Electrode Gap Research Articles

A fully printed ultrafast Si/WS2 quantum dot photodetector with very high responsivity over the UV to near-infrared region.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting material-based photodetectors (PDs) with high responsivity and fast photo-response are of great interest for various applications such as optical communications, biomedical imaging, security surveillance, environmental monitoring, etc. Additive manufacturing such as 2D printing is a potentially less cumbersome and cost-effective alternative to conventional microdevice fabrication processes used in the production of PDs. Here, we have fabricated a Si/WS2 quantum dot-based heterostructure PD with a very short electrode gap of 40 μm by a simple printing process. The printed p-Si/n-WS2 PD shows an excellent photo-to-dark current ratio of 5121 under 405 nm illumination (23.8 mW cm-2). The printed photodetector exhibits a peak responsivity of 126 A W-1 and a peak detectivity of 9.24 × 1012 Jones over a very broad wavelength range (300-1100 nm), which is much superior to commercial Si PDs. A high external quantum efficiency of 3.9 × 104% and an ultrafast photoresponse (7.8 μs rise time and 9.5 μs fall time) make the device an attractive candidate as an efficient photodetector. The origin of high-performance photodetection is traced to a nearly defect-free interface at the heterojunction, leading to highly efficient charge separation and high photocurrent. Finally, the 2D-printed device exhibits good photodetection even in self-powered conditions, which is very attractive.

Decoding the mechanical conductance switching behaviors of dipyridyl molecular junctions.

Dipyridyl molecular junctions often show intriguing conductance switching behaviors with mechanical modulations, but the mechanisms are still not completely revealed. By applying the ab initio-based adiabatic simulation method, the configuration evolution and electron transport properties of dipyridyl molecular junctions in stretching and compressing processes are systematically investigated. The numerical results reveal that the dipyridyl molecular junctions tend to form specific contact configurations during formation processes. In small electrode gaps, the pyridyls almost vertically adsorb on the second Au layers of the tip electrodes by pushing the top Au atoms aside. These specific contact configurations result in stronger molecule-electrode couplings and larger electronic incident cross-sectional areas, which consequently lead to large breaking forces and high conductance. On further elongating the molecular junctions, the pyridyls shift to the top Au atoms of the tip electrodes. The additional scattering of the top Au atoms dramatically decreases the conductance and switches the molecular junctions to the lower conductive states. Perfect cyclical conductance switches are obtained as observed in the experiments by repeatedly stretching and compressing the molecular junctions. The O atom in the side-group tends to hinder the pyridyl from adsorbing on the second Au layer and further inhibits the conductance switch of the dipyridyl molecular junction.

Applications of AHP, FAHP, BWM, Entropy, and CRITIC Methods in Electrohydraulic Forming Process Parametric Evaluation for Automotive Panels Using the 1100 Aluminum Alloy Sheets

Although multicriteria selection methods are flexible and extensively used in machining, less attention has been paid to their comprehensive test performance in the electrohydraulic forming process. In this study, five new applications of multicriteria selection methods are proposed to analyze available parameters in the electrohydraulic forming process and select parameters best suited for further analysis and improvement of the process. The analyzed parameters are the stand-off distance, electrode gap, voltage, and medium, while the multicriteria methods are the AHP, FAHP, BMW, entropy, and CRITIC. The proposed methods were demonstrated on experimental data from the literature utilizing an impulse magnetizer system (walker type). For each method, the prioritized parametric results were obtained. All the methods assign the first position to the medium as a parameter with consensus on the voltage parameter has the worst (lowest) value of weights in all the methods. The weights of the medium parameter for the best results are 0.5030 (AHP method), 0.5600 (FAHP method), 0.5230 (best-worst method), 0.4090 (entropy method), and 0.5000 (CRITIC method). The worst parameter for all the methods is the voltage of 0.0320 (FAHP method). The results obtained from the proposed applications were compared with one another and found to be effective for multicriteria selection decisions. This article offers new methods to establish the parametric values of the electrohydraulic forming process for machining composites made of AA1100 sheets.

Interface Optimization of Metal Quantum Dots/Polymer Nanocomposites and their Properties: Studies of Multi-Functional Organic/Inorganic Hybrid.

