Electrochemical Dissolution Research Articles

Electrochemical behavior and dissolution processes of lithium metal in the LiCl–KCl–CsCl molten salt system

Electrochemical behavior and dissolution processes of lithium metal in the LiCl–KCl–CsCl molten salt system

Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide

Abstract The titanium electrode was polarized under the influence of alternating current (AC) at 50 Hz. The current density was varied between 100 and 5,000 A m−2. Initially, the titanium electrode oxidized, and then, titanium oxides were reduced during the cathodic half-cycle of the AC. When the cathodic half-cycle changes to the anodic half-cycle, titanium is oxidized to the trivalent state: Ti − 3 e ̄ → Ti 3 + {{\rm{Ti}}-3{\rm{e}}{\rm{̄}}\to {\rm{Ti}}}^{3+} . The direction of the AC changes depending on its frequency, causing the processes occurring on the electrodes to be periodically repeated. The current efficiency of the titanium electrode dissolution depends on the sulfuric acid concentration and electrolyte concentration, reaching up to 63.4% under optimal conditions. Bipolar electrodes were used during AC electrolysis. It was found that the decrease in the mass of titanium electrodes increases almost linearly at first, from 400 to 1,600 A m−2, and then more intensively within the current densities from 1,800 to 2,500 A m−2. It was shown that when using a bipolar electrode, the total mass loss of the electrodes is 1.38 times greater than the total mass loss during polarization without a bipolar electrode. The composition of the titanium dioxide obtained as a result of electrolysis was identified using physico-chemical analysis methods.

Electrochemical Deterioration of a Gold Thin Film in Bicarbonate Solution: Correlative Optical, Nano-Mechanical, and Chemical Considerations.

The electrochemical dissolution of metals in liquid electrolytes is of great concern for various electrochemical technologies. However, it is also the focus for boosting metal recovery processes, e.g., from electronic wastes, one of which is the extraction of gold (Au) using eco-friendly electrolytes. To shed more light on the possibility and improvement of such metal leaching, this work presents the investigation of electrochemical deterioration of a Au nanofilm coated on a silicon (Si) support─ubiquitous materials in electronic components─in aqueous potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) electrolyte, a solution widely used in food products. In addition to the time-dependent in situ Raman spectra revealing the reduced reflectivity of Au associated with its molecular degradation, the significant role of the electric double layer (EDL) at the metal/electrolyte interface is also indicated. Analyzing surface adhesion maps and force-distance spectra acquired using atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy (AFM/AFS), metal degradation is related to nanoscale worm-shaped reconstructed surface features that act as local sites of reduced refractive index. Complemented by the non-negligible fraction of K observed on the treated Au surfaces using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), an electrochemical framework of metal degradation is proposed, depicting the electric-field-induced transport of K+ and H+ ions toward the Au surface regardless of bias polarity and implying the formation of ternary gold hydrides. The consideration of faradic current in the EDL circuit also suggests the occurrence of ternary gold oxides. Such determination is reinforced by the attributability of the polar and electrostatic characteristics of the worm-like features to residual negatively charged anionic clusters of the hydrides and the oxides. The analysis process and the new understanding of metal degradation provide a potential route for inspecting other metal/solution systems.

Anodic Dissolution Behavior of DD6 Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy for Electrochemical Machining Applications

Abstract Nickel-based single crystal superalloys have been widely used in turbomachinery components. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an essential method for shaping such high-performance alloys. Understanding the fundamentals of ECM for these alloys is crucial for the design and optimization of the process. This study investigated the anodic dissolution of DD6 nickel-based single crystal superalloy in concentrated NaCl and NaNO3 electrolytes under ECM conditions. Polarization curves showed a passive-transpassive transition behavior in both electrolytes. Galvanostatic experiments demonstrated unique current efficiency characteristics contradicting the empirical ECM knowledge. Surface analyses revealed that the anomalous current efficiency of >100% in the NaNO3 electrolyte results from the falling of γ’ phases from anodic surfaces due to the preferential dissolution of the γ matrix phase. The transition from selective to uniform dissolution with increased current density and reduced electrolyte flow velocity leads to decreased current efficiency in NaNO3 electrolyte. The removal of both γ and γ’ phases depends entirely on electrochemical dissolution in NaCl electrolyte, ensuring that current efficiency maintains a normal value. A schematical anodic interface model was proposed to describe the dissolution behavior.

