Electrodynamic Forces Research Articles

Mitochondrial Metabolism – Neglected Link of Cancer Transformation and Treatment

Physical processes in living cells were not taken into consideration among the essentials of biological activity, regardless of the fact that they establish a state far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In biological system chemical energy is transformed into the work of physical forces for various biological functions. The energy transformation pathway is very likely connected with generation of the endogenous electrodynamic field as suggested by experimentally proved electrodynamic activity of biological systems connected with mitochondrial and microtubule functions. Besides production of ATP and GTP (adenosine and guanosine triphosphate) mitochondria form a proton space charge layer, strong static electric field, and water ordering around them in cytosol - that are necessary conditions for generation of coherent electrodynamic field by microtubules. Electrodynamic forces are of a long-range nature in comparison with bond and cohesive forces. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to disturbances of the electromagnetic field; its power and coherence may be diminished, and frequency spectrum altered. Consequently, defective electrodynamic interaction forces between cancer and healthy cells may result in local invasion of cancer cells. Further deformation of interaction forces connected with experimentally disclosed spatial disarrangement of the cytoskeleton and disordered electrodynamic field condition metastatic process. Cancer therapeutic strategy targeting mitochondria may restore normal physiological functions of mitochondria and open the apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis of too much damaged cancer cells was observed. Considerable experience with DCA (dichloroacetate) cancer treatment in humans was accumulated. Clinical trials should assess DCA therapeutic potential and collect data for development of novel more effective drugs for mitochondrial restoration of various cancers.

Analytical Calculation of Electrodynamic Levitation Forces in a Special-Purpose Linear Induction Motor

A special transverse flux linear induction motor (LIM) with salient poles and nonferromagnetic secondary in the shape of a boat has been discussed. The secondary is suspended, propelled, and stabilized by the electromagnetic field. Equations of 2-D distribution of the electromagnetic field and force equations have been derived. A small-scale prototype has been built and tested. The electrodynamic suspension force obtained from analytical calculations has been compared with measurements. The obtained results have been critically discussed.

Electronic theory of the mechanism of corrosion of Pb-Mg-Al alloy

The cohesive energies, Fermi energies and local density of states (LDOS) are calculated by the first-principles based on pseudopotential plane wave method in this paper to investigate the physical nature of corrosion of Pb-Mg-Al alloy. The mechanism of electrochemical corrosion is analyzed according to the calculated electronic structure parameters. The results show that the stable phase in Pb-Mg-Al alloy is Mg17Al12>Mg2Pb>Mg. The Fermi energy (Ef) values of these phases with Ef(Mg)>Ef(Mg2Pb)>Ef (Mg17Al12) indicate that Mg is most likely to lose electrons while Mg17Al12 is difficult. LDOS result reveals that Mg and Mg2Pb phases are unstable compared with Mg17Al12 in the same external conditions, they are more likely to lose electrons and easier to corrod. The difference in Fermi energy between different phases in Pb-Mg-Al alloy forms the electrodynamic force of the electrochemical corrosion, which leads electrons to flow from the Mg and Mg2Pb phases with higher Fermi energy to Mg17Al12 phase with lower Fermi energy, further to corrode in Pb-Mg-Al alloy.

High-Frequency Heating for Soldering in Electronics

Processes of high-frequency (HF) heating are examined and its parameters for the soldering of electronic modules are optimized. The advantages of HF heating are the following: selectivity by skin-effect; high density of energy; process- ing in any environment, including vacuum or inert gas; high ecological cleanliness, improvement solder flowing by electrodynamics forces increase the quality of soldering connections. Investigation of HF electromagnetic heating has allowed to optimize heating speed in local zones of soldering connections formation and to improve their quality due to joint action of superficial effects and electromagnetic forces.

Fuzzy Control of Rotor System Using an Electromagnetic Actuator

In recent years, a number of new methods dedicated to acoustic and vibration attenuation have been developed and proposed aiming at handling several types of engineering problems related to the dynamic behavior of the system. This is mainly due to the demand for better performance and safer operation of mechanical systems. There are various types of actuators available. The present contribution is dedicated to the electromagnetic actuator (EMA). EMA uses electromagnetic forces to support the rotor without mechanical contact. Due to the size of the system model, it was necessary to reduce the model of the rotating system. EMA is represented by a nonlinear model, which justifies the use of Fuzzy Logic Control. The results obtained with nonlinear model are compared with the linear model of the actuator. In the linear case, the controllers are designed for two situations, namely H∞ norm and LQR, solved by LMIs in both cases. These techniques are able to take into account uncertainties in the system. In the control, the nonlinear electrodynamics forces of the actuators are considered as containing uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology conveyed.

On improvement of the calculation for the electrodynamic force of throwing away contacts

The well-known formula for calculating the force of throwing away electric contacts (Dwight contraction forces) is improved by means of elimination of an undetermined coefficient from the formula.

