Electrical Waste Research Articles

Waste Segregation and Electricity Generation from Waste

In this day –to-day life waste is and really important factor for the society as well as our mother earth. The improper segregation of the waste creates foul and improper disposal of waste creates more and more waste and this lead to the global warming and polluting the mother earth. So, this robot is basically for the segregation of the waste in a proper way and making a proper disposal of it , through collecting the dry waste and the generating electricity through its burning using different components. This project also helps to reduce the man workload of collecting it and segregating it by had this will create a better future ahead.

Biodegradation of e-waste microplastics by Penicillium brevicompactum

Electronic and electric waste (e-waste) management strategies often fall short in dealing with the plastic constituents of printed circuit boards (PCB). Some plastic materials from PCB, such as epoxy resins, may release contaminants, but neither potential environmental impact has been assessed nor mitigation strategies have been put forward.This study assessed the biodegradation of microplastics (1–2 mm in size) from PCB by the fungus Penicillium brevicompactum over 28 days, thus contributing to the discussion of mitigation strategies for decreasing the environmental impact of such plastics in the environment. The capacity of P. brevicompactum to induce microplastic fragmentation and degradation has been determined by the increased the number of smaller-sized particles and microplastic mass reduction (up to 75 % within 14 days), respectively. The occurrence of chain scission and oxidation of microplastics exposed to P. brevicompactum when compared with the control conditions (which occurred only after 28 days of exposure) can be observed. Furthermore, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy performed in dried biomass put in evidence an increase in the absorption intensities in regions that could be attributed to functional groups associated with carbohydrates.The results underline the potential role of the genus Penicillium, particularly P. brevicompactum, in the biodegradation of microplastics from PCB, thus providing the basis for further exploration of its potential for e-waste bioremediation and research on the underlying mechanisms for sustainable approaches to mitigate e-waste pollution.

Perancangan Sistem Smart Lighting Menggunakan Arduino

<p><em>In Indonesia, many users use electricity for light needs. There are two types of light sources, there is man-made light and there is natural light. The light source also only has two methods, namely turning it on and turning it off. No one can set the conditions for the light, in other words it has to be done manually. Therefore, the cause of electricity waste is manual use. In this case, researchers aim to create a control system for this light. With a system that is able to control the light control system automatically. Through a PIR sensor which will control movement to turn on the lights. The way it works is very easy, if there is movement the light will turn on. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords: Arduino, System, Light</em></p>

Smart Classroom: A development of electrical control system with Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic breakthrough that has a huge impact on today's world and has the potential to simplify human life. The potential application of IoT is limitless, and it has been implemented in various industries, including medicine, engineering, computer science, space and technology, automotive, and more. This paper aims to develop a smart classroom electrical control system using IoT technology to regulate the classroom's electrical system and monitor student occupancy. This study chose to use the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method to develop the proposed system for reducing the waste of electricity resources in a classroom. The objectives of this research include identifying the main problems related to the waste of electricity in the classroom, developing an electronic project using IoT, and testing the functionality of the electronic project. The development of the proposed electrical control system uses Arduino and Infrared (IR) sensors. The IR sensors are used to detect the presence of students either entering or leaving the classroom. When human presence in the classroom is detected, lights and fans will automatically turn on. The approach benefits users by enabling a comprehensive understanding of the system through interactive evaluation, bringing it closer to meeting the requirements intended for this study.

Am-241 in the urban air – Monitoring and simulation results

Concentration of 241Am was identified and analyzed during seven weeks between April and June 2021 in central Poland, using ASS500 monitoring station. The results changed from 0.305 to 4.241 µBq/m3. The lack of other, associate artificial isotopes on filters and no presence of isotope on other stations in Poland indicate on local emission. Processing of electrical waste, especially isotopic smoke detectors, has been investigated as a possible reason of the 241Am release into the atmosphere, probably in high temperature phase of metal separation. The possible circumstances of distribution of the radioactive 241Am isotope in the urban air in central Poland have been investigated and described.