Nonlocal Nernst-Planck-Poisson System for Modeling Electrochemical Corrosion in Biodegradable Magnesium Implants

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive derivation and application of the nonlocal Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NNPP) system for accurate modeling of electrochemical corrosion with a focus on the biodegradation of magnesium-based implant materials under physiological conditions. The NNPP system extends and generalizes the peridynamic bi-material corrosion model by considering the transport of multiple ionic species due to electromigration. As in the peridynamic corrosion model, the NNPP system naturally accounts for moving boundaries due to the electrochemical dissolution of solid metallic materials in a liquid electrolyte as part of the dissolution process. In addition, we use the concept of a diffusive corrosion layer, which serves as an interface for constitutive corrosion modeling and provides an accurate representation of the kinetics with respect to the corrosion system under consideration. Through the NNPP model, we propose a corrosion modeling approach that incorporates diffusion, electromigration and reaction conditions in a single nonlocal framework. The validity of the NNPP-based corrosion model is illustrated by numerical simulations, including a one-dimensional example of pencil electrode corrosion and a three-dimensional simulation of a Mg-10Gd alloy bone implant screw decomposing in simulated body fluid. The numerical simulations correctly reproduce the corrosion patterns in agreement with macroscopic experimental corrosion data. Using numerical models of corrosion based on the NNPP system, a nonlocal approach to corrosion analysis is proposed, which reduces the gap between experimental observations and computational predictions, particularly in the development of biodegradable implant materials.

Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V Electrochemical Dissolution Behavior in NaNO3 and NaCl Solutions at Low Current Density

Jet electrochemical micromilling (JEMM) exhibits significant potential for high-efficiency and high-quality machining of titanium alloy microstructures. However, during the JEMM process, the machined surface of the workpiece inevitably experiences stray current attacks at low current levels. Due to the formation of a dense passive film on the surface of the titanium alloy under electrochemical action, stray corrosion occurs on the machined surface. Hence, the electrochemical dissolution behavior of titanium alloys at low current densities directly impacts both machining efficiency and quality. This study first analyzed the effects of electrolyte composition and current density on the transpassive potential, breakdown of the passive film, current efficiency, and the dissolved surface on Ti-6Al-4V. The transpassive potential and electrochemical impedance of Ti-6Al-4V were found to be lower in NaCl solution than in NaNO3 solution. In addition, lower current densities enabled higher current efficiency and resulted in a more uniform and flat dissolution surface. Subsequent experiments used these two solutions for JEMM of complex-shaped microstructures on Ti-6Al-4V. The findings demonstrated that, compared to the NaNO3 solution, the use of NaCl solution increases the material removal rate by approximately 30%, enhances the aspect ratio by about 26%, and reduces surface roughness by roughly 58%. This indicates that employing NaCl solution can lead to superior machining efficiency and quality.

Electrochemical Properties and Jet Electrochemical Micromilling of (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V Composites in NaCl+NaNO3 Mixed Electrolyte.

Difficult-to-cut titanium matrix composites (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V have extensive application prospects in the fields of biomedical and aerospace metal microcomponents due to their excellent mechanical properties. Jet electrochemical micromilling (JEMM) technology is an ideal method for machining microstructures that leverages the principle of electrochemical anodic dissolution. However, the matrix Ti6Al4V is susceptible to passivation during electrochemical milling, and the inclusion of high-strength TiB whiskers and TiC particles as reinforcing phases further increases the machining difficulty of (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V. In this study, a novel approach using NaCl+NaNO3 mixed electrolyte for the JEMM of (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V was adopted. Electrochemical behaviors were measured in NaCl and NaCl+NaNO3 electrolytes. In the mixed electrolyte, a higher transpassive potential was required to break down the passive film, which led to better corrosion resistance of (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V, and the exposed reinforcing phases on the dissolved surface were significantly reduced. The results of the JEMM machining indicate that, compared to NaCl electrolyte, using mixed electrolyte effectively mitigates stray corrosion at the edges of micro-grooves and markedly improves the uniformity of both groove depth and width dimensions. Additionally, the surface quality was noticeably improved, with a reduction in Ra from 2.84 μm to 1.03 μm and in Rq from 3.41 μm to 1.40 μm.

