Electrolyte Loss Research Articles

The effects of feeding sodium chloride pellets on the gastric mucosa, acid-base, and mineral status in exercising horses.

Electrolyte supplementation may be a risk factor for gastric mucosal lesions, but relevant evidence is limited in horses. Investigate the effects of PO sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation on the gastric mucosa of exercising horses. We hypothesized that NaCl supplementation would neither cause nor exacerbate existing gastric mucosal damage. Fifteen 3-year-old healthy Warmblood stallions from a stud farm. Placebo-controlled study with a crossover design. Horses were fed either a NaCl pellet at a dosage adequate to replace the electrolyte losses in 10 L sweat or a placebo for 19 days with a washout period of 14 days between treatments. The gastric mucosa was evaluated by gastroscopy before and after treatment. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of acid-base status, packed cell volume (PCV), and total protein, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Urine was collected, and urine specific gravity, electrolyte, creatinine, and urea concentrations were measured. The initial prevalence of gastric mucosal lesions was 85%. Sodium chloride pellets did not adversely affect the gastric mucosa and treatment did not significantly alter the hematologic and serum biochemical variables. Urine creatinine concentrations significantly decreased and urinary sodium concentrations significantly increased after supplementation with NaCl pellets. Water intake did not significantly differ between treatments. Daily NaCl pellet supplementation is a palatable and safe way to replace electrolyte losses from sweating in exercising horses and has no negative effects on the gastric mucosa.

Nutritional Management in the Compromised Gut: Short Bowel Syndrome, Enterocutaneous Fistula, and Stoma

Nutrition in patients with a compromised gut is a challenge requiring a multidisciplinary management and necessitates individualized nutritional planning. Intestinal failure is defined as significant deficit in gut absorption of micro and macronutrients such that intravenous supplementation is necessary to sustain life. If absorption is inadequate, however intravenous supplementation is not required, it is called intestinal insufficiency. Short bowel syndrome and entero cutaneous fistula are the most common conditions leading to intestinal insufficiency and failure. These conditions in the initial phase may lead to significant loss of fluids and electrolytes and require multidisciplinary team management. Definite plan for restoration of adequately functioning bowel after stabilization of patient is important. Based on evidences, recommendations for nutritional management in such patients were thoroughly discussed and approved by the Gastrointestinal nutrition core committee of the Indian Association of Parenteral and enteral nutrition (IAPEN). Keywords: Short bowel syndrome, Enterocutaneous fistula, Nutrition

Development and Verification of a Diagnostic Technology for Waste Battery Deterioration Factors.

We defined four major deterioration factors (electrolyte loss (EL), lithium loss (LL), lithium precipitation (LP), and compound deterioration (CD)). Then, we derived eleven key performance indicators (KPIs) for comparative analysis. After that, we fabricated three deteriorated cells for each of three deterioration factors (EL, LL, and LP) and one cell with CD (for verification) with four individual (dis)charging experiment manuals. The two major contributions of this study are the performance of 1)trend analysis to determine a suitable diagnostic metric by inspecting the eleven KPIs and 2) comparison analysis of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]to verify the effectiveness of utilizing [[EQUATION]]as a real-time deterioration diagnostic factor using a concept of model-in-the-loop simulation. The results show that 1) [[EQUATION]]has the most conspicuous trendline tendency among the eleven comparison targets for all four major deterioration factors, and 2) the angle difference between the two trends of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]lies within a minimum of 9° and a maximum of 43° (with a 104scale on the x-axis and a 10-7scale on the y-axis for a clear trend line analysis). From this, we can conclude that the trendline-based real-time deterioration analysis employing [[EQUATION]]may be practically applicable to a limited extent.

Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial electrolyte transport in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system.