Nanomaterials filled polymers system is a simple method to produce organic/inorganic hybrid with synergistic or complementary effects. The properties of nanocomposites strongly depend on the dispersion effects of nanomaterials in the polymer and their interfaces. The optimized interface of nanocomposites would decrease the barrier height between filler and polymer for charge transfer. To avoid aggregation of metal nanoparticles and improve interfacial charge transfer, Pt nanodots filled in the non-conjugated polymer was synthesized with an in situ method. The results exhibited that the absorbance of nanocomposite covered from the visible light region to NIR (near infrared). The photo-current responses to typical visible light and 808 nm NIR were studied based on Au gap electrodes on a flexible substrate. The results showed that the size of Pt nanoparticles was about 1-2 nm and had uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. The resulting nanocomposite exhibited photo-current switching behavior to weak visible light and NIR. Simultaneously, the nanocomposite also showed electrical switching responses to strain applied to a certain extent. Well-dispersion of Pt nanodots in the polymer is attributable to the in situ synthesis of metal nanodots, and photo-current switching behavior is due to interface optimization to decrease barrier height between metal filler and polymer. It provided a simple way to obtain organic/inorganic hybrid with external stimuli responses and multi-functionalities.

Experimental and theoretical study on hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic energy converters with graphene/semiconductor Schottky junction

Both thermionic and thermophotovoltaic solid-state energy converters are being actively explored due to high output potential. Recently, hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic (TIPV) approaches was proposed to utilize both electrons and photons emitted by a high temperature cathode, whereas conventional two-terminal configuration is constrained by current-match. In this work, we develop a four-terminal TIPV converter with a dispenser cathode, a transparent indium-tin-oxide anode and tandem graphene/GaAs Schottky junction photovoltaics. The TI and PV sub-devices can operate independently without meeting the current-match constraint. The TIPV prototype yields a power density of 962 W/m2 at the cathode temperature of 1373 K. In addition, a three-terminal TIPV converter with Nano-scale electrode gap size is modelled with advantages of surface plasmon and evanescent wave tunnelling. Results demonstrate that Super-Planckian near-field enhancement guarantees a > 4 MW/m2 output power density for the converter. We also discuss the effects of electrode gap size and the cathode temperature. This work validates the TIPV converters with graphene/semiconductor Schottky junction and also paves a way to promising developments for the Super-Planckian near-field configuration.

Indoor Floor Heel Mark Removal Using Spark Discharges and Pressurized Airflow

Heel marks (HMs), which are the black stains made by shoe soles on indoor floors, can be difficult to remove. However, this study shows how spark discharges combined with pressurized airflow in 60 s discharge treatments can remove such HMs. We further show that maximizing the HM removal rates depended on the electrode gap distance because of changes in the spark discharge parameters. In our experiments, the electrical voltage waveforms are shown with voltage spikes, called spark discharges, and the spike numbers were counted in 0.6-ms time units. It was found that the number of spark discharges increases when the electrode gap distance was widened from 5 mm to 10 mm and the pressurized airflow was added, and the HM removal rates increased 11.5%, the HM removal rates could be maximized. Taken together, the results show that spark discharges combined with pressurized air can remove HMs from indoor floors without no visual damage. This paper is a preliminary report showing that HMs can be removed by plasma.

Flame detection via active plasma probing

Combustion diagnostics of highly diluted air fuel mixtures are of great importance for reducing the carbon footprint of various types of combustion systems. Flame detection techniques, such as ion sensing and optical diagnostics, have been reported for diagnosing combustion status. In this paper, a flame front detection technique based on active plasma probing is introduced and analyzed. Unlike the conventional ion sensing used in internal combustion engines, a separate electrode gap is used to detect the flame front arrival. Further, the voltage potential across the electrodes of the spark plug probe is modulated actively to be slightly below the breakdown threshold prior to flame arrival. At the arrival of the flame front, the ions in the flame tend to decrease the breakdown voltage threshold and trigger a breakdown event. An optically accessible constant volume combustion vessel is employed to investigate the efficacy of such active plasma probing for the detection of the flame front under quiescent and flow conditions. Three types of fuels are used in the tests, including methane, propane, and DME, with an air fuel ratio sweep (from stoichiometric to extremely lean) for each fuel. Efforts are made to characterize the probing criteria of minimum, yet adequate voltage to succeed in the detection of the arrival and departure of the flame front most sensitively and reliably, for all three types of fuels under various mixture strengths. For comparison, conventional ion current measurements are conducted under identical background conditions to benchmark the efficacy of flame detection. Results show that the active plasma probing can promptly detect the arrival and departure of the flame front, robustly regardless of the fuel type and excess air ratios. The precise control of the detecting voltage is key for reliable flame detection with high sensitivity.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Milling of SLM-Printed Hastelloy X Based on Analysis of Material Passivation Characteristics