Towards electrochemical machining of powder superalloy René 88DT with high surface integrity in different solvent-based electrolytes

Electrochemical machining (ECM) presents numerous applications in the production of aero-engine components. The effects of current density on surface quality during ECM of René 88DT in NaCl-ethylene glycol and NaNO3-aqueous solutions was investigated here. The results indicated that the René 88DT surface has lower sensitivity to current density and more homogeneous electrochemical dissolution in NaCl-glycol solution than in NaNO3-aqueous solution, which results in the suppression of stray corrosion and consistently high surface quality regardless of current density. These strengths are attributed that C2H5O2- and Cl- ions replace OH– ions and combine with alloy ions to form solubles and complexes, which prevent the formation of obstructive passive film, oxide layer, and insoluble electrolytic products. The electrochemical dissolution model in two solutions was established. Furthermore, the high tensile strength and precision machinability of René 88DT in NaCl-glycol solution were also demonstrated.

Unlocking OER potential: Tailoring layered double perovskites through self-reconstruction

The sluggish rate of the anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a major bottleneck for green hydrogen production, making a room-temperature alkaline water electrolyser critical to unlocking the full potential of this technology. Using a perovskite oxide as an electrochemical matrix and forming a self-assembled oxyhydroxide (OOH) layer on the surface via a self-reconstruction activation process (SRAP) is a promising strategy to enhance OER catalytic activity. However, the mechanistic details and long-term impact of SRAP, especially its relationship to catalytic activity, oxygen collection efficiency, and catalyst dissolution, are not fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, we used layered double perovskite (LDP) PrBa0·75Ca0·25Co1·5Fe0·5O5+δ(PBCCF) and PrBa0·75Ca0·25Co1·5Fe0·4Ni0·1O5+δ (PBCCFN) as model electrochemical catalysts and then triggered SRAP. Subsequently, chronoamperometry (CA), rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) and in-situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) were used to study the effect of the Ni-doping on PBCCF SRAP in terms of catalytic activity, oxygen collection efficiency and catalyst stability. The results showed that the OER catalytic current of the LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN was enhanced via SRAP and the oxygen collection efficiency can be maintained, suggesting that the increase in catalytic current is attributed to OER catalytic activity increase rather than electrochemical catalyst dissolution. Additionally, the effect of the catalytic activity enhancement was more significant in PBCCFN. More importantly, the stability of the LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN after SRAP are higher than simple perovskite Ba0·5Sr0·5Co0·8Fe0·2O3-δ (BSCF) because of the increase in the redeposition rate. The observations suggest that using LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN as matrices followed by triggering SRAP can provide valuable insights for designing LDP based OER electrocatalysts.

Passive behavior of TNB intermetallic and Inconel 625 in electrochemical machining

The TNB alloy, a novel lightweight material, shows great potential for application in crucial aero-engine parts. This paper reveals the passive behavior of TNB alloy in electrochemical machining (ECM), Inconel 625 alloy was used for comparison. The polarization curve shows that TNB and Inconel 625 alloys have obvious passivation phenomenon at the passivation potential. Research reveals that the passive film structure of TNB alloy comprises a compact layer (about 7 nm) and a loose layer (about 13 nm), with significantly higher corrosion resistance in the compact layer compared to the loose layer. In contrast, the passive film structure of Inconel 625 alloy is a single layer with a thickness of approximately 11 nm. It was also found that the passive film composition for TNB alloy is TiO2, Al2O3, and Nb2O5. The composition of passive film for Inconel 625 alloy is NiO, Ni(OH)2, Cr2O3, MoO3, Nb2O5, FeO, and Fe2O3, and the content of Ni and Cr is high. TNB alloys exhibit uneven and loose lamellar morphology at low current densities, but can reach Ra 0.15 μm at greater than 15 A/cm2. There are always some disordered carbides rich in Nb and Mo on the surface of Inconel 625 alloy. Quantitative models were developed for both alloys to describe their electrochemical dissolution behavior.