Chronic diarrhea is a hallmark sign of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE), leading to fluid and electrolyte losses. Electrolyte homeostasis is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which might be involved in (counter-)regulating electrolyte losses in canine CIE. Whether and which electrolyte transporters are affected or if RAAS is activated in canine CIE is unknown. Thus, intestinal electrolyte transporters and components of the RAAS were investigated in dogs with CIE. Serum RAAS fingerprint analysis by mass spectrometry was performed in 5 CIE dogs and 5 healthy controls, and mRNA levels of intestinal electrolyte transporters and local RAAS pathway components were quantified by RT-qPCR in tissue biopsies from the ileum (7 CIE, 10 controls) and colon (6 CIE, 12 controls). Concentrations of RAAS components and mRNA expression of electrolyte transporters were compared between both groups of dogs and were tested for associations among each other. In dogs with CIE, associations with clinical variables were also tested. Components of traditional and alternative RAAS pathways were higher in dogs with CIE than in healthy controls, with statistical significance for Ang I, Ang II, and Ang 1-7 (all p < 0.05). Expression of ileal, but not colonic electrolyte transporters, such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/H+-exchanger 3, Cl- channel 2, down-regulated in adenoma, and Na+-glucose-cotransporter (all p < 0.05) was increased in CIE. Our results suggest that the dys- or counter-regulation of intestinal electrolyte transporters in canine CIE might be associated with a local influence of RAAS. Activating colonic absorptive reserve capacities may be a promising therapeutic target in canine CIE.

Ceramic Fillers for Improved Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

With the decarbonization of transportation, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries that can power these EVs has been increasing. Lithium-ion-based batteries are already well-established and are considered the main chemistries to power current EVs. However, limited specific energy (< 300 Wh/kg) prevents these batteries from having high mileage vehicles. Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered the most promising next-generation energy storage system as they high theoretical capacity (~1675 mAhg-1), low cathode materials cost, and cell energy densities that can exceed 700 Wh/kg [1,2]. However, some major drawbacks prevent the Li-S battery system from being applicable in energy devices and hinder its commercialization, that include low power density and rapid capacity degradation during their cycling life. In addition, the lithium metal anode in Li-S batteries bring various issues to the forefront such as continuous solid electrolyte interface growth, dendrite formation, and loss of active lithium and electrolyte. These issues are further exacerbated at high C-rates which increases the possibility of an internal short-circuit and sudden cell failure [3]. In order to promote longer life cycles and prevent sudden cell failure, a thorough understanding of the cell’s electrochemical behavior is crucial for the development of a stable and practical Li-S battery system. The introduction of oxide fillers such TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, etc. has been previously studied in various lithium-ion systems and has been shown to improve the cell’s lithium-ion transport properties, which in turn improve the performance of Li-S cells [4]. When used as interlayers they can also trap soluble polysulfides diffusing out of the cathode and reduce their crossover to the anode which helps reduce the shuttle effect of said polysulfides.In the present study, the use of a polysulfide immobilizing system to reduce sulfur loss and improve capacity retention has been demonstrated. The galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling study shows that cells retain higher capacity during the course of cycling. The initial capacity for Li-S cells with the filler average 1300+ mAh/g (C/10) while the capacity stabilizes around 1000 mAh/g after 3 cycles (C/5). The capacity retention at C/5 after 75 cycles was approximately 875 mAh/g which represents a rate 0.17% drop per cycle. When compared to control cells, the cells containing no fillers had lower initial capacity that averaged 1050 mAh/g and that rapidly declined to stabilize around 650 mAh/g. However, after this major drop, the cells remained stable no with measurable drop after 75 cycles. The behavior indicates that the cells with fillers delayed the effect of sulfur loss experienced in cells without fillers; however, the slow capacity drop that ensued, indicates that while polysulfide trapping was efficient it was unable to fully prevent it. The effect of fillers on the Coulombic efficiency (CE) also supports the polysulfide “trapping” mechanism and shows the ability of the cell to reduce the shuttle effect that contributes to lower CE values. Further electrochemical studies have been performed to understand the mechanisms of the improvement of the cell.

