogram R-R interval of isolated frog heart after application of mmW. Based on these investigations, we propose that electromagnetic waves of millimeter length modify, through indirect mechanisms, the excitability and reactivity of peripheral nerve terminations.

Application of temperature-dependent fluorescent dyes to the measurement of millimeter wave absorption in water applied to biomedical experiments.

Temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity of the organic dyes solutions was used for noncontact measurement of the electromagnetic millimeter wave absorption in water. By using two different dyes with opposite temperature effects, local temperature increase in the capillary that is placed inside a rectangular waveguide in which millimeter waves propagate was defined. The application of this noncontact temperature sensing is a simple and novel method to detect temperature change in small biological objects.

Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on experimentally induced cold pain - a crossover investigation in healthy volunteers

Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on experimentally induced cold pain - a crossover investigation in healthy volunteers

Изучение влияния реабилитации с применением антигомотоксического препарата совместно с волновой энергостабилизирующей терапией на морфологические, биохимические и показатели системного иммунитета у детей с рецидивирующим бронхитом

There is now good evidence that the use of electromagnetic millimeter waves the following curative effects: analgesic, normalization of relations or increased formation of neurohumoral substances. The introduction of a therapeutic practice complex biological drugs that trigger, not overwhelming the body auxiliary immunological reaction, based on the activation of the regulation clones of T-lymphocytes and helper functions, is an important step in achieving a qualitatively level of health patients with chronic disease.

Millimeter waves: Acoustic and electromagnetic

This article is the presentation I gave at the D'Arsonval Award Ceremony on June 14, 2011 at the Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It summarizes my research activities in acoustic and electromagnetic millimeter waves over the past 47 years. My earliest research involved acoustic millimeter waves, with a special interest in diagnostic ultrasound imaging and its safety. For the last 21 years my research expanded to include electromagnetic millimeter waves, with a special interest in the mechanisms underlying millimeter wave therapy. Millimeter wave therapy has been widely used in the former Soviet Union with great reported success for many diseases, but is virtually unknown to Western physicians. I and the very capable members of my laboratory were able to demonstrate that the local exposure of skin to low intensity millimeter waves caused the release of endogenous opioids, and the transport of these agents by blood flow to all parts of the body resulted in pain relief and other beneficial effects.

The EMF-induced changes in aqua medium’s properties depend on background ionizing radiation, illumination and temperature

The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EMF) and ELF-modulated millimeter waves (MMW) on physicochemical properties of physiological solution (PS) at different environmental medium were studied. The existence of frequency “windows” at 4 Hz and 8 Hz frequencies of ELF EMF and ELF-modulated MMW which have different effects on heat fusion period (HFP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation and oxygen (O2) content of water solution and different dependency on temperature, background radiation (BGR) and illumination was shown. The obtained data allow us to suggest that cell bathing medium serving as a target through which the biological effects of ELF EMF and ELF-modulated MMW on cells are realized is extra sensitive to environmental factors. Therefore, the variability of experimental data on EMF biological effects, obtained in different laboratories can be explained by different environmental conditions of experiments, which very often are not considered adequately.

Application of low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves to the treatment of diabetes mellitus

This experimental study has demonstrated positive effects of low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter wave treatment on the development of experimental diabetes mellitus in mice. It was shown that repeated electromagnetic irradiation of the E-36 acupuncture point (daily 10 minute-long sessions for 14 days) decreased the blood glucose level in these animals, stimulated their locomotor activity, and increased life expectancy in comparison with controls. Possible mechanisms of action of low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves are discussed.

Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose: His legacy and pioneering work [Reverberations

Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose (born on 30 November 1858) is one of the most revered and admired scientists in India, not only for his pioneering contributions but also because of inspiration he provided for modern scientific research in India. The fact that he carried out his research in British colonial India at Presidency College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) without significant facilities and often using his own funds for his experiments, makes his achievements even more remarkable. He is credited with the first demonstration of electromagnetic (EM) millimeter (mm) wave (60 GHz) propagation in free space, invention of a semiconductor (diode) detection device (known as coherer at the time), and many pioneering contributions in microwave physics, biophysics, and plant sciences.

