Electrode For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Metal-organic framework for lithium and sodium-ion batteries: Progress and perspectivez

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with an impressive performance have become a vital part of the electronics industry, whereas sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered to be potential devices for altering LIBs in commercial applications because of their low cost and abundance of sodium resources. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high surface area, flexible chemical architectures, and easy modifications have been intensively applied in various applications such as gas absorption, drug carriers, and sensors. Also, MOFs and their derivatives have been utilized as efficient electrode materials for LIBs and SIBs. This paper first discusses with the significance and fundamentals of LIBs and SIBs. Then, advanced research related to individual MOFs, MOF-based composites, and MOF-derived products (metal, metal oxide, metal sulfides) for LIB and SIB electrode materials is discussed. Finally, the limitations and future directions for the use of MOFs in LIBs and SIBs are briefly discussed.

Alternately Intercalated Superstructure of MoS2 and C Monolayers for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Energy Storage and Efficient Removal of Cr(VI)

Two-dimensional layered materials with a rational design have displayed great promise for applications of energy storage and removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous environment. Herein, we report an ultrathin-layered MoS2-based hybrid with an interlayer-expanded structure by inserting a N-doped carbon layer into adjacent MoS2 monolayers. The superstructure not only shortens the Na+ diffusion pathway and provides abundant channels for Na+ diffusion but also elevates the electrical conductivity of the material significantly. When applied as a negative electrode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the as-prepared MoS2/carbon hybrid delivers an outstanding cycle performance of 338.31 mAh g–1 at 1000 mA g–1 after 3000 cycles. In addition, due to the abundant pore structure and adsorption sites, the composite delivers an excellent adsorption performance of 128.80 mg g–1 for Cr(VI). This study may inspire developments of SIBs and adsorbent materials.

Necklace‐Like Sn@C Fiber Self‐Supporting Electrode for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Battery

Sodium‐ion battery (SIB) is regarded as the next generation of large‐scale energy storage systems, but it still faces problems such as low energy density, severe expansion/contraction of electrode volume, and poor cycle performance. Herein, necklace‐like Sn‐MOF@PAN fibers are prepared by the electrospinning method and then carbonized into Sn‐C necklace paper as the binder‐free cathode in an SIB. In each bead, Sn nanoparticles are wrapped by a porous carbon shell. The morphology and composition of the necklace‐shaped Sn@C nanofibers are optimized by adjusting the ratio of Sn‐MOF/PAN in the precursor. Sn@C with the optimal composition has a high specific capacity of 207 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 2 A g−1 and maintains a specific capacity of 327 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. This research provides a high‐performance flexible electrode for SIBs.

Anionic Redox Activities Boosted by Aluminum Doping in Layered Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted widespread attention for large-scale energy storage, but one major drawback, i.e., the limited capacity of cathode materials, impedes their practical applications. Oxygen redox reactions in layered oxide cathodes are proven to contribute additionally high specific capacity, while such cathodes often suffer from irreversible structural transitions, causing serious capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling, and the formation process of the oxidized oxygen species remains elusive. Herein, a series of Al-doped P2-type Na0.6 Ni0.3 Mn0.7 O2 cathode materials for SIBs are reported and the corresponding charge compensation mechanisms are investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. The combined analyses reveal that Al doping boosts the reversible oxygen redox reactions through the reductive coupling reactions between orphaned O 2p states in NaOAl local configurations and Ni4+ ions, as directly evidenced by X-ray absorption fine structure results. Additionally, Al doping also induces an increased interlayer spacing and inhibits the unfavorable P2 to O2 phase transition upon desodiation/sodiation, which is common in P2-type Mn-based cathode materials, leading to the great improvement in capacity retention and rate capability. This work provides deeper insights into the development of structurally stable and high-capacity layered cathode materials for SIBs with anion-cation synergetic contributions.

Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Na0.67MnO2 Cathode for Na-Ion Batteries Prepared with Novel Tetrabutylammonium Alginate Binder

Both the binder and solid–electrolyte interface play an important role in improving the cycling stability of electrodes for Na-ion batteries. In this study, a novel tetrabutylammonium (TBA) alginate binder is used to prepare a Na0.67MnO2 electrode for sodium-ion batteries with improved electrochemical performance. The ageing of the electrodes is characterized. TBA alginate-based electrodes are compared to polyvinylidene fluoride- (PVDF) and Na alginate-based electrodes and show favorable electrochemical performance, with gravimetric capacity values of up to 164 mAh/g, which is 6% higher than measured for the electrode prepared with PVDF binder. TBA alginate-based electrodes also display good rate capability and improved cyclability. The solid–electrolyte interface of TBA alginate-based electrodes is similar to that of PVDF-based electrodes. As the only salt of alginic acid soluble in non-aqueous solvents, TBA alginate emerges as a good alternative to PVDF binder in battery applications where the water-based processing of electrode slurries is not feasible, such as the demonstrated case with Na0.67MnO2.

Electrolyte Effects on the Stabilization of Prussian Blue Analogue Electrodes in Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries based on Prussian Blue Analogues (PBA) are considered as promising and scalable candidates for stationary energy storage systems, where longevity and cycling stability are assigned utmost importance to maintain economic viability. Although degradation due to active material dissolution is a common issue of battery electrodes, it is hardly observable directly due to a lack of in operando techniques, making it challenging to optimize the performance of electrodes. By operating Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] and Na2Co[Fe(CN)6] model electrodes in a flow-cell setup connected to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, in this work, the dynamics of constituent transition-metal dissolution during the charge-discharge cycles was monitored in real time. At neutral pHs, the extraction of nickel and cobalt was found to drive the degradation process during charge-discharge cycles. It was also found that the nature of anions present in the electrolytes has a significant impact on the degradation rate, determining the order ClO4- > NO3- > Cl- > SO42- with decreasing stability from the perchlorate to sulfate electrolytes. It is proposed that the dissolution process is initiated by detrimental specific adsorption of anions during the electrode oxidation, therefore scaling with their respective chemisorption affinity. This study involves an entire comparison of the effectiveness of common stabilization strategies for PBAs under very fast (dis)charging conditions at 300C, emphasizing the superiority of highly concentrated NaClO4 with almost no capacity loss after 10 000 cycles for Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6].

Performance and reaction mechanisms of tin compounds as high-capacity negative electrodes of lithium and sodium ion batteries

We study the rechargeable Li and Na ion battery characteristics of tin sulfide (SnS) and tin phosphate (Sn4P3) as negative electrodes by first-principles calculations.

Growing Co–Ni–Se nanosheets on 3D carbon frameworks as advanced dual functional electrodes for supercapacitors and sodium ion batteries

The reasonable design of electrode materials is crucial for tuning the electrochemical performances of advanced energy storage systems.

A binder-free δ-MnO2@reduced graphene oxide composite film as a bi-functional electrode for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries and hybrid capacitive deionization

The freestanding δ-MnO2@rGO/CC electrode exhibits stable operation performance for both ASIBs and HCDI.

3d Electronic Channels Wrapped Large-Sized Snse as Flexible Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

3d Electronic Channels Wrapped Large-Sized Snse as Flexible Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Design of high-performance antimony/MXene hybrid electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

Hybrid electrodes of Ti3C2Tz and Sb combine the benefits of a 2D material with a high capacity. To obtain stable performance, it is necessary to optimize the electrode design of the hybrid material by varying the mass ratio and synthesis conditions.

Binder and conductive diluents free NaVPO4F based free-standing positive electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

Herein, we report a carbon-fiber-based freestanding electrode for NaVPO4F cathodes in sodium-ion batteries. The replacement of conventional aluminium foil with a carbon fiber mat-based current collector results in significant improvement in capacity at high rates and charge-discharge cycle stability. Petroleum-pitch (P-Pitch) has dual functions. P-pitch is used as a binder to bind NaVPO4F particles onto the carbon fiber mat, which helps to eliminate typical organic binders. At the same time, P-Pitch acts as a conducting precursor to coat onto NaVPO4F particles. The amount of P-pitch required to achieve stable electrochemical performance is optimized. As a result, 15 and 20% of P-pitch in the composite NaVPO4F electrodes (15P_NVPF@CF and 20P_NVPF@CF) shows stable electrochemical performances. A reversible capacity of 120 and 119 mAh g−1 is observed for 15P_NVPF@CF and 20P_NVPF@CF, with 97 and 98% retention in capacity after 300 cycles, respectively. Further, at a 0.5 C current rate, 15P_NVPF@CF and 20P_NVPF@CF electrodes show 86 and 87% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. The significant electrochemical performance of these freestanding electrodes is ascribed to the interlinked carbon matrix with NaVPO4F particles and carbon-fiber mat, which provides a continuous path for electronic conduction and faster kinetics of NaVPO4F particles.