Investigating the Electrolyte Degradation of Lithium-Ion Cells with Silicon-Containing Anodes

Silicon with a high gravimetric capacity of 3579 mAh g-1 of the pure material becomes increasingly common in the anode of lithium-ion batteries to increase energy density on the full cell level. However, silicon changes its volume excessively during (de-)lithiation making it prone to ageing. In commercial cells, it is typically applied as SiOx in small quantities in a composite anode together with graphite.Gas analytical studies of Gr/SiOx||NMC622 cells with varying silicon content and carbonate-based electrolyte are presented. The electrolyte consists of 1M LiPF6 in EC:DEC (1:1, v/v) + 5 wt-% FEC. The focus of this study is on investigations of ageing processes such as electrolyte decomposition during formation cycling. All measurements were carried out using specially developed multifunctional test setups and accordingly modified test cells. The different cell specifications were examined by operando mass spectrometry (MS) and post-mortem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Strong gas formation leads to a loss of electrolyte, which can cause the cell to dry out and consequently limit the cycle life. Gas analysis is a suitable method to identify decomposition products as well as to illustrate degradation reactions. Operando MS can be used to detect gaseous substances produced by (electro)chemical processes as a function of the state of charge. Furthermore, a post-mortem GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the individual substances qualitatively.The cyclic formation of several degradation products can be determined. Among others, carbon dioxide, hydrogen as well as ethane are identified as characteristic decomposition products of the electrolyte. In addition, the decomposition path of the conducting salt can be detected. Another main result is the evidence of the presence of silicon-containing gaseous fragments as a function of the Si-content in the composite anode.These gas analytical studies of silicon graphite composite anodes provide an important contribution to the understanding of the degradation reactions taking place. The results shown help to illustrate them and give information about the influence of the silicon content on electrolyte degradation. Figure 1

A Self-Powered Microfluidic-Based Flexible Triboelectric Sensor for Noninvasive Sweat Analysis

Sweat, an abundant biofluid containing rich source of physiological and metabolic information regarding the health of an individual, with the potential for noninvasive extraction. Health monitoring via quantitative sweat analysis could potentially preclude the need for periodic blood sample assessments. Continuous monitoring of key electrolytes such as sodium can provide a wide range of information from electrolyte imbalance to diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. This makes the quantification of sodium ions important since the loss of sodium could lead to hyponatremia. About 5% of the adults and about 35% of hospitalized patients suffer from hyponatremia which makes it one of the most common electrolyte disorder. Therefore, developing a robust sensing platform is indispensable. A flexible, thin class of microfluidic device has been introduced of late, that can be used for sweat extraction and quantifiable monitoring of the sweat analytes. However, these devices operate with high cost, complex design, and an active power source. Therefore, in our study, we address such challenges by developing a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self-powered microfluidic device that works on contact electrification. The wearable microfluidic device monitors the sodium levels in the sweat of the individual extracted in a non-invasive manner. The flexible microfluidic channel utilizes the capillary action generated with the periodic finger tapping to transport the sweat from skin to the sensing area. The transported sweat is used in the liquid - solid interaction between the sweat and microfluidic channels with electrode coated with ion selective membrane (ISM) to obtain triboelectric output. The ISM coating on the electrode is able to selectively detect the target analyte which results in a significant difference in output. This study demonstrates a flexible microfluidic based self-powered noninvasive sweat sensor which has potential applications in analysis of electrolyte loss through sweat.

Fault diagnosis method of dissolved oxygen sensor electrolyte loss based on impedance measurement

Dissolved oxygen affects the growth and survival of aquatic organisms and considers as an important indicator of aquaculture water quality. Moreover, the electrochemical dissolved oxygen sensor may become faulty due to flow shock or damage by organisms which destroys the dissolved oxygen permeable membrane and results in loss of electrolytes. In this paper, a method was developed for detecting electrolyte loss faults in polarographic dissolved oxygen sensors by directly measuring impedance of sensing electrodes without additional sensing elements or modifying the sensor. First, the factors interfering electrolyte concentration-impedance relationship and the requirement for temperature compensation was determined. Secondly, a fault diagnosis of internal electrolyte loss was achieved by using the difference between the theoretically calculated value and the impedance measurement value in combination with the electrode reaction law. Finally, the impedance detection method was demonstrated using artificially simulated faults. The results showed that the developed method had accurate tracking of electrolyte consumption with a Pearson coefficient of 0.987. Three different levels of breakage failures were simulated and detected as 4.48 %, 21.07 % and 73.47 %, respectively. The mean absolute error of the normal state was about 1.67, which increased to 16.3 after a period of failure. The developed method meets the requirements of embedded development because it uses a simple fault detection device and easy data processing using a simple microprocessor. Furthermore, the diagnosis result has been demonstrated as an indicator of membrane health and breakage conditions of dissolved oxygen sensors.

