Electrochemical Oxidation Of Dopamine Research Articles

A covalent organic frameworks based sensor for adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of nanomolar dopamine in living mouse brain

Dopamine (DA) is a type of neurotransmitter playing key roles in brain functions, but detection of DA in the brain is challenging because of its nanomolar concentration. Herein we report a strategy using the covalent organic frameworks (COF) modified electrode for highly sensitive and selective detection of DA in the living mouse brain. The unique physiochemical properties and space-confinement effect of ultrasmall nanochannels of COF can regulate the molecular conformation and electrochemical oxidation of DA. In particular, the electrochemically active oxidation intermediates can be stabilized and accumulated in the nanochannels, thus allowing the detection of nanomolar DA by adsorptive stripping analysis with the limit of detection improved by ∼103 fold in comparison with the conventional cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, thanks to the remarkable difference in adsorption energies of other structurally similar neurotransmitters, the COF modified electrode also displays an excellent selectivity to DA. Finally, the modified electrode was combined with microdialysis to successfully quantify DA in the normal and Parkinson’s disease model mice brain. We believe that COF with tunable selectivity will offer enormous promise for detection of different neurotransmitters.

A perylene diimide electrochemical probe with persulfate as a signal enhancer for dopamine sensing.

Dopamine (DA) is an important biomarker related to parkinsonism, schizophrenia and renal disease. Traditional electrochemical sensors for DA were based on the direct electrochemical oxidation of DA. In this paper, we report a new sensing strategy using N,N'-di(trimethylaminoethyl)perylene diimide (TMPDI) as an electrochemical probe and K2S2O8 as a signal enhancer for DA detection between 0 and -0.7 V with the DPV technique. MoS2 nanoflowers prepared by the hydrothermal method were used as a nanocarrier to load TMPDI. The reduction current of TMPDI was found to show a stepwise and significant increase at -0.24 V with the increase of concentration of K2S2O8 due to the continuous cycle of TMPDI molecules' electrochemical reduction and chemical oxidation. The presence of DA caused a large decrease of the reduction current of TMPDI due to the synergistic interaction of the competitive consumption of DA for K2S2O8 and the blocking effect of polyDA adhering to the electrode surface. The decreased current exhibited a linear response for DA from 10 pM to 100 μM with a detection limit of 4.1 pM and the proposed sensor showed high selectivity and excellent feasibility in human urine/serum sample detection.

Alkaline liquid-derived NaxTi11.5MoVOx/C-40 material with controlled electron transfer rate for sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, so the importance of low detection limits and high sensitivity analysis cannot be overstated, especially for early disease detection. Here, 2 M NaOH aqueous solution is used to precipitate metal ions in an ethanol solution containing carbon black (CB), and then nanocomposite catalysts (NaxTi11.5MoVOx/C-40 (40 denoted as 40 mg CB)) were obtained by calcining the precipitation. When used for DA detection, NaxVOx acts as the main active site for electrochemical oxidation of DA and NaxTi11.5MoOx plays a role in facilitating the binding of DA to the active site and stabilizing the active site. The NaxTi11.5MoVOx/C-40 electrochemical biosensor has a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.003 μM with a linear range of 0.005–51.665 μM for DA. This sensor can be used to sensitively identify the concentration of DA in human blood and urine. Catalysts containing varying amounts of CB exhibit diverse electron transfer rates, and surprisingly, we found that the appropriate electron transfer rate is optimal for the detection of low concentrations of DA. Because the performance of the electrochemical biosensors is affected by both the activity of the catalysts and the accuracy of the electrochemical testing instrumentation. To better explain this phenomenon, we propose the concept of resolution (Rn) and present the formula to derive it, offering a new approach to evaluating the performance of electrochemical biosensors.

COF-Coated Microelectrode for Space-Confined Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine in Parkinson's Disease Model Mouse Brain.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the drastic depletion of dopamine (DA) in the striatum; thus, DA can act as a marker for PD diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. However, detecting DA in the brain is not easy because of its low concentration and difficulty in sampling. In this work, we report the fabrication of a covalent organic framework (COF)-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (cCFE) that enables the real-time detection of DA in the mouse brain thanks to the outstanding antibiofouling and antichemical fouling ability, excellent analytical selectivity, and sensitivity offered by the COF modification. In particular, the COF can inhibit the polymerization of DA on the electrode (namely, chemical fouling) by spatially confining the molecular conformation and electrochemical oxidation of DA. The cCFE can stably and continuously work in the mouse brain to detect DA and monitor the variation of its concentration. Furthermore, it was combined with levodopa administration to devise a closed-loop feedback mode for PD diagnosis and therapy, in which the cCFE real-time monitors the concentration of DA in the PD model mouse brain to instruct the dose and injection time of levodopa, allowing a customized medication to improve therapeutic efficacy and meanwhile avoid adverse side effects. This work demonstrates the fascinating properties of a COF in fabricating electrochemical sensors for in vivo bioanalysis. We believe that the COF with structural tunability and diversity will offer enormous promise for selective detection of neurotransmitters in the brain.