Dynamics of the structure of electric currents and electrodynamic forces in current sheets

Specific features of the spatial distributions of the electric current and electrodynamic forces in current sheets are examined by studying the magnetic fields in them. It is shown that the j × B forces should lead to a gradual increase in the kinetic energy of the plasma accelerated along the current sheet surface. Excitation of currents directed oppositely to the main current in the central part of the sheet is observed for the first time, and the time evolution of the forward and reverse currents is investigated. Generation of reversed currents is a manifestation of the dynamic effects caused by the motion of plasma flows in the magnetic field and leading to a change in the magnetic structure of the current sheet.

Instanton effects on extracting the nucleon parton distributions

In considering the nucleon parton distributions at low energy values, the non-perturbative effects will have an important role. It is usual to assume for the related vacuum a structure and attribute it a back ground field. It is very like to the situation which we have for Bohm-Aharnov effect when an electron moved in a region where there is not any magnetic field (vacuum). In this case we can attribute to the related vacuum a back ground field which is in fact the gauge field of electrodynamics force. The fluctuations which exist with respect to the concerned vacuum in QCD can appear as instantons and will effect on then nucleon parton distributions especially at low Bjorken-x values. A comparison between the proton structures when we consider the instanton effect with respect to the usual one, indicates the non-perturbative effect on extracting these functions. Considering this effect will yield a better result for the F 2 p structure function.

Short-Circuit Withstand Tests of Metglas 2605SA1-Based Amorphous Distribution Transformers

This paper deals with EDF Research and Development work for ERDF needs in terms of energy efficiency, focused on Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers (AMDT). Many prototypes built on Metglas 2605SA1, rated 250 to 630 kVA from different manufacturers, were tested under short-circuit conditions according to IEC and ERDF standards. Some of the prototypes exceeded the accepted value of 4% of impedance variation after short-circuit test. Rectangular windings offer poor resistance to short-circuit stresses. Small metal particles, detached from amorphous core, were found at the bottom of the tank. In that case, dielectric strength is not gifted. The results show the active part should be strong enough to support high electrodynamic forces produced during short-circuit test.

Stability of Electrodynamic Tethers in a Three-Body System

The dynamics of an electrodynamic tether orbiting in a three-body gravitational field near the equilibrium positions of the system is analyzed. First, the perturbed classical three-body problem is derived in general terms; then, the in-plane force perpendicular to the local vertical is analyzed in more detail because of its relevance to electrodynamic tethers. Because of the presence of electrodynamic forces, the locations of equilibrium points are modified from their classical Lagrangian positions (that are valid for a null electrodynamic force) and finally disrupted as the electrodynamic force increases.A linear variational analysis is carried out to characterize themotion of the tethered system around the perturbed equilibrium locations and to compute the variation of the eigenfrequencies versus the intensity of the electrodynamic force. The study of small-amplitude motion about the perturbed equilateral positions has shown the existence of in-plane orbits (Lyapunov) and out-of-plane orbits (Lissajous and halo types) around those points. Large-amplitude orbits, which include nonlinear effects, have been studied using numerical integration of the equations of motion. Numerical tests have proven that when the higher of the two eigenfrequencies is excited, the trajectory is stable and converges toward the equilibrium point. The analysis is of immediate use to the orbit design of motion around perturbed Lagrangian points of electrodynamic tethers.

Ionic collisions in metallic lattices under transient current pulses

A novel method for ionic collisions is presented based on a theoretical analysis of the long-standing wire fragmentation problem. Based on a Maxwellian approach of the transient electrodynamic forces we deduce a theoretical formula of the effective tensile force. A number of conducted experiments with low energy capacitor bank discharges are also reported with positive results. The new results show the possibility of building solid state ion colliders below the fragmentation threshold using high power electrical pulses with very low energy.

Miniature density–viscosity measurement cell utilizing electrodynamic-acoustic resonator sensors

Miniaturized physical sensors for precise density and viscosity measurement are required as supplement or replacement for complex and expensive laboratory instruments. Utilizing miniature mechanical resonators as transducers, one can greatly reduce the necessary liquid volume, measurement time, and complexity of the experimental setup. In this contribution, we describe the development of a miniature, modular measurement setup for a large viscosity range. We devised and fabricated an inexpensive flow-through cell using milling technology of multiple PCB layers and Parafilm or Teflon sealing for easy assembly and disassembly. The mechanical resonator is designed as a suspended plate using electrodynamic Lorentz force excitation and movement induction detection. Quality factor and frequency shift of the resonator are evaluated and related to the density–viscosity product of different test liquids at multiple resonant modes of vibration at low operating frequencies for different temperatures and over a wide range of different viscosities.

Calculation of Electrodynamic Forces of Metallized Capacitor’s Leading Wire

With the development of pulsed power technology, pulsed power equipment requires metallized capacitor with high energy density and large discharging current. Large discharging current makes leading wire pulling form the capacitor, or breaking the leading wire. This paper aims to calculate the electodynamic forces of metallized capacitor’s leading wire under DC, AC and transient state through ANSYS. The results show that electrodynamic force is smaller with annular leading wire, electrodynamic force increase with the frequency increasing under transient current, electrodynamic force increase with the rising time decreasing.