Electromagnetic millimeter wave induced hypoalgesia: Frequency dependence and involvement of endogenous opioids

Millimeter wave treatment (MMWT) is based on the systemic biological effects that develop following local skin exposure to low power electromagnetic waves in the millimeter range. In the present set of experiments, the hypoalgesic effect of this treatment was analyzed in mice. The murine nose area was exposed to MMW of "therapeutic" frequencies: 42.25, 53.57, and 61.22 GHz. MMWT-induced hypoalgesia was shown to be frequency dependent in two experimental models: (1) the cold water tail-flick test (chronic non-neuropathic pain), and (2) the wire surface test (chronic neuropathic pain following unilateral constriction injury to the sciatic nerve). Maximum hypoalgesic effect was obtained when the frequency was 61.22 GHz. Other exposure parameters were: incident power density = 13.3 mW/cm(2), duration of each exposure = 15 min. Involvement of delta and kappa endogenous opioids in the MMWT-induced hypoalgesia was demonstrated using selective blockers of delta- and kappa-opioid receptors and the direct ELISA measurement of endogenous opioids in CNS tissue. Possible mechanisms of the effect and the perspectives of the clinical application of MMWT are discussed.

An experimental study comparing the effects of combined transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation and electromagnetic millimeter waves for spinal pain in Hong Kong

To compare the efficacy of combined transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) and electromagnetic millimeter wave (EMMW) therapy as an add-on treatment for pain relief and physical functional activity enhancement among adults with sub-acute non-specific spinal pain in either the low back or neck. A non-blinded study with data obtained before, immediate, one week and three months after intervention. The Telehealth Clinic and Community Centre, Hong Kong. Forty-seven subjects with either sub-acute neck or low back pain. Subjects were randomly allocated to either an intervention group (n=23) or a control group (n=24). These groups were then divided into subgroups according to the site of their spinal pain-neck or back. The intervention group had eight treatments over a three-week period of TAES and EMMW. Changes from baseline to the end of treatment were assessed at intervals of one week and three months on either neck or low back pain intensity [by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)]; stiffness level; stress level; neck or low back lateral flexion and forward flexion in cm, and interference with daily activities. The baseline VAS scores for the intervention and control groups were 5.34 and 5.18 out of 10, respectively (P value=0.77). At the one week and three month assessments, there were no significant differences between the groups-VAS (P value=0.09 and 0.27, respectively). A further subgroup of chronic pain sufferers (n=31) was identified and these had significantly reduced pain intensity at the one week assessment (P value=0.04) but this was not sustained at post three months after treatment (P value=0.15). Improvements in stiffness level, stress level, and functional disability level in the intervention group were not significant. Our study shows that there was a reduction in pain intensity, stress and stiffness level immediately after the eight sessions of treatment (TAES and EMMW), though the effect is not sustained after a week. No pain relief was found with the neck pain subgroup. However, the reduction in subjective average pain intensity among the chronic pain subgroup was sustained at the post one week assessment for the intervention group but not at the post three month assessment.

Micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to 42 GHz electromagnetic millimeter waves.

The genotoxic potential of 42.2 +/- 0.2 GHz electromagnetic millimeter-wave radiation was investigated in adult male BALB/c mice. The radiation was applied to the nasal region of the mice for 30 min/day for 3 consecutive days. The incident power density used was 31.5 +/- 5.0 mW/cm2. The peak specific absorption rate was calculated as 622 +/- 100 W/kg. Groups of mice that were injected with cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg body weight), a drug used in the treatment of human malignancies, were also included to determine if millimeter-wave radiation exposure had any influence on drug-induced genotoxicity. Concurrent sham-exposed and untreated mice were used as controls. The extent of genotoxicity was assessed from the incidence of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells collected 24 h after treatment. The results indicated that the incidence of micronuclei in 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different among untreated, millimeter wave-exposed, and sham-exposed mice. The group mean incidences were 6.0 +/- 1.6, 5.1 +/- 1.5 and 5.1 +/- 1.3 in peripheral blood and 9.1 +/- 1.1, 9.3 +/- 1.6 and 9.1 +/- 1.6 in bone marrow cells, respectively. Mice that were injected with cyclophosphamide exhibited significantly increased numbers of micronuclei, 14.6 +/- 2.7 in peripheral blood and 21.3 +/- 3.9 in bone marrow cells (P< 0.0001). The drug-induced micronuclei were not significantly different in millimeter wave-exposed and sham-exposed mice; the mean incidences were 14.3 +/- 2.8 and 15.4 +/- 3.0 in peripheral blood and 23.5 +/- 2.3 and 22.1 +/- 2.5 in bone marrow cells, respectively. Thus there was no evidence for the induction of genotoxicity in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to electromagnetic millimeter-wave radiation. Also, millimeter-wave radiation exposure did not influence cyclophosphamide-induced micronuclei in either type of cells.