Generation estimation and critical metals quantity assessment of retired mobile phones in Japan

The sustainable management of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) can contribute to the defense of the ESBs (Earth System Boundaries) and achievement of the UN SDGs (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals). This work conducted reasonable generation estimation and critical metals quantity assessment of retired mobile phones in Japan with the sales&new method. The generation estimation is based on the statistical data including sales and quantity of the subscribers. The result shows that there are 31.20 million of mobile phones retired in 2021, comparing 32.83 million in 2008. The calculated lifetime have minimum and maximum value in 2008 and 2019, which is 3.36 and 7.58, comparing 6.42 in 2021. 17 metals are selected as critical metals, with which the quantity and dynamic are also calculated. The replacement from feature phones to smart phones demand less of 11 metals, which shows the critical metals savings leading by the technological innovation.

Capillary Suction Properties of Mortar Made with Recycled Plastic Aggregates Elaborated from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

It is possible to revalue the plastic fraction from WEEE using it as a recycled aggregate (RA) in cement mortars. However, this feasibility depends on elaborating a granular material via a core-shell strategy to stabilize the potential contaminants. The core is a plastic particle, and the shell is a cement, fillers, and activated carbon mixture. Due to the hydrophilic characteristics of the shell and the presence of interstitial sites generated by the use of the RA, it is necessary to study the wetting properties of these mortars. This article presents the results of capillary suction and contact angle studies of mortars made with RA having different shell compositions. The capillary suction of the latter is higher than in traditional mortars, which limits their use for structures exposed to water and environmental agents but opens the possibility of new uses in permeable concrete or for the manufacture of building components.

Managing the low carbon transition pathways through solid waste electricity

The potential of solid waste as an energy source is clear, owing to its wide availability and renewable properties, which provide a critical answer for energy security. This can be especially effective in reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels. Countries that rely heavily on coal should examine alternatives such as electricity from solid waste to provide a constant energy supply while also contributing to atmospheric restoration. In this regards, Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) is used for simulation the entire energy system in Pakistan and forecasted its capital cost and future CO2 emissions in relation to the use of renewable and fossil fuel resources under the different growth rates of solid waste projects like 20%, 30% and 40% for the study period 2023–2053. The results revealed that, 1402.97 TWh units of energy are generated to meet the total energy demand of 1193.93 TWh until 2053. The share of solid waste based electricity in total energy mix is increasing from a mere 0.81% in 2023 to around 9.44% by 2053 under the 20% growth rate, which then increase to 39.67% by 2053 under the 30% growth rate and further increases to 78.33% by 2053 under the 40% growth rate. It is suggested that 40% growth rate for solid waste based electricity projects is suitable for Pakistan until 2053 because under this condition, renewable sources contributes 95.2% and fossil fuels contributed 4.47% in the total energy mix of Pakistan. Hence, CO2 emissions are reduced from 148.26 million metric tons to 35.46 million metric tons until 2053 but capital cost is increased from 13.23 b$ in 2023 to 363.11 b$ by 2053.

Optimal strategy to reduce energy waste in an electricity distribution network through direct/indirect bulk load control

In recent decades, the ever-increasing demand for electricity in large cities is leading the electricity distribution network (EDN) to an operational state of fatigue, especially at peak load times. In this context, load congestion, technical losses, and voltage deviations across the EDN can contribute to the high waste of electricity as well as to the worsening of the supply service. To face this problem, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model that aims to reshape the demand profile (i.e., load reduction in peak periods without load rebound in the remaining periods of the day) of total consumers while the voltage deviations and technical losses are minimized. In the proposed model, the demand profile reshaping is carried out through direct (DC) and indirect (IC) bulk control of residential, commercial, and industrial loads, while the load factor (LF), i.e., indicator related to the efficient use of electricity, is improved. Due to the scheduling of these loads at certain times of the day, the occurrence of voltage deviations and technical losses can be mitigated by the efficient control of capacitor banks (CBs). To corroborate the applicability of the proposed MILP model, the 33-node IEEE test system was used. The results show the technical and economic gains for the distribution company (DISCO) and the total number of consumers.