Weakly coordinated Li ion in single-ion-conductor-based composite enabling low electrolyte content Li-metal batteries

The pulverization of lithium metal electrodes during cycling recently has been suppressed through various techniques, but the issue of irreversible consumption of the electrolyte remains a critical challenge, hindering the progress of energy-dense lithium metal batteries. Here, we design a single-ion-conductor-based composite layer on the lithium metal electrode, which significantly reduces the liquid electrolyte loss via adjusting the solvation environment of moving Li+ in the layer. A Li||Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 pouch cell with a thin lithium metal (N/P of 2.15), high loading cathode (21.5 mg cm−2), and carbonate electrolyte achieves 400 cycles at the electrolyte to capacity ratio of 2.15 g Ah−1 (2.44 g Ah−1 including mass of composite layer) or 100 cycles at 1.28 g Ah−1 (1.57 g Ah−1 including mass of composite layer) under a stack pressure of 280 kPa (0.2 C charge with a constant voltage charge at 4.3 V to 0.05 C and 1.0 C discharge within a voltage window of 4.3 V to 3.0 V). The rational design of the single-ion-conductor-based composite layer demonstrated in this work provides a way forward for constructing energy-dense rechargeable lithium metal batteries with minimal electrolyte content.

Estimation of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Acute Diarrhea

Diarrhoea is a disease related to nutrition as it involves the loss of fluid and electrolytes. The death rate in children due to diarrhoea is high because of undernutrition, even if they are well-hydrated. In this examination, we sought out the concentrations of copper and zinc in the serum of children diseased with acute diarrhoea, before and after the therapy of standard ORS (oral rehydration solution) therapy and associated it with the severity of diarrhoea and its period. Children involved in the examination were 110 in number, who were diseased with acute diarrhoea. The concentrations of zinc and copper in the serum of children with acute diarrhoea were noted before (at the time of entrance) and after treating them with standard oral rehydration solution (ORS) therapy. This research showed that the levels of zinc and copper in the serum of children diseased with acute diarrhoea, declined significantly to 13% and 12.8%, respectively, from their normal serum concentrations. After treatment with ORS therapy, a further decrease of 22.4% and 22.6% is seen in the concentration of zinc and copper, respectively. Our research showed that the children who were having a very low level of zinc and copper in the plasma were more prone to be diseased with acute diarrhoea and even more severely and with longer duration.

Verniks Kazeoza Maddesinde Bulunan Bazı Element (Na+, Cl-, K+, Fe+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cu+2, Zn+2) Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

The substance "Vernix Caseosa" (VC), which begins to be secreted in the third trimester of the human fetus, is a natural product that occurs spontaneously. This substance, which protects the baby against external factors, has a feature that facilitates birth by providing lubrication during normal birth. 52 infants were included in the study. A sterile soft-tipped device was used to collect the VC, and a swab was taken from the baby's skin immediately after birth. In addition, mothers under the age of 35 and over the age of 35 were grouped as multiparous and nulliparous and their VC was examined separately. In VC, the levels of the elements responsible for production and repair in the human body were investigated. Homogenized samples were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Element results were given as mean and standard deviation; *Na+: 12.09 ± 0.58, *Cl-: 10.27 ± 1.08, *K+:1.84 ± 0.54, **Fe+2: 72.39 ± 4.84, **Mg+2: 67.07 ± 3.31, **Ca+2:864.51 ± 32.61, **Cu+2:12.98 ± 2.01, **Zn+2: 11.00 ± 1.55 (*:mg/g tissue, **:ug/g tissue). According to the results of literature review and to the best of knowledge, limited information on element levels of VC has been reported. The studied elements are found as cofactors in growth and development and in many biochemical mechanisms. Protein and lipid contents have been investigated in previous studies and it has been reported that VC has an important role in protecting the fetus from external factors and infections. In addition, the protection of amniotic fluid from maceration and the prevention of fluid and electrolyte losses of the skin are also mentioned. It is thought that this research will make an important contribution to the determination of the biochemical structure of VC, which is a natural and protective substance.