Unraveling the diffusion kinetics of honeycomb structured Na2Ni2TeO6 as a high-potential and stable electrode for sodium-ion batteries

Honeycomb structured Na2Ni2TeO6 can be used as a high voltage and stable cathode for Na-ion batteries where understanding the diffusion kinetics through electrochemical study plays a crucial role for the development of future energy storage devices.

Comparing lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries for their applicability within energy storage systems

AbstractThe use of nonaqueous, alkali metal‐ion batteries within energy storage systems presents considerable opportunities and obstacles. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are among the most developed and versatile electrochemical energy storage technologies currently available, but are often prohibitively expensive for large‐scale, stationary applications. As global demand for LIBs grows, dwindling supplies of cell component materials and their critical mineral precursors will likely increase future LIB costs. In this work, emerging sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) constructed from relatively inexpensive and abundant materials are examined for their viability as LIB substitutes to meet large‐scale, stationary energy storage needs. Despite the relatively underdeveloped state of SIB technology, cell material costs and performance characteristics are rapidly approaching those of some commercially successful LIB types. Advances in sustainably sourced SIB electrode materials promise to further reduce cell prices. Technoeconomic attributes of SIBs appear poised to match or exceed those of certain commercialized LIBs for large‐scale, stationary energy storage purposes. This work examines a case for use of LIBs or SIBs for seasonal, household energy storage in Canada.

Vanadium metal-organic frameworks derived VOx/Carbon nano-sheets and paperclip-like VOx/nitrogen-doped carbon nanocomposites for sodium-ion battery electrodes

In this work, vanadium metal-organic framework derived VOx/carbon and VOx/N-doped carbon nanocomposites are presented. The methodology introduced here is based on a novel polyol synthesis of vanadium metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) involving a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction of vanadyl acetylacetonate with biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (Bpdc) and/or 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (NBpdc) in diethylene glycol (DEG) at the temperature of 230 °C. The V-based MOFs, labeled as V-Bpdc and V-NBpdc, were used as precursors for the preparation of VOx/carbon and VOx/N-doped carbon nanocomposites with unique sponge-like nano-sheet and paperclip-like morphology, respectively. The nanocomposites were obtained via thermal transformation of as-prepared vanadium MOFs in the argon atmosphere at 600 °C. The VOx/carbon sample consists of nano-sheets with the thickness 5–20 nm while the VOx/N-doped carbon paperclip-like nanocomposite has a rod diameter 35–70 nm. It was found that the approach reported here provides an effective and simple preparation pathway of carbon-based nanocomposites containing homogeneously distributed VOx species. Both V-MOFs and V-MOF-derived nanocomposites were characterized by the variety of physicochemical methods. In the following step, the obtained nanocomposites were investigated as electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries. Based on the obtained results, high electrochemical activities of VOx/carbon and VOx/N-doped carbon nanocomposites were evidenced. Particularly, in the case of VOx/N-doped carbon-based electrode, high capacity and low irreversible capacity were achieved. Therefore, reported materials are found to be promising candidates for electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries.

Physics-based modeling of sodium-ion batteries part I: Experimental parameter determination

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been heralded as the most promising “beyond lithium” energy storage technology. This proclamation is based on recent technological trends and the outstanding performance of the state-of-the-art prototype 18650 and pouch cells. However, improving the design and performance of SIBs requires an in-depth understanding of the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes from both an experimental and physics-based modeling perspective. In this contribution, experimental characterizations of SIB electrode materials based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) cathode and hard carbon (HC) anode are presented. The goal of this experimental investigation is to understand the individual electrode behavior and further elucidate relevant parameters for physics-based models. As a result, geometric, thermodynamic, and kinetic parameters are deduced from the two SIB electrodes. Based on the analyses of Na//NVPF and Na//HC half-cells, diffusion mass transport limitations and Ohmic losses are identified for both electrodes. These overpotential losses are equally present in full cell SIBs composed of NVPF and HC electrodes. These results are useful in the setup of SIB physics-based models.