Gold and Gold Alloys Electropolishing in Choline Chloride-Glycerol Deep Eutectic Solvents

Electropolishing (EP) is a finishing technique used to reduce the roughness of metallic surfaces while enhancing their brightness. This process enables the treatment of complex shaped parts and reduces processing time compared to conventional mechanical polishing methods. Electropolishing of precious metals typically requires the use of electrolytes containing cyanides and other toxic compounds, which reduces its attractiveness from an industrial perspective. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are emerging as a good alternative for the chemical and electrochemical dissolution of valuable metals, like gold, silver and copper. However, their use in the specific context of electrochemical polishing of precious alloys has not been considered so far. This work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of choline chloride-based DES in electropolishing 18K gold alloys. Their performance will be assessed in terms of roughness reduction, brightness enhancement and color preservation, all characteristics associated with the presence of a uniform dissolution.

Interfacial double-coordination effect reconstructing anode/electrolyte interface for long-term and highly reversible Zn metal anodes

The highly reversible electrochemical deposition and dissolution of zinc metal anode is a critical feature for the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Nevertheless, this process is seriously hindered by the uncontrollable electrodeposition and interfacial side reactions caused by thermodynamically unstable anode/electrolyte interface (AEI). Guided by the electrode/electrolyte interface chemistry, thiamine hydrochloride (TH) as a novel additive is added into traditional ZnSO4 (ZS) electrolyte to induce sustained reversible Zn deposition/stripping. Spectroscopic characterizations and electrochemical tests reveal that TH can adsorbed on the anode surface owning to the strong double-coordination effect between N, S atoms and Zn atoms via Zn-N and Zn-S chemical bonds. In addition, there are polar hydroxyl groups in the TH molecular structure which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Thus, the adsorbed TH layer can not only guide the diffusion of Zn2+ ions and achieve dendrite-free electrodeposition process, but also prevent intimate contact between water and anode to suppress the occurrence of interface side reactions. Based on these benefits, the TH additive achieves an ultra-long stable cycle lifespan to 2045 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Even at a higher current density of 5 mA cm−2, prolonged cycling performance about 773 h is demonstrated. Besides, the assembled Zn//NVO full cells reveal excellent capacity retention and rate performance under practical conditions, highlighting the efficient and reliable coordination effect of TH additive at the AEI.

Electrochemical dissolution behavior of cast and forged Ti2AlNb alloys in NaCl and NaNO3 electrolytes

Although Ti2AlNb alloy has numerous exceptional properties that make it one of the most promising materials in the aerospace field, it also presents significant challenges to traditional machining. Nevertheless, electrochemical machining (ECM) presents distinctive advantages when it comes to processing difficult-to-cut materials. Regrettably, the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti2AlNb alloy has not been reported yet. In this study, the electrochemical dissolution behavior of forged and cast Ti2AlNb alloys in 10% NaCl and 20% NaNO3 electrolytes was systematically studied for the first time. In the same electrolyte composition, the passivation film formed on the forged Ti2AlNb alloy surface is thicker than that on the cast Ti2AlNb alloy surface, indicating higher corrosion resistance. Dissolution experiments were conducted on cube and rotary samples, followed by the assessment of surface quality using laser confocal microscopy. The experimental findings demonstrate that ECM in 10% NaCl electrolyte yields better surface quality for both Ti2AlNb alloys. The Ti2AlNb alloy in this study consists of the B2 phase and O phase, with preferential dissolution of the O phase observed during ECM.

Investigation of the Surface Characteristics of GCr15 in Electrochemical Machining.