Hastelloy X (HX) is widely used in the aerospace field for its excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature mechanical properties that can be fabricated into complex structures directly by the selective laser melting (SLM) technique. However, SLM-printed (SLM-ed) HX with high strength and hardness is challenging to process using conventional manufacturing techniques and may result in machining flaws that don’t fulfill engineering standards. Therefore, an ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical milling (UAECM) method using a tube electrode is proposed to fabricate high aspect ratio structures on SLM-ed HX with high-quality. Firstly, the passivation characteristics of SLM-ed HX before and after solid solution treatment (SST) were investigated using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Secondly, the electrochemical milling process and the electrode gap flow field were simulated. Then, the effect of processing parameters such as ultrasonic amplitude, electrical parameters, and mechanical parameters on the groove width and stability was investigated by the orthogonal and single factor experiments. Finally, the cavity and bump structures were machined by layered milling with an average groove width of 960 ± 15 μm, a groove depth of 4.4 mm, an aspect ratio of 4.5, and surface roughness of 1.524 μm and 1.622 μm, respectively, demonstrating the adaptability and machining accuracy of the UAECM method.

Bead‐based electrochemical gap sensors for detection of tau protein in blood to diagnosis and monitoring the tauopathy

AbstractBackgroundRecently, there is a need for a method for detecting biomarkers in blood that can be collected relatively easily for diagnosis and monitoring of dementia symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Tau protein, a typical hallmark of AD, has six isoforms, and is divided into four repeating microtubule binding domains (4R) and three microtubule binding domains (3R) depending on whether exon 10 is included. According to the balance of 3R‐ and 4R‐tau, tauopathy can be distinguished. It is expected to be able to differentiate normal (NC) from AD and other dementias by measuring the tau protein in the blood.MethodIn this study, an electrochemical sensor with a novel structure was employed to detect tau in the plasma of living patients. The nanogap sensor consists of a gap electrode and a SU‐8 microwell for loading a single magnetic bead (Figure 1). A sample was prepared by reacting the surface of the magnetic beads with an antibody (total tau or anti 3R‐ or 4R‐tau antibody) and an antibody functionalized with a secondary O‐glycosylated tau (O‐g tau) antibody or phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) antibody.ResultAs a result of O‐g/p‐tau measurement, the impedance change by O‐g tau was large in NC (n=4), whereas the impedance change by p‐tau was large in AD (n=13). Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) (n=3) also had more impedance changes due to p‐tau (Figure 2). As a result of measuring 3R‐ or 4R‐tau protein, the impedance change by 4R‐tau in NC was larger than that by 3R‐tau, whereas the opposite result was shown in AD. similar to the previous results, the impedance change by 3R‐tau was larger in IPD (Figure 3),ConclusionWe used a novel electrochemical gap sensor to detect tau protein in blood samples collected from living patients. As a result, it is expected to be able to differentiate NC from tauopathy and other dementias by measuring the tau protein in the blood (Figure 4).

