Electrical Transient And Analysis Program Research Articles

Mitigation of harmonic distortions in third rail electrical systems

<span lang="EN-US">The extensive use of power electronic converters in the third rail system increases the harmonic distortions on the rail electrical feeding systems. Electrical machines and transformers could be overheated causing premature failures of the devices. It is therefore important to address the harmonic distortions on the electrical networks during real-time operation, which includes the degraded operation, not just the normal operation. In this paper, the harmonic distortions of a third rail system are investigated using electrical transient and analysis program (ETAP) simulation software. Four operating scenarios, namely the normal operation and three degraded operations, are considered in the studies. The degraded operations occur when one of the bulk supply transformers or 33 kV feeders is out of service. The findings of the studies showed that the 11<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup> order harmonics are the dominant harmonic orders due to the use of 12-pulse rectifiers on the third rail system. Single-tuned harmonic filters are designed and placed in the 33 kV feeders to mitigate the individual voltage harmonic distortion (IHD<sub>v</sub>) and the total voltage harmonic distortion (THD<sub>v</sub>) so that it is within the statutory of IEEE 519:2014.</span>

Study on Voltage Profile and Power Losses of Distributed Photovoltaics Systems Integrated into a Local Distribution Grid in Vietnam

In recent years, the integration of renewable energy into power grid has gained prominence among researchers and scientists due to the growing energy demand and the depletion of fossil fuels. This paper would analyse the Huong Khe 35-kV medium voltage distribution network, in which 373E18.8 and 374E18.8 feeders are selected, to study the effects of the distributed Photovoltaics (PV) systems on the voltage quality and power losses on the grid such as overvoltage, reverse power, and increased power loss. The simulation results might solve the voltage quality and power loss problems. In addition, the results of different scenarios are examined. Using the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software, we discussed how PV plants affected each scenario's voltage profile and power losses in the feeders. This study then provides solutions for those challenges using tap-changers of the substation from 37.5 kV to 36.5 kV and curtailment. Therefore, both the voltage quality and power loss problems have been solved.

Application of hybrid renewable energy for supplying the emergency power supply system in case of station blackout in nuclear power plant

This paper introduces the applications of renewable energy in contributing to the improvement of the electrical system of the nuclear power plant, specifically with regard to energy sources in case of emergency to ensure that there is no malfunction in the cooling systems after unplanned shutdown. The Fukushima accident had an impact on reassessing the design of the electrical systems of nuclear power plants to avoid partial or complete blackout of the nuclear power plants because of its effects on the environment and the population. We proposed a new design to add Wind/PV/Battery power system to the electrical emergency system to enhance the safety and reliability of the electrical emergency systems. This hybrid energy system is used to feed the loads in the event of different scenarios such as startup, normal operation, planned shutdown and unplanned shutdown of the station and the interruption of traditional sources of the Egyptian first nuclear power plant at El-Dabaa site (1200 MWe). The proposed Renewable energy systems are designed and analyzed using electrical transient and analysis program (ETAP), version 19.0.1, assuming different load flow audit scenarios. The study has proven the extent to which renewable energy can be used to ensure the safety functions and protect the nuclear power plant in the event of complete blackout.

Reliability Analysis of Sakarya Area Electricity Distribution System

Power system reliability is an important issue for providing minimal loss of service to each user. It is accepted that almost 90% of power outages are caused by failures in the Electricity Distribution System. In this study, the reliability analysis of the Alancuma feeder belonging to the Sakarya distribution system was aimed. The reliability assessment of the feeder was made using the analytical approach, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique and ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) software, and the results were observed to be close to each other. The most commonly used SAIFI and SAIDI system indices were evaluated according to the Turkey average and the reasons for the interruption for the feeder were investigated.

Electrical Power System Harmonics Analysis Using ETAP

Power generation is normally produced at constant frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz and the generators E.M.F can be considered practically sinusoidal. However, when a source of sinusoidal voltage is applied to a nonlinear device or load, the resulting current is not perfectly sinusoidal. Due to non-linear loads, distortions are produced in the sinusoidal waveform so filters are used to minimize these distortions. This paper aims to build a simulation model of a nine-bus ring system to evaluate characteristics of harmonics in different cases of study using electrical transient and analysis program (ETAP), which is considered one of the best tools to study harmonics in the power system, thus, the harmonic distortion is analyzed in ETAP. To generate harmonic distortion in the power network, a general load is modeled as a source of harmonics. A harmonic load flow analysis was carried out in order to determine the impact of harmonic current on a power network, and the THD% of all types of harmonic models on all the buses was checked and the typical IEEE model that has the highest THD% was chosen and compared with the model that contains low THD indices (one of the best models of IEEE manufacturer).