Time to eRAASe chronic inflammation: current advances and future perspectives on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs and humans.

Chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation is an increasing worldwide problem that affects companion animals, especially dogs, and human patients. Although these disease entities have been intensely investigated recently, many questions remain, and alternative therapeutic options are needed. Diarrhea caused by dysregulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and subsequent fluid and electrolyte losses often leads to secondary consequences for the patient. Currently, it is not exactly clear which mechanisms are involved in the dysregulation of intestinal fluid absorption, but differences in intestinal electrolyte shifts between human and canine patients suggest species-specific regulatory or counterregulatory mechanisms. Several intestinal electrolyte transporters are differentially expressed in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas there are virtually no studies on electrolyte transporters and their endocrine regulation in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. An important mechanism involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which may affect intestinal Na+ transport. While RAAS has previously been considered a systemic regulator of blood pressure, additional complex roles of RAAS in inflammatory processes have been unraveled. These alternative RAAS pathways may pose attractive therapeutic targets to address diarrhea and, thus, electrolyte shifts in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. This article comparatively summarizes the current knowledge about electrolyte transport in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of RAAS and offers perspectives for novel therapeutic avenues.

Analytical assessment of sodium ISFET based sensors for sweat analysis

Body thermoregulation during exercise induces sweating with the consequent loss of water, electrolytes and other compounds. The use of sweat for bioanalytical purposes has recently widespread because it is an easily accessible biofluid that can be noninvasively collected and/or directly monitored using wearable devices. Different sweat biomarkers can be monitored as indicators of the physiological status of an individual. The concentration of sweat Na+ electrolyte provides information about dehydration or hyponatremia events. Among the different sensor technologies applied for Na+ ion detection in sweat, ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) show superior features in terms miniaturization, key for working with the low volumes of sweat available, robustness, scalability and reproducibility. They also offer fast response and low impedance output signal. This work reports an in-depth study that thoroughly assesses the potential of ISFET sensors for sweat Na+ analysis. Results show a reproducible sensitivity of 60.7 ± 0.5 mV (-Log aNa)− 1, high repeatability, and lifetime up to one month. Sensor reliability is demonstrated by analysing 20 sweat samples and results are compared with the ones provided with the standard ion chromatography technique (IC). The statistical analysis demonstrates that Na+ concentrations estimated with the ISFET sensor and IC are in good agreement showing a relative error of up to 20%. Results demonstrate that the sensor presented in this work can potentially be used for the continuous monitoring of Na+ changes in sweat during exercise.

A stomal therapists experience of a novel chyme reinfusion device for high output enterostomies: A case series instituting a novel chyme reinfusion device in three patients

Background: Reinfusing chyme down the distal limb of an enterostomy is a well-researched technique for helping prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss from a high-output enterostomy. However, it has not gained traction because it is a labour-intensive task that requires nursing management and further in-hospital care. A novel chyme reinfusion device that a patient can manage is now available (The InsidesTM System, The Insides Company, New Zealand). Cases: This paper explores a stomal therapist's experience instituting The InsidesTM System for three patients with high output enterostomies. The reinfusion device is a simple set-up that has been shown to reduce fluid and electrolyte imbalances, reduce and remove the need for parenteral nutrition and is patient managed. Patient experience and learning points gained from the three participants were collected across the themes of patient consent, education of patients and carers, custom tube installation into the distal limb, usability testing and feedback to the device developers. Conclusions: The novel chyme reinfusion device is a simple patient-managed solution that is easy to install and initiate. Clinical benefits include preventing dehydration and electrolyte loss from high-output double enterostomies. By instituting a thorough supportive follow-up management plan for each patient, there were minimal complications with high patient compliance and satisfaction.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and the subsequent vomiting (CINV) are adverse effects of cancer treatment associated with considerable burden for the patient. CINV has asignificant negative impact on quality of life. The consequent loss of fluids and electrolytes can lead to impaired renal function or weight loss, which may lead to hospitalization. If CINV later results in anticipatory vomiting, this complicates both CINV prophylaxis and further chemotherapy, which can endanger the continuation of cancer treatment. The introduction of high-dose dexamethasone as well as 5‑HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists has led to asignificant improvement of CINV prophylaxis since the 1990s. Recommendations on CINV prophylaxis are in available in guidelines. Adherence to these guidelines results in better outcomes.