Bearing steel (GCr15) is widely used in key parts of mechanical transmission for its excellent mechanical properties. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a potential method for machining GCr15, as the machining process is the electrochemical dissolution of GCr15 regardless of its high hardness (>50 HRC). In ECM, NaNO3 solution is a popular electrolyte, as it has the ability to help in the nonlinear dissolution of many metallic alloy materials, making it useful for precision machining. However, due to high carbon content of GCr15, the electrochemical dissolution of GCr15 is unique, and there is always a black layer with high roughness on the machined surface, reducing the surface quality. In order to improve the electrochemical machining of GCr15 with a high surface quality, the surface characteristics of GCr15 in ECM were investigated. The anodic polarisation curve in the NaNO3 electrolyte was measured and electrochemical dissolution experiments were conducted with different current densities. SEM, XRD, and XPS were employed to analyse the surface morphology and composition formed on the machined surface at different current densities. The initial results showed that there were two parts (black part and bright part) formed on the machined surface when a short circuit occurred, and the test results suggested that the black part contained a mass of Fe3O4 while the bright part was composed of mainly Fe and Fe3C. Further investigation uncovered that a black flocculent layer (Fe3O4) always formed in a low current density (32 A/cm2) with high roughness. With the current density increased, the amount of black flocculent layer was reduced, and Fe3C particles appeared on the machined surface. When the current density reached 81 A/cm2, the entire flocculent oxide layer was removed, only some spherical Fe3C particles were inserted on the machined surface, and the roughness was reduced from Ra7.743 μm to Ra1.783 μm. In addition, due to exposed Fe3C particles on the machined surface, the corrosion resistance of the machined surface was significantly improved. Finally, circular arc grooves of high quality were well manufactured with current density of 81 A/cm2 in NaNO3 electrolyte.

Study on separation and purification of titanium alloys (TC4-6Al-4V) by molten salt electrolysis

With the widespread expansion of titanium applications and its significant increase in usage, the issue of recycling titanium resources after consumption has emerged. Focusing on titanium alloys with high usage, such as TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V), this article proposes a titanium separation and recovery method based on molten salt electrolysis. This method thoroughly analyzes the characteristics of elements in TC4 and electrochemical principles, ensuring that vanadium in the TC4 alloy does not undergo electrochemical dissolution when the electrolysis potential is below 0.3 V vs Pt. Subsequently, through electrochemical analysis, it was discovered that the precipitation of aluminum ions is influenced by concentration. Therefore, by controlling the concentration of aluminum in the eutectic molten salt, such as increasing the electrolyte concentration and shortening the electrolysis time, the precipitation of aluminum can be effectively avoided. Under the experimental conditions mentioned above, vanadium elements deposit at the bottom of the crucible in the form of anode slime, while aluminum dissolves and remains in the electrolyte. Meanwhile, titanium ions in the cathode region undergo electron reduction and deposit in the cathode area in the form of titanium, thus achieving precise separation of alloy elements. Experimental verification shows that the purity of the obtained titanium reaches 99.17 atomic percent. Therefore, this molten salt electrolysis method, which combines the physical properties of alloy elements with electrochemical principles, not only provides a new perspective for the separation and recovery of titanium and other critical metals, but also offers new research directions for the recovery technology of other alloy elements.

PH Dependence of Noble Metals Dissolution: Gold

AbstractThe electrochemical applications of gold span the entire pH spectrum. Recently, gold dissolution in acidic and alkaline media has been studied, but less attention has been given to electrolytes at intermediate pH values. To address this gap, this work uses on‐line electrochemical dissolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to examine gold dissolution across a pH range of 1 to 12.7 using phosphate buffer solutions. All experimental parameters, except pH, are kept constant, enabling a clear investigation of pH effects on anodic (gold oxidation) and cathodic (gold oxide reduction) dissolution processes. Results show that dissolution amounts are lowest at neutral pH values between 3 and 7, varying with the applied potential and exposure time. Anodic and cathodic dissolution dominate in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, respectively. Depending on the highest applied potentials and time exposure, the main dissolution mechanism shifts at pH=5, 7, and 9. The pH dependence of Au dissolution is proposed to be linked to the nature of gold oxides formed, the kinetics of oxide formation/reduction, gold ion redeposition, and the influence of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on dissolution. These results provide fundamental insights into gold dissolution under neutral pH conditions.