Electrical Power System Harmonics Elimination Using ETAP

Because of the fast advancement in the creation of power electronics equipment such as automatic Machines, adjustable speed drives, personal computers and other non-linear loads which are the main sources of harmonics. Due to the presence of these nonlinear loads, it is necessary to reduce the level of harmonics created in the power networks. Hence, harmonic analysis of distribution networks is important. The analysis of power systems is an important part of power system engineering. Any electrical utility company's principal goal is to provide the best quality of power. The power system harmonics is one of the major reasons of poor power quality. Harmonics and harmonic analysis must be investigated in filters in order to minimize harmonic current and voltage. This paper aims to build a simulation model of nine bus ring system to evaluate characteristics of harmonics in different cases of study using Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP). Using ETAP harmonic distortion is analyzed and mitigation techniques are used represented bysingle tuned filters which should be installed for worst case and the best-case condition. And the simulation results of ETAP shows that some of THDv,i% results are within the limit value as per IEEE 519 -1992 standard.

Comprehensive analysis and design of furnace oil-based power station using ETAP

High standards of living are linked with the availability of energy. Therefore, there is always a requirement to modify existing power generating systems or to add new systems to fulfill the increasing demands of energy. It is becoming a core issue in the South Asian region so that at least current standards of living could be maintained by controlling growing energy rates and shortening the availability of conventional sources. Furnace oil is a residue obtained in the process of distillation of crude oil in the petroleum industry. This furnace oil is applicable for power generation plants allied with the petroleum industry so that residue of oil refineries could be utilized. In this research, a furnace oil-based power plant is designed in electrical transient and analysis program (ETAP) software. Moreover, steady-state and transient analysis of the proposed design of the power plant are conducted to increase practical viability of model. Load flow is analyzed to depict the performance of the power plant model under load conditions. This model is further tested under the motor starting event to analyze the current drawn by the motor. This event helps to determine the permissible values of protective equipment installed in power plants. In the last, economic dispatch analysis is conducted to find the relative minima of generation cost of furnace oil-based power plant with respect to coal and hydel generation

Monitoring and Evaluation of The Reliability of Distribution Network with Distributed Generation

With the growing population of Ezenei 11KV feeder radiating from the Asaba mains Injection Substation and overstretched distribution network, monitoring and evaluation of the reliability and improvement of distribution network feeder is essential. Failure of some of the equipment at supply restoration is frequent due to weakness of some of the line conductors and long usage of the equipment. In this research work, simulation, analysis and evaluation of the reliability and improvement of Ezenei 11kV feeder was investigated. Load data used were collected from Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC) Asaba between February and April 2018 and this was used to model the sixty – seven (67) buses on the network using Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP). Load flow analysis was carried out on the modelled network using Newton – Raphson (N-R) iteration method to determine the various bus power (active and reactive) and voltage magnitude using the base and distributed generation injected power. Reliability study was carried out on the network and result showed that the load point indices were increasing as distance of load point increased from feeder. The Seventeen load buses which was Okeke bus to Starcom bus forms the location A. and St. Rebecca bus to Chief Ofili bus forms location B. while Odogu bus to Old Deputy Govt. bus forms location, Iyabi bus to MTN III bus forms location D. Okeke and Jimok water which are the closest load buses to the feeder have an Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr) of 8.9264f/yr, 417.1507hr/yr while Victor Odogu and Auditor General has an Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr) of 8.9318f/yr, 417.2857hr/yr and 8.9264 f/yr, 417.1507hr/yr. It was also observed that Chief Osita, Anacho and Estate buses had the highest Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr).