Mechanical properties of mortars with waste plastic as replacement of natural aggregate

The use of waste plastic from waste electrical and electronic equipment as a substitute for natural aggregates in cementitious materials is an increasingly relevant issue. If proved to be suitable, this would allow the recycling of plastics destined for landfill and decrease the use of new natural resources. However, replacing sand with plastic tends to reduce the mechanical properties of mortars due to the different mechanical properties of natural aggregate and waste plastic and the poor interfacial compatibility between plastic and cement paste. Several strategies to improve the mechanical properties of mortars containing waste plastic were investigated in this study. The addition of 1% of superplasticiser coupled with a lower water/cement ratio was found to restore mechanical properties to values equal to a standard mortar prepared with natural aggregate, thus obtaining material that can be used in construction.

Mass balance of palm waste energy potential in palm oil processing in South West Aceh, Indonesia

The process of land clearing, tillage, and planting in plantations has environmental impacts. The use of fertilizers, both organic and inorganic, contributes to potential emissions during land preparation (262 kg/cycle), tillage (236 kg/cycle), and planting (165 kg/cycle). Land preparation has the highest emissions due to increased fuel consumption. Planting oil palm seedlings aged 1, 2, and 3 years requires significant water (5,160,063.496 tons/cycle, 5,222,991.444 tons/cycle, and 5,411,774.030 tons/cycle, respectively). Outputs in years 4-7 include groundwater use (5,710,654.467 tons/cycle), 12,750 tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per cycle, 12,878 tons of palm fronds and leaves per cycle, and 19.62% evapotranspiration. In years 8-10, FFB production reaches 24 tons/cycle, with 12,878.79 tons/cycle of fronds and leaves, and 19.63% evapotranspiration. In years 11-14, FFB production is 26 tons/cycle, with 6.435 tons/cycle of fronds and leaves. The water requirement remains at 80.37%. For oil palm aged >19 years, FFB production decreases to 18 tons/cycle, with fronds and leaves remaining the same. Electrical waste energy (E) generated by 2050 totals 7,343,834.558 GW, increasing from 2016-2032 and plateauing from 2033-2050. Factory energy needs (Ep) at 20% power plant efficiency are 1,468,766.912 GW, while waste-derived energy (P) is 167.667 GW.

Electrical Load Control Using PIR Sensor for IoT-based Electrical Power Saving

Wasteful use of electrical energy, apart from the use of electrical loads, is also caused by wasteful and uncontrolled use of electrical loads. Electrical energy that is not used as needed causes electricity waste. This research aims to use the IoT system for electrical automation and monitoring the amount of electricity in a room. In this way, saving electricity and monitoring the amount of electricity can be done easily through the IoT system at anytime and anywhere. The method used in this research is an experimental method, namely designing equipment according to the planned system and preparing a program according to the desired tool working system. The research object is the electrical load in three rooms consisting of three load groups, each load group is represented by a PIR sensor light, namely the equipment used is the PZEM sensor, PIR sensor, RTC, ESP 32, Triac, Optocoupler, and other supporting equipment. The results of the research show that the equipment has worked well and has been tested well, electricity savings are shown through the monitor on the Android cellphone using the Blynk application which was previously installed. Every time there is a person in the room, the PIR sensor always detects the object and activates the electrical load and vice versa. Apart from that, the cellphone monitor screen also displays from time to time the amount of electricity used by the load, including the electrical energy used and the electrical energy savings that can be done.

Turkey’s Municipal Solid Waste and Urban Waste Water Treatment Sludge Electrical Energy Potential

The role of indigenous and renewable energy resources is crucial for countries that want to be less dependent on foreign countries. Renewable energy resource power plants have many advantages when compared with other resources. They make countries less energy dependent and they also have environmentally friendly technologies when compared with other resources. Turkey is a country that has an abundance of renewable energy resources and biomass is one of the most promising energy resources in renewables. The goal of this paper is to determine Turkey’s electricity potential based on industrial wastes i.e. municipal solid waste (MSW) and urban wastewater treatment sludge potential, using applicable electricity generation methods. In this attempt, electrical energy potential of these resources has been found by using applicable waste to energy methods, technical and economical parameters. Electrical energy potential of Biogas (Landfill gas included) based on these resources is an amount of 6.73 billion kWh/year. Municipal solid waste (MSW) and dried municipal wastewater treatment sludge electrical energy potential is an amount of 23.81 billion kWh/year. Based on the resources stated; using the biogas and biomass energy values, calculations resulting in primary energy potentials; the installed capacity for gas-motor systems, gas turbine systems (Simple cycle), gas & steam turbine systems (combined) and boiler – steam turbine systems have been determined.