Capacity Degradation and Aging Mechanisms Evolution of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Different Operation Conditions

Since lithium-ion batteries are rarely utilized in their full state-of-charge (SOC) range (0–100%); therefore, in practice, understanding the performance degradation with different SOC swing ranges is critical for optimizing battery usage. We modeled battery aging under different depths of discharge (DODs), SOC swing ranges and temperatures by coupling four aging mechanisms, including the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) layer growth, lithium (li) plating, particle cracking, and loss of active material (LAM) with a P2D model. Additionally, the mechanisms causing accelerated capacity to drop near a battery’s end of life (EOL) were investigated systematically. The results indicated that when the battery operated with a high SOC range, the capacity was more prone to accelerated degradation near the EOL. Among the four degradation mechanisms, li plating was mainly sensitive to the operation temperature and SOC swing ranges, while the SEI growth was mainly sensitive to temperature. Furthermore, there was an inhibitory interaction between li plating and SEI growth, as well as positive feedback between LAM and particle cracking during battery aging. Additionally, we discovered that the extremely low local porosity around the anode separator could cause the ‘knee point’ of capacity degradation.

Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for treating acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration in children.

Although acute diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease, dehydration may occur in some children. Dehydration is the consequence of an increased loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate) in liquid stools. When these losses are high and not replaced adequately, severe dehydration appears. Severe dehydration is corrected with intravenous solutions. The most frequently used solution for this purpose is 0.9% saline. Balanced solutions (e.g. Ringer's lactate) are alternatives to 0.9% saline and have been associated with fewer days of hospitalization and better biochemical outcomes. Available guidelines provide conflicting recommendations. It is unclear whether 0.9% saline or balanced intravenous fluids are most effective for rehydrating children with severe dehydration due to diarrhoea. To evaluate the benefits and harms of balanced solutions for the rapid rehydration of children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea, in terms of time in hospital and mortality compared to 0.9% saline. We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 4 May 2022. We included randomized controlled trials in children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea comparing balanced solutions, such as Ringer's lactate or Plasma-Lyte with 0.9% saline solution, for rapid rehydration. We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. time in hospital and 2. Our secondary outcomes were 3. need for additional fluids, 4. total amount of fluids received, 5. time to resolution of metabolic acidosis, 6. change in and the final values of biochemical measures (pH, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine), 7. incidence of acute kidney injury, and 8. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. Characteristics of the included studies We included five studies with 465 children. Data for meta-analysis were available from 441 children. Four studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries and one study in two high-income countries. Four studies evaluated Ringer's lactate, and one study evaluated Plasma-Lyte. Two studies reported the time in hospital, and only one study reported mortality as an outcome. Four studies reported final pH and five studies reported bicarbonate levels. Adverse events reported were hyponatremia and hypokalaemia in two studies each. Risk of bias All studies had at least one domain at high or unclear risk of bias. The risk of bias assessment informed the GRADE assessments. Primary outcomes Compared to 0.9% saline, the balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in hospital (mean difference (MD) -0.35 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.60 to -0.10; 2 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). However, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of the balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children (risk ratio (RR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.02 to 7.39; 1 study, 22 children; very low-certainty evidence). Secondary outcomes Balanced solutions probably produce a higher increase in blood pH (MD 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09; 4 studies, 366 children; low-certainty evidence) and bicarbonate levels (MD 2.44 mEq/L, 95% CI 0.92 to 3.97; 443 children, four studies; low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, balanced solutions likely reduces the risk of hypokalaemia after the intravenous correction (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.96; 2 studies, 147 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions may result in no difference in the need for additional intravenous fluids after the initial correction; in the amount of fluids administered; or in the mean change of sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children. However, balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in the hospital compared to 0.9% saline. Also, balanced solutions likely reduce the risk of hypokalaemia after intravenous correction. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions compared to 0.9% saline probably produce no changes in the need for additional intravenous fluids or in other biochemical measures such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels. Last, there may be no difference between balanced solutions and 0.9% saline in the incidence of hyponatraemia.

Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Deposition and Stripping on Lithium Metal: A New Method for Measuring

AbstractRechargeable lithium metal batteries (RLMBs) have been extensively investigated as a next‐generation battery for electric vehicles because of their two times higher specific energy density than conventional lithium‐ion batteries. However, RLMBs have not been commercialized yet, because of the low coulombic efficiency (CE) of the lithium deposition and stripping process and lithium dendrite formation. CEs measured by a conventional method with a Li/electrolyte/Cu were considerably lower than those measured using full cells of Li/electrolyte/oxide cathode. The discrepancy is considered to be due to the non‐reversibility of the Cu electrode for the lithium deposition and stripping process. Here, we propose a new method to determine the CE of lithium deposition and stripping on lithium metal from the loss of electrolyte using a Li/electrolyte/Li cell with a limited amount of electrolyte.

Systematic Study of O2 Supply in Li–O2 Batteries with High and Low Doner Number Solvents

The Li–O2 battery is a promising technology due to its high theoretical specific energy. However, its practical capacity and cycling performance need further improvement. In this scenario, the influence of the electrolyte and the supply of air/O2 to the device are essential to enhance the performance and build a commercial prototype. This paper presents a study focusing on the influence of oxygen flow and pressure in the gravimetric capacity of Li–O2 batteries using two different electrolytes: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO/LiClO4) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME/LiClO4). This study pointed out the negative influence of flow over the capacity when combined in an open cell. Due to electrolyte loss, the life cycle was also deeply affected using the open cell, especially for DMSO. However, DMSO leads to the best performance due to higher ionic conductivity, oxygen diffusivity, and absence of a direct reaction with the lithium anode. Thus, the closed cell reached a maximum discharge capacity of 22537 mAh g–1 with 26 cycles of 1000 mAh g–1 for DMSO and 8764 mAh g–1 with 13 cycles of 1000 mAh g–1 for TEGDME.

Numerical analysis on the aging characteristics of a LiFePO4 battery: Effect of active particle sizes in electrodes

The lifespan of lithium-ion batteries receives increasing attention during the wide application of lithium-ion batteries. The size of active particles in porous electrodes is a key parameter in the design of lithium-ion batteries. The effect of particle sizes on the aging characteristics in negative electrodes is numerically investigated based on a cycle life model with solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation, Li plating and loss of active material (LAM) included. Increasing the rp,neg (particle size for negative electrodes) causes the aggravation of capacity fading and the rise of the optimum temperature of batteries. The aggravation arises from the increase in SEI formation, Li plating and LAM. With increasing rp,neg, the distribution of SEI formation and LAM within negative electrodes becomes more in-uniformly, and a larger region of the negative electrode suffers the Li plating. In contrary, increasing the rp,pos (particle size for positive electrodes) alleviates the capacity fading, which primarily results from the decrease of Li plating. As the initial temperature elevates, the Li plating will be limited and consequently the capacity fading alleviation due to increasing the rp,pos becomes increasingly slight. The Li plating occurs in final stage of constant current charging, and its lasting time declines with rp,pos increasing. When the initial temperature is below a certain value (10 °C in the present study), increasing the rp,pos leads to the general aggravation of LAM, resulting from the competition between Li plating and LAM. In the competition, the decrease of Li plating leaves more electrode region that will be exposed to the LAM. For the operating condition without significant Li plating, however, the LAM actually will be reduced with the rp,pos increasing. The present study gives an insight into how the sizes of active particle affect the aging of lithium batteries, which hopefully benefits the design of batteries.