Study on the Shear Lag Effect

Shear lag effect increase as we move away from the section thereafter, the effects becomes predominant especially for the unsymmetric structures. The force transmission between the structure and patch occurs through bond layer, via shear mechanism, invariably causing shear lag. In the present study, an attempt is made to correlate the average shear stress in the bond layer obtained using the Bhalla & Soh model (2004) & BSC(Bhatt Saxena Chaudhary) model. In BSC model overall deformation of the bond layer is considered. It is simplified model of the complex shear lag phenomenon as with force transmission among PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patch and host structure .PZT is one of the world’s most widely used piezoelectric ceramic materials. When fired, PZT has a perovskite crystal structure, each unit of which consists of a small tetravalent metal ion in a lattice of large divalent metal ions. PZT is used to make ultrasound transducers both for loudspeakers and microphones and other sensors and actuators, as well as high –value ceramic capacitors and FRAM chips. PZT is also used in the manufacture of ceramic resonators for reference timing in electronic circuitry. PZT has a high dielectric constant, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, & pyroelectric properties. The ideal properties of PZT have made its application to transducer, sensor and actuator devices ubiquitous. Piezoelectric ceramics, when mechanically activated with pressure or vibration, have the capacity to generate electric voltages sufficient to spark across an electrode gap. Piezoelectric energy harvester has good compression performance, fatigue resistance and waterproof performance. Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein , which means to squeeze or press ,& piezo , which is Greek for “push”. The main advantage of BSC model is that it does not involve solving the complex differential equations. Shear stress distribution is practically independent of excitation frequency except near pressure. BSC model can be made use of for carrying out the preliminary design in structural control related problems.

Influence of Cryogenic Behaviour on Copper Electrode for Non-Conventional EDM

In the last few decades, non-traditional machining has increased the efficiency of the machining process. One of the most prevalent non-traditional methods of milling is through the use of an EDM process. Traditional machining methods can't easily machine materials with a complicated profile or hardness that EDM can handle. The industrial sector makes extensive use of EDM. Cryogenically treated copper electrodes and regular copper electrodes were used to conduct an experiment on an EN24 material using varied input parameters, such as electrode rotation, gap voltage, and discharge current. Electric discharge machining was used in a study. The Taguchi method is used to design experiments. Three input parameters were employed in an orthogonal L16 array to find an optimal value for each of the three components. OC (overcut), TWR (Tool wear rate), and Ra (surface roughness) are the three output variables. The S/N ratio can be used to determine the best values and relative relevance of each of these factors using a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. Additionally, the overcut, tool wear rate, and surface roughness of traditional and non-traditional EDM are examined. For the deep cryogenic and non-traditional machining method, conventional and non-traditional electric discharge machining methods were found to have optimal or dominant factors for the TWR and Ra.

Development of Piezoelectric Silk Sensors Doped with Graphene for Biosensing by Near-Field Electrospinning

A novel piezoelectric fiber sensor based on polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric (PVDF) doped with graphene is presented. The near-field electrospinning technology was used for developing the sensor. The uniform experimental design method was introduced to determine the ranges of experimental parameters, including the applied voltage, the drum speed range, the graphene doping ratios from 0% to 11 wt% in PVDF solution, and the electrode gap. By experimental results, the conductivities of PVDF solutions with different doping ratios of graphene increased from 19.6 μS/cm to 115.8 μS/cm. Tapping tests were performed to measure the voltages and currents produced by the piezoelectric fibers. The maximum output voltage was 4.56 V at 5 wt% graphene doping ratio in PVDF fibers, which was 11.54 times that of the pure PVDF sensors. Moreover, mechanical properties of the proposed sensor were measured. Motion intention and swallowing test, such as saliva-swallowing and eating, were carried out. When the subject spoke normally, the output voltage of the sensor was between 0.2 and 0.4 V, approximately. Furthermore, when the subject drank water and ate food, the output voltage of the sensor was between 0.5 and 1 V, approximately. The proposed sensor could be used to detect signals of the human body and serve as a wearable device, allowing for more diagnosis and medical treatment.