High resistance towards electrochemical dissolution of cubic Rh@Ir core shell in acidic water splitting

The industrial development of acidic water splitting significantly counts on the activity associated with stability of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. In this work, we have constructed cubic Rh@Ir core–shell for acidic water splitting. The formed Rh@Ir electrocatalyst shows a high HER performance with only 29 mV overpotential for 10 mA cm−2, stemming from the upshifted and downshifted d band center of Ir and Rh, leading to a moderate hydrogen binding strength. The Ir atom donates its electrons to nearby Rh atoms triggering a high susceptibility in nucleophilic attack by H2O to generate *OOH; thereby, the overpotential required to achieve 10 mA cm−2 is 216 mV for Rh@Ir core–shell, better than commercial IrO2. Moreover, the stability is superior to commercial IrO2 and pure Ir electrocatalyst due to the strong electronic interplay in Rh@Ir contributing to a better resistance towards electrochemical dissolution proved by operando Raman and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. Only 1.55 V is needed for Rh@Ir to drive overall water splitting at 10 mA cm−2.

Passivation of Lead-Acid Batteries Lead Negative Electrodes by PbSO4 Crystals: Analysis from Modeling Cyclic Voltammetry Responses

Lead-acid batteries (LABs) play a pivotal role in the energy storage sector with applications spanning from starting-ignition-lightning batteries to grid energy storage. Passivation of lead negative electrodes by PbSO4 crystals is a one fundamental mechanism limiting the performance of LAB. In this regard, we developed an electrochemical mathematical model that simulates the nucleation and growth dynamics of PbSO4 crystals on a flat lead electrode, responsible for its passivation. The model considers the electrochemical dissolution of Pb2+ from lead electrode and the ternary transport of lead, bisulfate, and hydrogen ions in H2SO4 electrolyte. We have validated the model with a rich dataset of cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses collected at several scan rates and several concentrations of H2SO4. The model shows remarkable qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data including the onset potential, center, height, and width of the CV peaks, discharge capacity, and particle size. The model is used to give insights on how different physical and operational parameters can influence the electrochemical response of lead negative electrodes. Keywords: lead-acid battery, nucleation and growth, passivation, cyclic voltammetry

Reaction Mechanisms of High-Rate Copper Electrochemical Machining in Nitrate Electrolytes.

The high-rate electrochemical dissolution of copper in nitrate electrolytes is investigated primarily via polarization curves, while varying parameters such as the electrolyte flow velocity, the electrolyte resistance, the anode geometry, and the temperature. This study focuses on the re-rise in current at high voltages after the limiting current plateau. As a result of the studies, a change in the complexation mechanism from hydration to "solvo-nitration" is proposed, which requires an additional potential drop within the electrochemical double layer.

Microhardness and energy dispersive X-ray evaluation of dentinal walls following chemical and electrochemical dissolution of fractured nickel-titanium file: An in vitro study

PurposeChemical dissolution of nickel-titanium (NiTi) files involves the application of a fluoride solution in direct contact with a damaged instrument, whereas electrochemical dissolution involves the application of an electrical current to the electrolyte, which accelerates fragment dissolution. This study aimed to determine the hardness and concentration of calcium and phosphorus (Ca and P) ions in dentinal walls following chemical and electrochemical dissolution of fractured ProTaper F2 files with a novel chemical solution.Materials & Methods: Thirty human maxillary first molar palatal roots with fractured ProTaper F2 files in the middle third (length, 2.5 mm were divided into three groups according to the treatment techniques used with a novel solution (NaF 12 g/L + NaCl2 60 g/L + MgCl2 60 g/L + CaCl2 60 g/L) at pH 5: Group 1: distilled water (control group), Group 2: electrochemical dissolution, and Group 3: chemical dissolution using the novel solution. The novel solution was placed for 10 min using an electrochemical technique, and for 30 min in contact with the separated instrument in the chemical group. The Vickers microhardness test was performed in three areas: at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex, and an energy-dispersive X-ray test for both Ca and P ions was performed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's tests were used for statistical analysis. ResultsAccording to the one-way ANOVA analysis, no difference was observed between the tested approaches (P > 0.05) in the three areas evaluated (3, 6, and 9 mm), with no difference in the Ca/P ratio between the tested groups. ConclusionCompared to the control group, the use of chemical and electrochemical dissolution methods with the novel solution did not affect dentin hardness or dentinal structure in terms of the Ca/P ratio, thereby indicating promising results while saving time.