Electric waste collection vehicles in Poland: A challenge or burden for local communities?

One of the categories of heavy-duty vehicles is waste collection trucks. This study investigates the use of electric waste collection trucks for mixed and selectively collected waste in Poland. Three types of common communities were selected including densely populated city, town and rural settlements. The locations of the case studies represent typical communities and urban development in Poland. It was a real-world test of the collections in urban and rural communities. The results indicated that the most important factors for planning and routing for an electric vehicle are the range of the vehicle and the state of charge of the battery. In most waste collections in this study, it was possible to drive on one battery charge. Some additional factors are necessary to consider for the planning of the route and collection area. The number of waste compacting cycles, the distance from the waste collection company base, and the battery charging time require real-world tests by the electric waste collection truck. The cost analysis for the use of electric waste collection trucks in a rural community indicates high purchase costs of electric waste collection trucks and technical challenges with the infrastructure, service, and maintenance of the vehicles. Sensitivity analysis indicates a long repayment time for electric truck purchase, ranging from 16 to 33 years. The cost of charging electric heavy duty trucks is lower than that of combustion engine trucks, but the high purchase cost discourages the local community from using electric trucks for waste collection.

All‐Carbon‐Based Complementary Integrated Circuits

AbstractOwing to the growing global increase in electronic and electrical waste (e‐waste), significant challenges arise regarding the proper disposal of electronic devices. One potential solution that has gained attention is the development of disposable electronics, in which all components are designed to be for safe and environmentally friendly disposal. In this study, all‐carbon‐based complementary integrated circuits composed of printed single‐crystalline thin films of p‐ and n‐type organic semiconductors, graphite‐based carbon electrodes/wiring, and polymeric dielectrics/substrates are demonstrated. Elemental analysis reveals that the total amount of metallic element contaminants weighed <50 parts per million (ppm). The demonstrated analog/digital integrated circuits with 64 p‐ and n‐type organic thin‐film transistors exhibit stable operation under ambient environmental conditions. These all‐carbon‐based complementary integrated circuits possess excellent element traceability, thus mitigating the potential environmental impacts throughout the device's life cycle. Consequently, this advancement represents a significant step toward addressing the global environmental challenges associated with e‐waste.

Generation of Bioelectricity in Microbial Fuel Cell using Kitchen Waste Obtained from Dutse Urban, Nigeria

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have shown promise as a sustainable technology for wastewater treatment and energy recovery. In this study, cattle dung was used as an inoculum and kitchen waste (KW) from Dutse urban, Nigeria was used as a substrate for bioelectricity generation in MFC. The MFC was operated in a fed-batch mode over 37 days, spanning three cycles. During characterization, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the KW was found to be 30421 ± 124 mg/L, indicating a high concentration of organic pollutants. The MFC's performance was evaluated based on the voltage generated, with the first cycle reaching a peak of 254 mV, the second cycle 247 mV, and the third cycle 242 mV. Current and power densities during the three cycles decreased gradually from 66.84 mA/m² and 16.84 mW/m² in the first cycle to 63.68 mA/m² and 15.41 mW/m² in the third cycle respectively. Furthermore, there was a notable reduction in COD from the influent diluted from initial measured COD, from 1120 ± 63 mg/L to an effluent level of 226 ± 49 mg/L, indicating approximately 80% removal rate. The pH of the anolyte progressively dropped with each cycle, reflecting the metabolic activities of bacteria in the anode chamber. The findings underscore MFC's potential for organic waste management and electricity generation, with results outperforming some contemporary studies.