Surfactant aided electrocoagulation/flotation using punched electrodes for the remediation of salicylic acid from wastewater

Performance of a batch electrocoagulation/floatation (ECF) setup using punched aluminium electrodes for the remediation of salicylic acid in the presence of cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant is evaluated in this research. The operational parameters of ECF technology were optimized in this research and based on the optimized operating conditions with electrolysis time of 50 min, electrode gap of 2 cm, electrolyte concentration of 0.6 g/L, pH of 7.2, a current density of 2.25 mA/cm2, and 20 mg/L of CTAB dose, about 92.1 ± 2.5% of salicylic acid removal was attained corresponding to an initial salicylic acid concentration of 50 mg/L. The salicylic acid degradation in ECF was observed to follow first−order−rate kinetics. The electrode corrosion and sludge generation were also evaluated. After the ECF-based treatment, a considerable reduction in phytotoxicity was observed, which was suitable for the germination of the Vigna radiata. About 2 mM of green fuel H2 gas was also produced during the treatment. The sludge generated during ECF was reduced nearly by 2−folds when cationic surfactant CTAB was added to the electrolyte. Moreover, the energy consumption of 0.328 kWh and treatment cost of 0.21 US$ (16.72 INR) were observed for the treatment of per m3 of salicylic contaminated wastewater. Treatment efficiency of salicylic acid in a real municipal wastewater matrix was about 65 ± 3.4% at optimum operating conditions, contributing to 47% of total organic carbon removal. Thus, ECF process was found to be effective in removal of salicylic acid from contaminated water.

Experimental mapping of the ozone distribution in a pulsed positive corona discharge to estimate the efficiency of ozone production

The spatial and temporal evolution of the ozone density has been measured in a 1 cm electrode gap tip to plane positive pulsed corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure with no gas flow. It was expected to observe a higher ozone density in the vicinity of the discharge gap but ozone has been found at a quasi uniform density level up to 10 cm from the electrode gap after only 30 s of ignition. Such a wide distribution of ozone in the reactor cell is attributed to strong turbulence mostly triggered by the ionic wind. The mapping of the ozone density associated to the power measurement led to the estimation of the ozone production yield in term of mass per electrical energy.

Contrastive study on organic contaminated soils remediated using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma

Non-thermal plasma is an emerging technology in the field of soil remediation. In this research, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was employed to degrade gasoline and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in soil. Higher removal rates were performed under higher discharged power, smaller electrode gap, lower initial pollutant concentration and soil moisture. The optimal soil moisture for gasoline degradation was 10 %, while it was 2 % for PFOA removal because of adsorption by hydrophobic interaction. Compared to higher degradation efficiencies of gasoline achieved in alkaline soil condition, the acidic environment was more conducive to PFOA removal due to the low acidity coefficient of PFOA. Degradation promoted in argon atmosphere confirms that high-energy electrons play an important role in organic pollutants degradation during DBD process. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) significantly promotes gasoline removal, while PFOA degradation is initiated by electrons and reactive oxygen species (ROS) participates in the following reactions during the DBD degradation process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation further combining plasma generation and organic reaction mechanisms was used to infer the degradation mechanisms of gasoline and PFOA. This contrastive research show that DBD technology is a high-universality and efficient method to remediate organic-polluted soil.

Green production of titanium dioxide nanometric particles through electrolytic anodic dissolution of titanium metal

Nanometric titanium derivatives such as hydroxide and dioxide compounds have a great attention because they are significant industrial material of commercial importance and applications in photocatalyst, semiconductors, and wastewater treatment. The present investigation gives the results of anodic dissolution preparation of titanium hydroxide nanometric particles followed by calcination for complete conversion to nanometric titanium dioxide product. The optimum conditions for the anodic dissolution of titanium metal were pH 4, C.D. 65 mA/cm2, 25 °C, 150 rpm, electrode gap distance 3 cm, and NaCl 3 g/l for electrolysis time 240 min and thermally calcinated at 600 °C for 240 min., to reach complete conversion to anatase titanium dioxide nanopowder of main particles size of 77 nm with major percentage of 70%. Chemical and physical characterizations were carried out for evaluation of the obtained products including transmission electron microscope, EDX, XRD, and the scanning advanced electronic diffraction pattern. Preliminary economic indicators were calculated to show that the capital cost of the plant is $1.613 million, with annual operating cost of $0.915 million which means the required investment is $2.528 million. The operating cost for the production of nanometric anatase TiO2 is $30.5/kg with depreciation excluding the land price.

Kármán Vortex Street Driven Membrane Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Enhanced Ultra-Low Speed Wind Energy Harvesting and Active Gas Flow Sensing.