Dual electrochemical quantitative analysis of dopamine based on flow injection amperometry with double glassy carbon electrodes

A simple, rapid and stable electrochemical flow injection amperometry (FI-Amp) system based on a flow cell with two glassy carbon electrodes arranged in series was constructed and the redox mechanism of dopamine (DA) was investigated as a research model. Electrochemical oxidation of DA occurs at the surface of the first working electrode (WE1, +0.24 V working potential), and then its oxidation product undergoes electrochemical reduction when it flows through the second working electrode (WE2, +0.05 V working potential). The source of the reduction currents on the WE2 was discussed and finally identified as dopaquinone (DAQ). In addition, dual quantitative analysis of DA was achieved by the oxidation current of DA on WE1 and the reduction current of DAQ on WE2. Under optimized conditions, the dual linear response ranges for DA were from 0.5 µM to 250 µM and 2 µM to 250 µM, and the dual limits of detection were found to be 0.20 µM and 0.68 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. Moreover, the RSDs of the amperometric responses for 5 µM, 50 µM and 200 µM DA were all less than 10% over 50 repeated injections, showing that the FI-Amp system has excellent repeatability and stability. The approach is universal and superior to the traditional three-electrode system. It can be used to study the mechanisms of molecular redox reactions and has great potential for application in the electrochemical identification of other electroactive molecules.

A facile synthesis of polyaniline-WO3 hybrid nanocomposite for enhanced dopamine detection

In this work, an enhanced electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) is constructed based on the tungsten nanoparticles with a polyaniline nanocomposite (PANI-WO3) coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The obtained PANI-WO3/GCE film displayed a notable enhancement of electrocatalytic activity for DA with significant redox property. The PANI-WO3/GCE sensors displayed excellent detection for DA with a detection limit of 0.139 μmol/L revealed a good linear relationship with concentration from 20 − 300 µM (S/N = 3). PANI and WO3 composite shows significant electrochemical oxidation of DA.

Synthesis of novel nanostructured copper tungstate/GCE electrochemical system in deep eutectic solvent medium for simultaneous detection of dopamine and paracetamol

• DES solvent consist of 1: 1 M ratio of choline chloride and ethylene glycol is used as a ecofriendly solvent. • A nanostructure of CuWO 4 has been synthesized. • The prepared material is used effectively for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and paracetamol with a detection limit of 24 nM and 14 nM in a linear range 0.6 × 10 −8 M–26 × 10 −6 M for DA and PAR, respectively. • The better current sensitivity of 9.4833 and 25.11µA µM −1 cm −2 for DA and PAR was found. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) based systems are considered as eco-friendly approach, it can be applied to prepare copper tungstate nanorods with nanometer-size ranges. The synthesis of a novel nanostructured CuWO 4 /GCE electrochemical system in Deep Eutectic Solvent medium is described in the present study. Detailed characterization studies have been carried out to observe the surface morphology, crystallinity, and elemental composition of the nanocrystalline CuWO 4 . Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) provide electrochemical and interfacial electron transfer characteristics of the CuWO 4 /GCE system in 0.1 M phosphate buffer medium. The synthesized CuWO 4 /GCE electrode is exploited for both individual and simultaneous electrochemical detection of biologically important molecules dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PAR) in the physiological pH range. The proposed system exhibits an enhanced current response towards electrochemical oxidation of DA and PAR and it can be extended to use further for the electrochemical determination in biological as well as pharmaceutical formulations in nanomolar concentration ranges. Differential pulse voltammetry method was applied to determine a wider linear concentration in the range of 6.0 × 10 −7 –26 × 10 −5 M and 6.0 × 10 −7 –30 × 10 −5 M, under the optimized experimental conditions, for DA and PAR, respectively. Because of enhanment in electrocatalytic properties, excellent sensitivity, and long-term stability, the prepared CuWO 4 /GCE sensor can be considered a novel promising system for sensing dopamine and paracetamol.

Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Au Nanoparticles Electrodeposited from Au(III) Dissolved in a Deep Eutectic Solvent and Its Analytical Performance Towards Dopamine Quantification

In this work, the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), by potentiostatic electrodeposition, from Au (III) ions dissolved in a deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (reline) at 70 °C. Using electrochemical techniques, both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic, the mechanism and kinetics of the AuNPs nucleation and growth was determined. It was found that the experimental total current density transients jtotal(t) can be adequately describe by a model that Involves adsorption, jad(t), and 3D nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth, j 3D-dc(t),1 see Figure 1a. Furthermore, the modified electrode (GCE/AuNPs) was used in the evaluation of the electrochemical response of dopamine (DA) by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (PDV) techniques. The results obtained showed that GCE/AuNPs electrode has a greater catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of DA, with a sensitivity of 129 , see Figure 1b, which is greater than that shown by the bare GCE and comparable to the performance reported for an ITO/AuNPs electrode.2 As well as the presence of a displacement of the oxidation peak towards lower potentials when using the GCE/AuNPs with respect to the bare GCE, which is indicative that GCE/AuNPs requires less energy for the oxidation of DA.

Oligo-layer graphene stabilized fully exposed Fe-sites for ultra-sensitivity electrochemical detection of dopamine

Neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, realizing its low detection limit and high sensitivity analysis is of great significance for early disease diagnosis. Herein, we propose a simple pyrolysis approach for dispersing Fe-sites onto the N-doped graphene support (denoted as Fe/N-GR) to construct an electrochemical biosensor for DA detection. The fully exposed Fe-sites guaranteed the well-defined active center for electrochemical oxidation of DA. The Fe/N-GR electrochemical biosensor achieves an ultra-low detection limit for DA of 27 pM with a linear range of 50 pM-15 nM. Specifically, the Fe/N-GR electrochemical biosensor exhibits favorable sensitivity and enzyme-level molecular identification ability in the selective detection of DA versus other typical redox-active interferents. What's more, the detection of dopamine in real human serum samples verifies the applicability of the developed sensor. Our results demonstrate a promising means of using fully exposed metal-site subnanometric catalysts for electrochemical sensing applications.

Role of Silver Nanoparticle-Doped 2-Aminodiphenylamine Polymeric Material in the Detection of Dopamine (DA) with Uric Acid Interference.

A viable electrochemical approach for the detection of dopamine (DA) in uric acid (UA) utilizing a silver nanoparticle-doped 2-aminodiphenylamine (AgNPs-2ADPA) electrode was invented. The electrochemical performance of DA showed that the incorporated electrode displayed outstanding electrocatalytic performance to the electrochemical oxidation of DA. In our study, the AgNPs-2ADPA exhibits remarkable catalytic activity, retaining high current value and resilience when employed as a working electrode component for electrocatalytic detection of DA. We have also utilized the bare and polymeric-2ADPA in DA detection for a comparison study. This method offers a facile route with extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and strength for the voltammetric detection of DA, even in the presence of UA and ascorbic acid (AA) as interferents, that can be employed for pharmaceutical and biological specimens.

Pico Molar Sensing of Dopamine in Presence of Serotonin Using BaMnO3/Carbon Nanostructures

A novel electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) in the presence of serotonin (ST) was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with BaMnO3 and super P carbon black. The modifier, BaMnO3 was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and subsequent calcination. The formation of a pure crystalline form of BaMnO3 was ensured during synthesis and verified by characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman, thermogravimetry, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. 5 mg of BaMnO3 was sufficient to allow sensor development. The sensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetry studies. The mechanism of oxidation of DA and ST at the sensor is proposed based on experimental findings. Trace level determination of DA and ST was successfully carried out using the sensor. The electrochemical oxidation of DA and ST are completely independent. The limit of detection of DA and ST are 50 pM and 5 nM respectively. The DA has a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.1 to 300 nM and ST has a LDR of 10 to 2300 nM. The practical utility of the sensor was demonstrated by calculating the recovery of DA in human blood serum and urine.

Electrochemical detection of dopamine using phthalocyanine-nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot conjugates

Two cobalt phthalocyanine molecules were synthesized, a symmetrically substituted CoPc (1) and an unsymmetrically substituted CoPc (2). These CoPcs were π-π stacked onto nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs). The CoPcs, NGQDs and their respective conjugates were used as electro-catalytic probes in the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine. The molecules were adsorbed onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using the drop dry method, the GCE was used to support those catalysts. The electrooxidation of dopamine was studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. An improvement in the sensitivity and limit of detection was observed upon conjugation.