High-efficiency impact electromechanical converter

An algorithm for choosing the parameters of the impact electromechanical converter based on the genetic algorithms and the flexible polyhedron method joint use is developed. The spatial-temporal distribution of integral and local electrodynamics forces that act on the accelerated anchor is found.

Renewable energy liberation by nonthermal intermolecular bond dissociation in water and ethanol

Prior indication that renewable energy can be extracted from hydrogen bonds in water has led to several investigations of the energy balance when bulk liquid is converted into micron scale droplets by directional (nonthermal) forces. The demonstration of this effect has previously involved pulsed high current arcs in water which produce large electrodynamic forces. Here, we show that renewable energy is also liberated during the creation of droplets by electrostatic forces in electrohydrodynamic atomization (electrospray) experiments. Using both ethanol and water, the energy outputs, primarily the droplet kinetic energy, were always greater than the energy inputs, implying that stored energy was liberated from the liquid. The energetics of generic chemical bonding are investigated to demonstrate that although this discovery was not publicly anticipated, it is consistent with conventional theory. This experimental breakthrough should have a major impact on the quest for renewable energy sources, capable of powering electricity generators.

Deorbiting Dynamics of Electrodynamic Tether

rzhong@yorku.caAccepted 28 August 2011This paper studies satellite deorbit using electrodynamic tether (EDT) propulsion. Gaus-sian perturbation equations are used to model the orbital dynamics of EDT with envi-ronmental perturbations of electrodynamic force, aerodynamic drag and the effect ofEarth’s oblateness. Differential equations for the induced voltage-current across EDTare derived and solved with boundary conditions determined by mission objectives andhardware devices. A simplified analytical method for solving the equations is proposed toimprove computational efficiency. Simulations find that the orbit of a satellite deorbitedby EDT will become elliptical in near polar orbits due to the higher-order perturbationof Earth’s magnetic field. This is beneficial for the near polar orbits where the electro-dynamic force is less effective, because the atmosphere at a lower perigee will providelarger air drag to dissipate the orbital kinetic energy of satellite faster. Moreover, weproved that the polarity reverse of the induced voltage/current across EDT in near polarorbits does not affect the kinetic energy dissipation by the current induced Lorentz force.Compared the decay by air drag only, the orbit decaying time of a satellite with EDTwill be reduced by three and two orders of magnitudes in the equatorial and polar orbitsrespectively.Keywords: Electrtodynamic tether; deorbit; dynamics; tethered satellite; magnetic field.

Electrogravitational stability of oscillating streaming fluid cylinder

The electrogravitational instability of on oscillating streaming fluid cylinder under the action of the selfgravitating, capillary and electrodynamic forces has been discussed. The model is governed by the Mathieu second order integro-differential equation. Some limiting cases are recovering from the present general one. The capillary force is destabilizing in a small axisymmetric domain 0< x<1 and stabilizing otherwise. In the absence of electric fields, we found that the model is unstable in a small domain while it is selfgravitating stable in all other domains. The presence of the electric field led to the presence of a great number of stable waves. The electric field has a strong stabilizing influence on the selfgravitating instability of the model. The capillary force has a strong destabilizing influence on the selfgravitating instability of the model. Generally, the uniform stream supports the unstable waves, while the oscillating streaming has stability tendency.

Development of Two Laboratory Experiments for Teaching Electrodynamic Forces in an Advanced Course in Electromechanical Systems

In this paper, two experiments on electrodynamic forces designed for students on an advanced course in electromechanical systems are proposed. Details are first given for an experiment involving a pendulum system whose damping is controlled by the electrodynamic forces that are induced in a conducting plate. The pendulum system is modelled using Maxwell's equations and experimental results obtained from the system are compared with those estimated from the model developed. A second experiment is also presented, consisting of a magnetic levitation system where electrodynamic forces are induced in a moving conducting plate by two permanent magnets, resulting in lifting and drag forces on them. These two components of the electrodynamic forces, the lifting and drag forces, are analysed based on the magnetic field distribution, also verifying their dependence on plate speed and lifting height.

Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars

Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars The paper describes high output induction motors driving large applications of heavy starting conditions. Heavy start is characterised by long accelerating time and occures in drives of hudge inertia torque, esspecially when performed at full load. The reliable operation of the motors depends on proper design and quality of rotor's cage. The aspects of thermal behaviour and electrodynamic forces have to be considered during the design of the motor for hard working conditions. In the paper the rotor with idle bars is investigated.

Finite Size Corrections to the Radiation Reaction Force in Classical Electrodynamics

We introduce an effective field theory approach that describes the motion of finite size objects under the influence of electromagnetic fields. We prove that leading order effects due to the finite radius R of a spherically symmetric charge is order R2 rather than order R in any physical model, as widely claimed in the literature. This scaling arises as a consequence of Poincaré and gauge symmetries, which can be shown to exclude linear corrections. We use the formalism to calculate the leading order finite size correction to the Abraham-Lorentz-Dirac force.