Wind energy harvesting and sensing have a huge prospect in constructing self-powered sensor nodes, but the energy transducing efficiency at low and ultra-low wind speeds is still limited. Herein, we proposed a Kármán vortex street driven membrane triboelectric nanogenerator (KVSM-TENG) for ultra-low speed wind energy harvesting and flow sensing. By introducing Kármán vortex in the KVSM-TENG, the cut-in wind speed of the KVSM-TENG decreased from 1 to 0.52 m/s that is the lowest cut-in wind speed in current TENGs. The instantaneous output density of the KVSM-TENG significantly increased by 1000 times and 2.65 times at the inlet wind speeds of 1 and 2 m/s, respectively. In addition, with the excellent energy transducing performance at the ultra-low speed range, the KVSM-TENG was successfully demonstrated to detect a weak leakage of gas pipeline (∼0.6 m/s) for alarming with high sensitivity. The interaction mechanism between the vortex and KVSM-TENG was systematically investigated. Through the simulation and experimental validation, the enhancement mechanism of vortex dependence on the cylinder diameter and placement location of KVSM-TENG was investigated in detail. The influence of parameters such as membrane length, width, thickness, and electrode gap on the performance of the KVSM-TENG was systematically studied. This work not only provided an ingenious strategy for ultra-low speed wind energy harvesting but also demonstrates the promising prospects for monitoring the air flow in the natural gas exploitation and transportation.

Processing and compression of underwater image based on deep learning

In order to improve the effect of underwater image processing and compression, this paper combines deep learning to conduct research on underwater image processing and compression. Moreover, this paper builds an intelligent model to describe in detail the concepts of surface tension, electrowetting effect, electrowetting effect on dielectric and capacitive sensing detection principle, clarifies that the influencing factors of capacitive sensing detection are electrode width and electrode gap. In addition, this paper combines deep learning to analyze the processing and compression algorithms of underwater images. The experimental results show that the processing and compression method of underwater image based on deep learning proposed in this paper has certain effects, and can effectively improve the underwater image processing effect.

Design and simulation of non-uniform electric field using mesh electrodes for electrorheological micro valves

The refresh rate of two-dimensional tactile information for visual impaired people using electrorheological (ER) technology is directly related to the flow rate of an ER valve. The bigger the flow rate is, the faster the tactile information is refreshed. For a parallel electrodes ER valve configuration, due to the limitation of Braille standard to the width of ER valve, the gap of flow channel which is also the gap of parallel electrodes is the only adjustable parameter to benefit the flow rate and at same time enhance operating voltages which contribute a big part of costs to a two-dimensional tactile information display system. A new mesh electrodes configuration is introduced to decouple the flow rate from the gap of electrodes while the flow cross section is determined by parameters of mesh electrodes. A quantity of effective electric field strength of an ER interaction space unit is used to evaluate the anisotropy electric field governed by mesh electrodes. The influences of geometrical parameters of mesh electrodes and applied voltages on the effective electric field strength were analyzed by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the effective electric field strength increases with applied voltages and wire diameters, and decreases with electrodes gap and mesh clearances. These results provide fundamental laws for designing an ER micro valve governed by non-uniform electric field to some ER applications.

In-package pasteurization of dried basil leaves using radiofrequency heating

Recent foodborne illness outbreaks associated with the consumption of low moisture foods such as spices have emphasized concerns over microbial food safety. In-package RF pasteurization method was evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella enterica in dried basil leaves. Samples were packed in polystyrene bottle provided with a steam venting film and was either positioned vertically (electrode gap = 16 cm) or horizontally (electrode gap = 10.5 cm) for RF treatment. The horizontally placed container achieved rapid heating of dried basil leaves as compared to the vertical placement and achieved more than six log reduction of both microorganisms within 35 s of RF treatment. E. faecium was more heat resistant than Salmonella, indicating its suitability as a surrogate for RF pasteurization of dried basil leaves. Quality analysis revealed no significant (P > 0.05) change in color, total phenolics, antioxidants, and volatile composition of dried basil leaves after RF treatment. Pasteurization of final packaged food product with steam vent minimizes cross-contamination and improves food safety.