Minimal TiO2 Coupled with Conductive Polymer-Stimulated Synergistic Effect on Fast and Reversible Sodium-Ion Storage for Bismuth Sulfide.

Designing multiphase composition is believed to availably boost the structural integrity and electrochemical properties of sodium-ion battery anodes. Herein, a conceive of nanoflowers, assembled with Bi2S3 nanorods, is demonstrated to construct the multiphase composition involving TiO2 coating and polypyrrole (PPy) encapsulation. Bi2S3 acted as the dominating active material, in consideration of the low content of TiO2, which ensured the high capacity of the composite. The dual-structural restrain of the TiO2 and PPy coatings can effectively alleviate volume variation based on the pseudo-"zero-strain" effect of TiO2 and high flexibility of PPy shells. Meanwhile, the heterointerface greatly enhanced the coupling effect between Bi2S3 and TiO2 and thus improved the electrochemical performance, which was proved by the results of density functional theory calculation and electrochemical tests. Combining the regulation from the Bi2S3/TiO2 heterojunction and the dual-structural restrain effect, the Bi2S3/TiO2@PPy electrode exhibited excellent rate performance and superior cycle stability (275.8 mA h g-1 over 500 cycles at 10 A g-1). This study indicates that designing multiphase composition can be very promising and provides a structural insight to construct high stability in electrodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Eliciting Specific Electrochemical Reaction Behavior by Rational Design of a Red Phosphorus Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Due to the demand to upgrade from lithium-ion batteries (LIB), sodium-ion batteries (SIB) have been paid considerable attention for their high-energy, cost-effective, and sustainable battery system. Red phosphorus is one of the most promising anode candidates for SIBs, with a high theoretical specific capacity of 2596 mAh g−1 and in the discharge potential range of 0.01–0.8 V; however, it suffers from a low electrical conductivity, a substantial expansion of volume (~300%), and sluggish electron/ion kinetics. Herein, we have designed a well-defined electrode, which consists of red phosphorus, nanowire arrays encapsulated in the vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (P@C NWs), which were fabricated via a two-step, anodized-aluminum oxide template. The designed anode achieved a high specific capacity of 2250 mAh g−1 (87% of the theoretical capacity), and a stepwise analysis of the reaction behavior between sodium and red phosphorus was demonstrated, both of which have not been navigated in previous studies. We believe that our rational design of the red phosphorus electrode elicited the specific reaction mechanism revealed by the charge–discharge profiles, rendered excellent electrical conductivity, and accommodated volume expansion through the effective nano-architecture, thereby suggesting an efficient structure for the phosphorus anode to advance in the future.

Constructing one-dimensional mesoporous carbon nanofibers loaded with NaTi2(PO4)3 nanodots as novel anodes for sodium energy storage

In this research, the novel one-dimensional mesoporous NaTi2(PO4)3@C fibers (abbreviated as C-NTP-1D) are synthesized via an electrospinning method to promote the rate capability of pristine NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP). The electrochemical properties, crystal structure and morphology for the resulted fibers have been explored by various electrochemical testing techniques, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, SEM as well as TEM. Benefiting from the designed mesoporous structure, the C-NTP-1D anode displays superior electrochemical properties. The specific capacities of 130.1 and 117.7 mAh g−1 is achieved at 0.1 and 2 C, and the C-NTP-1D presents the high capability of 89.1 mAh g−1 at 10 C following 500-cycle spans. Therefore, the designed mesoporous C-NTP-1D nanofibers can find potential applications as novel electrode for sodium-ion batteries.

Communication—Surprisingly High Fast Charge Volumetric Capacities of Hard Carbon Electrodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries

We show herein that electrode-level effects of commercially-available hard carbon (HC) material, as a function of the HC loading, can have two surprising positive outcomes in sodium-ion (Na-ion) pouch cells. First, a HC electrode’s plating-free volumetric capacity actually increases as its loading (and areal capacity) decreases, and secondly, the plating-free volumetric capacity at sub-30 min charging times for HC as Na-ion anode, can be better vs that of graphite anode in lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells at the electrode-level, and actually be significantly higher than the latter at sub-20 min and sub-15 min charging times, despite HC’s lower density than graphite.