Presence Of Electrolytes Research Articles

EFFECT OF WATER CHEMISTRY AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON A SILT LOAM SOIL—PART 2: SOIL EROSION

This research examined the effect of rainfall and runoff water composition, as well as the effect of differentsoil surface amendments on infiltration, runoff, and soil loss from a silt loam soil which was highly susceptible toaggregate breakdown and sealing. This article describes the soil erosion results, while infiltration and runoff findings arepresented in a companion article. The purposes of this study were to test if soil erosion would be reduced by the presenceof electrolytes in the erosive water, if use of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) as a surface spray or in rain water wouldreduce soil loss, and what the combined effects of high electrolyte concentrations and PAM would be. The impacts of asoil surface application of 20 kg/ha of an anionic PAM as well as 5 t/ha of a gypsiferous power-plant byproduct on soilloss were determined. Water type applied as rainfall or inflow was deionized, tap, or tap plus 10 ppm of PAM. The soilsurface applications of the PAM were effective in controlling rill erosion, even at very high water inflow levels. Rill plotsediment discharge rates from deionized rainfall water applications to an initially dry soil surface were significantlygreater than those resulting from rainfall having greater electrolyte concentrations. However, when inflow water wasadded to actively eroding rills, electrolyte concentration had no significant effect on sediment concentration or sedimentdischarge rate. The presence of PAM in rain water and inflow water acted to enhance soil loss when sufficient runoff waspresent to transport sediment from the rills.

Effect of 12 Crown 4 on the Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium into Graphite

The cathodic decomposition of 1M PC/EC electrolyte in presence of various amounts of 12 crown 4 during the first lithiation of graphite is investigated galvanostatically. The decomposition reaction is greatly reduced after addition of 12 crown 4 and reaches a limit at an optimum 12 crown 4 concentration of ∼0.35M. The reduction of electrolyte decomposition after addition of 12 crown 4 is attributed to a significant decrease in gas evolution and possibly to the formation of a more stable SEI film.

The mechanism of Cd2+ discharge from non-complexing aqueous electrolyte in presence and absence of neutral adsorbable compounds

The mechanism of Cd 2+ discharge and cadmium amalgam dissolution in the absence and presence of organic neutral surfactants is compared. The generality of the stepwise mechanism of this reaction occurring on Hg electrode both covered and non-covered by the surfactants is shown. The reliability of the existence of Cd + as an intermediate in the electrode reaction is discussed.

On the mechanism of Cd 2+ discharge from non-complexing aqueous electrolyte in presence and absence of neutral adsorbable compounds

The mechanism of Cd 2+ discharge and cadmium amalgam dissolution in the absence and presence of organic neutral surfactants is compared. The generality of the stepwise mechanism of this reaction occurring on Hg electrode both covered and non-covered by the surfactants is shown. The reliability of the existence of Cd + as an intermediate in the electrode reaction is discussed.

Electrodeposition of Copper-Nickel Alloy from Citrate Electrolytes in Presence of Ammonium Hydroxide

Electrodeposition of Copper-Nickel Alloy from Citrate Electrolytes in Presence of Ammonium Hydroxide

The photocurrent at the interface between a molecular crystal and an electrolyte in presence of quenching of excitons by a species in solution

AbstractThe rate constant for the quenching of excited molecular states at the interface between a molecular crystal and an aqueous electrolyte was determined from photoinjection experiments. The situation was analysed in which radiation passes through an electrolyte that forms one of the electric contacts to the crystal. It is assumed that excitons generated by absorption of photons within the solid diffuse to the crystal/solution interface and there react with charge and energy acceptor species in solution. The quantum efficiency of the charge separation reaction was determined from the limiting photocurrent and compared with the value which would be expected in the absence of quenching. The quenching rate constant thus determined was compared with a value derived from the application of Förster's treatment of resonance energy transfer upon quenching at the interface between a solid and an electrolyte. It was shown that at the interface between an anthracene electrode and a solution of Na2IrCl6 virtually all the energy of the excitons is transferred to the IrCl62− by resonance energy transfer.

Effect of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) on the Surface Reaction Behavior and the Hydrogen Evolution Efficiency of Ni-30at.%Cu Electrode in Alkaline Medium

The surface reaction characteristics, hydrogen evolution efficiency and hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics of Ni-30at.%Cu electrode have been investigated in 30wt.%KOH electrolyte in presence and absence of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) at room temperature by cyclic voltammetric technique. Cyclic voltammogram of the electrode showed three couples of oxidation-reduction peaks in between the potential range - 1.1 to + 0.4 V. The peak couples were originated from the electrochemical transformations of Ni(0) ←→ Ni(OH)2, Cu(0) ←→ Cu(I) and Cu(I) ←→ Cu(OH)2. An interference of the adsorped hydrogen over Cu(0) surface on the transformation of Ni(OH) 2 → Ni(0) was found. It was realized that added EDTA forms Cu-EDTA complex over the electrode surface. With increasing the amount of EDTA, the thickness of Cu(OH) 2 layer gradually decreased. Addition of 0.04g, 0.08g and 0.12g EDTAincreased the hydrogen evolution efficiency of the electrode more than 6%, 12% and 17%. Tafel plots for both the systems showed two well-defined Tafel regions. 0.12g EDTA increased the exchange current density (i0) values 1.3 times for both the Tafel regions. The observed i0 value for the high overpotential (η) region is 1.8 and 2.9 times higher than those of Ni and Cu electrodes. The Tafel slope (b) values for both the low and high η regions are smaller than those observed for without EDTA system and also for the Ni electrode. From the achieved information, it can be concluded that addition of EDTA remarkably increased the hydrogen evolution efficiency of the Ni-30at.%Cu electrode. It seems that hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) followed like mechanisms in absence and presence of EDTA. Key words: Ni-30at.%Cu electrode, EDTA, Electrochemical transformation, Surface reactions, Hydrogen evolution, Hydrogen evolution reactions (HER)DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.955 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(2), 145-158, 2008

Charge and Stability of Colloids. Part XXIII. Displacement of Hydrogen Ions from Sb2S3 Sol by Addition of Electrolytes in Presence and in Absence of Non-electrolytes

Charge and Stability of Colloids. Part XXIII. Displacement of Hydrogen Ions from Sb2S3 Sol by Addition of Electrolytes in Presence and in Absence of Non-electrolytes