Waste matters: Investigating the knowledge, awareness, and practice of electrical and electronic waste management among undergraduate medical students – A cross-sectional study

Abstract Context: Handling of electronic and electrical waste (E-waste) has adverse effects on the environment and human well-being. To address the environmental and health risks arising from improper e-waste disposal, it is crucial to foster responsible practices and enhance understanding of e-waste management. Aims: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice of e-waste management and association of these factors with demographic variables among undergraduate medical students. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a private medical university among medical students in Malaysia. Subjects and Methods: The selection of participants was done using purposeful sampling, and the questionnaire was distributed in the form of an online survey using Google Forms. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression were calculated. Results: Out of the 135 medical students surveyed, 39.3% demonstrated a good knowledge and 27.4% displayed a good awareness. In terms of practice, 67.4% of respondents appropriately disposed of electronic gadgets, whereas 41.5% properly disposed of electrical appliances. Notably, no statistically significant associations were found between demographic characteristics and the knowledge, awareness, and practice in e-waste management among the participants. Conclusions: Our research emphasizes the insufficient knowledge, awareness, and inadequate implementation of proper practices concerning e-waste management among medical students. Fostering a supportive environment and emphasizing collaborative efforts are crucial steps that empower medical students to actively participate in and contribute to responsible electronic waste practices. This approach enables students to be proactive agents in promoting a greener and more environmentally conscious approach to electronic waste.

Development and evaluation of an automated irrigation system for ordinary agriculture farm

Irrigation is a method of applying water to land or soil to assists the growth of crops. Moisture loss is a common problem in the agricultural situation in developing countries. Therefore, a study was conducted to set up a controlling system for irrigation that is based on the moisture content of soil of the crop field to prevent water and electrical waste using a singlephase water pump and to test the performance of the machine at the field level. The irrigation control machine functions with the help of two electrodes used to measure the soil water content were developed successfully using the low-cost electrical and electronic accessories which functions with DC voltage. This study highlights that the automatic machine was successfully performed in the field. When the machine was used in the field, the vegetative parameters such as average plant height and mean leaf area of the maize plants which was grown under the irrigation of an automatic irrigation system were significantly greater than the normally irrigated plants. Further, the maize plants grown under the automatic irrigation system showed early flowering and 34% average individual plant yield improvement compared to the conventional irrigation system.

Closed-Loop Supply Chain Decision Making For Waste Electrical Appliances in the Context of Blockchain

WEEE recycling not only effectively reduces environmental pollution and resource waste, but also creates economic benefits, which is in line with the concept of green development. However, the recycling market for used and end-of-life electrical products is characterized by problems such as asymmetric information and easy manipulation or loss of data, which may bring losses to enterprises. In this paper, by constructing a game model of the government, producers, and third-party recyclers, We delve into the optimal strategies of individual entities within the supply chain, contemplating both scenarios: the incorporation of blockchain technology and its absence, to determine the most logical and effective approach for each. The results show that the optimal strategies of the supply chain actors change in the case of adopting blockchain technology. At the same time, the profitability of each entity within the supply chain is predominantly influenced by the rate of inventory availability, information loss rate and input technology cost, and each subject can choose whether to put into use blockchain technology according to the actual situation.

Tracing the Path to Sustainability: A Study on Domestic Electricity Consumption, Historical overview of Renewable energy resources, transitioning to sustainable energy sources and its impact on Health

Modern economies are centered on electricity, which is also contributing to an increasing amount of energy services. As a result of increased household incomes, electrification of transport and rising demand for digital connected devices and air conditioning, there will be a rise in the need for energy. Residential electricity consumption in India has tripled over the past few decades with houses having access to uninterrupted power supply. This study is conducted in order to understand the determinants of electricity consumption such as income, family size, stock of electrical appliances, size of dwellings and their influence on consumer’s electricity consumption. It also seeks to examine if the consumers are willing to reduce their electricity consumption and are interested in shifting to renewable energy resources considering the costs involved in shifting to more sustainable energies. Due to the nature of power, which is invisible from the moment it was discovered, as well as consumer attitudes and behavior, saving electricity may appear to be a challenging undertaking. However, if the consumer acquires a basic understanding of what electricity is, how it is utilized, and, more significantly, how energy is wasted, the problem might become very simple. This will make consumers more aware of wasteful electricity use and perhaps encourage them to modify their daily consumption of electricity.