Ultra-high sensitive, selective, non-enzymatic dopamine sensor based on electrochemically active graphene decorated Polydiphenylamine-SiO2 nanohybrid composite

In neurotransmission process, dopamine (DA) is the key molecule. Hence, the detection of dopamine plays a vital role in the primary diagnosis of diseases which is related to the irregular levels of dopamine. In this study, we proposed the electrochemically deposited Graphene Nanosheets-Polydiphenylamine-Silica (GRNS-PDPA-SiO2) modified nanohybrid electrode for an amperometric detection of dopamine. The electrochemical oxidation of DA ensures the catalytic activity of the prepared nanohybrid composites by chronoamperometry (CA) method. The nanohybrid electrode shows linear response towards DA (1–5 μM) in the presence of phosphate buffer solution (PBS at pH 7.0) with the regression co-efficient (R2) of 0.98. Low detection limit with superior sensitivity of dopamine was achieved as 0.1 μM and 0.66 μA μM−1cm−2 respectively. The structural morphology and the chemical homogeneity of the materials were confirmed by scanning electron microscope with EDX analysis. The molecular vibration and electrochemical performances were recorded through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The adopted GRNS-PDPA-SiO2 modified electrode resulted in excellent sensitivity, high selectivity claims its realistic applications in the highly clinical diagnostics.

Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Tyrosine using Metal oxide (MO, M=Cu and Ni) Modified Graphite Electrode: a Comparative Study

An electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA) and tyrosine (Tyr) by metal oxide (MO) modified electrode where M=Cu and Ni in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), pH 7.0 has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. CuO and NiO nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel process and co-precipitation method respectively and their structure, composition and surface morphology were examined by SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV and Raman techniques. A simple drop cast method is employed for the surface modification of graphite electrode to prepare MO modified electrode and it exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards detection of DA and Tyr. The present investigation on CV studies of DA at CuO modified electrode showed a reversible oxidation process with an anodic peak potential at +0.249V vs. SCE. However, no specific anodic oxidation peak identified with NiO modified electrode. Subsequent CV studies with Tyr at MO modified electrode (M=Cu, Ni) shows an irreversible oxidation process and both modified electrodes exhibited an anodic peak at a potential of +0.80V against very low or no anodic peak currents obtained at bare graphite electrode. Moreover, the CuO modified electrode (CMG) successfully separated the anodic signals of dopamine (DA), Ascorbic acid (AA) and Tyrosine in their ternary mixture whereas on bare graphite a single, overlapped oxidative peak was observed. In CV studies, the peak potential difference between AA-DA, DA-Tyr and AA-Tyr is 166 mV, 323 mV and 489 mV respectively and the corresponding peak potential separations are 209 mV, 400 mV and 609 mV respectively in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Owing to good stability, selectivity and simple low cost fabrication method, CuO modified electrode is found to be well suited for simultaneous determination of DA, AA and Tyr in their ternary mixture. Additionally, NiO modified electrode also shows good sensitivity towards the detection of tyrosine, so it acts as a good electrochemical sensor to assay tyrosine in the biological sample.

NMR Spectroelectrochemistry in Studies of Dopamine Oxidation

In this paper, the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine was studied by using gold nanoparticles modified nano-polyaniline film as the catalyst. Electrochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EC–NMR) was used to investigate electro-catalytic mechanism and evaluate the electro-catalytic capacity. The influence of varied pH values and voltages in the electrocatalytic process was studied. The oxidation mechanism of dopamine can be proposed: (1) at pH 1 and 600 mV, the main oxidation product is dopamine quinone (DQ). Only a small amount of DQ occurs cyclization reaction to form quinone aminochrome (AC); (2) at pH 1 and 800 mV, the oxidation products are DQ and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). (3) With the pH value increases, the oxidation of dopamine steps over DQ and AC, and directly produces DHI. DHI is aggregated to form melanin sediment. Our results indicate that the gold nanoparticles modified electrode displays high catalytic performance toward dopamine electrochemical oxidation.

Double molecular recognition strategy based on boronic acid-diol and NHS ester-amine for selective electrochemical detection of cerebral dopamine.

Electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) usually depends on electrochemical oxidation of DA. This conventional method can hardly provide sufficient sensitivity and selectivity in the determination of the cerebral DA down to nanomolar level, because the ability of DA to be electrochemically oxidized is limited and many electroactive interferents are also oxidized at a similar potential with DA. Here, an electrochemical assay based on a double molecular recognition strategy has been proposed and proved to be of high sensitivity and selectivity for DA measurement in the cerebral system. 3,3'-Dithiodipropionic acid di(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DSP) was anchored on the electrode surface to capture DA target through the specific reaction between N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and amine. The captured DA endowed the electrode with a layer of diol groups, which further reacted with the boronic acid to trap of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MBA) molecules, thus leading to the conjunction of electroactive thionine (Th) molecules on the electrode for signal readout. In addition, an Au nanostructure was employed to enhance signal amplification and facilitate the double molecular recognition process. As a consequence, this method was able to quantify DA from 1 to 300nM with a detection limit of 0.74nM, which exhibited a high specificity against cerebral interferents. Furthermore, the practicability of this platform was successfully demonstrated through determination of the dynamics of cerebral DA in the events of high K+ and nomifensine retromicrodialysis. Graphical abstract.

Ultrasensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and dopamine using copolymer-grafted metal-organic framework based electrochemical sensor

We reported the synthesis of a copolymer- and metal-organic framework-based electrochemical sensor, UiO-66-NH2@P(ANI-co-ANA) using the polymerization method for the highly sensitive and selective detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dopamine (DA). The as-synthesized material was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical characteristics of the proposed sensor were evaluated via impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrochemical oxidation of DA and the reduction of H2O2 were determined via CV, square-wave voltammetry, and chronoamperometric techniques. The fabricated sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 25–500 μM, with a sensitivity of 1396.1 μAμM−1cm−2 and a limit of detection of 0.6 μM, for the electrochemical reduction of H2O2. Additionally, it exhibited a wide linear range of 10–110 μM, with a sensitivity of 1110.2 μAμM−1cm−2 and a limit of detection of 0.3 μM, for the electrochemical detection of DA. The practical utility of the fabricated sensor was evaluated via the detection of H2O2 in milk samples and DA in human urine samples.

Highly Sensitive and Selective Dopamine Detection Utilizing Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Prepared by a Molten Glucose-Assisted Hard-Template Approach.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons (N-MCs) are promising materials for electrochemical sensors or biosensors. However, facile and effective methods for the preparation of N-MCs for electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) are required. A molten-glucose-assisted hard-template approach has been developed to synthesize N-MC materials by in situ introduction of nitrogen precursors, including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), dicyandiamide, and melamine. The combined characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate the successful preparation of N-MC materials. Most importantly, after detailed examination by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), N-MC obtained by using melamine as precursor (designated as N-MC-MA) displays good catalytic activity for electrochemical oxidation of DA. The N-MC-MA-based DA sensor shows a linear range from 0.2-8 μm with a detection limit of 0.05 μm in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA), thus showing excellent sensitivity and selectivity for electrochemical DA detection.

Microwave-assisted synthesis and simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine and paracetamol using ZIF-67-modified electrode

In the present research, zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) was synthesized through a microwave-assisted method and used as an electrode modifier for simultaneous determination of dopamine (DPM) and paracetamol (PRA). The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the proposed microwave-assisted approach required a short synthesis time and provided the ZIF-67 with excellent textural properties and high yield rate as compared to conventional hydrothermal processes. The as-synthesized ZIF-67 possessed excellent textural properties and manifested a superior electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of PRA and DPM. The electrochemical oxidation of DPM and PRA was investigated by both cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The ZIF-67 modified electrode caused electrocatalytic oxidation of DPM and PRA in a linear response range from 2.0 × 10−6 to 22 × 10−6 M with the detection limits of 1.3 × 10−6 M and 1.4 × 10−6 M, respectively. A proposed method was successfully applied to analyze DMP and PRA in pharmaceutical preparations.

Dopamine sensor in real sample based on thermal plasma silicon carbide nanopowders

Silicon carbide nanopowders (SiC_PL) were prepared via thermal plasma synthesis. The electrocatalytic activity of the SiC_PL coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA), was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7. The peaks of oxidation for DA, AA, and UA result well separated on the modified electrode in contrast with the behavior shown on bare GCE. A low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.043 μM was found at the SiC_PL coated GCE. In a real sample, the recovery rates of the added compound were 98.8%, 106.5% and 100.7%, indicating a potential for the SiC_PL electrode to determine DA in real conditions. The results of the characterization as supercapacitor electrode show that the specific capacitance for SiC_PL is of 151.2 F/g at 0.12 A/g. After 2.5 × 105 cycles SiC electrode still retains about 90% of its initial capacitance showing good stability.