System Performance of a Grid Integrated Distributed Generator using ETAP

Uneconomical augmentation of the grid framework has prompted the usage of electric power toward the end users and has been demonstrated to be practical and to a degree effective. With expanded criticalness on eco-accommodating innovations the utilization of sustainable power sources, for example, small scale hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being investigated. This paper introduces the potential effects of matrix associated photovoltaic (PV) array on electrical systems demonstrated using the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software by validating the system performance parameters of the Deetyakhedi Feeder in Jhalawar district, Rajasthan under different loading conditions on Grid failure and the Sub-feeder disconnection case. This paper elaborates by underlining the significance of generating power from PV panels which exhibits and explains the development in solar technology. Effects of framework associated with solar PV Electricity on Power Systems are additionally discussed in this paper pursued by the authors' synopsis from the various writing's and discoveries with respect to the greatest suitable Solar PV infiltration that can be securely incorporated into existing systems by analyzing the System performance of the Grid Integrated Distributed Generator using ETAP Software. The conclusion covers the various Loading conditions at the Grid failure case and the Sub-Feeder disconnection case evaluating various conditions under which the system again regains its stability after specific time intervals.

Overcurrent and Earthfault Relay Coordination for Microgrid with Numerical Relay Features

This Paper deals with the Relay Coordination for microgrids by considering the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. A microgrid is an active distribution system in which the renewable energy sources and loads connected to feeders operate parallel or autonomously from the main power grid. In a microgrid, Overcurrent relays can be used as the protection device. When there is changeover from grid connected to islanded mode or disconnection of DG will lead to variation in short circuit current. So, the relay may fail to operate or there will be delay in operation. Relay Coordination is done on the basis of load flow and short circuit analysis. Simulation is done using the ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) Software by taking the 9 bus 18 node system.

Load Flow Analysis of Dhaka Grid Using PSAT and ETAP and Performance Comparison to PGCB Data


 This paper deals with a load flow simulation of existing Dhaka Grid Circle of Bangladesh National Grid by using Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) which is a free and open source software of MATLAB Simulink and Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software designed for simulation, operation, and automation of generation, distribution, and industrial power systems. All the data used to simulate were collected from Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) and Load flow analysis was carried out using Newton Raphson method and simulated results were compared with PGCB Base Case Data. The network we are considering to simulate has 71 buses (400, 230 and 132 kV), 135 interconnecting lines, 32 generators, 47 loads and only 4 shunt capacitors as per the Dhaka grid circle system. Regarding the maximum demand of the load centers, total 5,525 MW load is connected in this system and the average grid generation in September, 2018 was 10,919.57 MW, though only 5988 MW of the total generation is enlisted in the Dhaka grid circle.

Integrating the PV-Diesel Hybrid System for Reliability Improvement in Distribution System

In Myanmar, as the main power generation is hydro power generation. the utility cannot supply sufficient power to customers during the dry season. Besides interruptions occur frequently due to aging system and lack of prospered protection. Therefore, reliability is an urgent issue in Myanmar. As a result of unbalance between generation and load, the distribution system is getting poor voltage profile, instability and high power losses in high load condition. According to network characteristics, the failure of a component always leads to consequence interruption in a radial distribution system. Therefore, it is a must consideration to mitigate these challenges to enhance the system reliability. There are many techniques to solve the reliability problems such as reclosers, switching devices (manual and automated switches), system reconfiguration, feeder re-conducting and integration of distributed generation (DG). In this paper, system reliability assessment is evaluated in detail with the integration of the distributed generation such as PV-Diesel Hybrid System. The location of DG is chosen according to the expected energy not supply (EENS) and the voltage drop in proposed system. Next, the optimal sizing of DG is chosen depends on the penetration level of generator. Reliability indices can be evaluated depending on the failure rate(λ), repair time(r) and annual outage time(U) in Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software. The case study of this thesis is carried out in 33/11 kV network which is connected Kyatminton Substation, Kyaukse, Middle Myanmar.

An Investigation of Temperature and Wind Impact on ACSR Transmission Line Sag and Tension

Power transmission is mainly based on overhead transmission lines with conductors being supported by transmission towers. Transmission lines are subjected to environmental stress (temperature changes, winds, snow etc), have an impact on the surrounding areas (visual pollution, building restrictions) and experience heavy losses due to resistive, magnetic and capacitive effects. Thus, proper modeling and installation of these conductors are necessary. The conductors are generally installed in a catenary shape to minimize the capacitive effects and to balance the tension. This paper presents an investigation on the sag and tension behavior under different temperature and wind of ACSR (Aluminum Conductor-Steel Reinforced) lines. Four different cases of temperature and wind are tested to calculate sag and tension. Simulation setup is done in ETAP (electrical transient and analysis program). Results are recorded and discussed.

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT OF NIGERIA’S 330kV TRANSMISSION SUB-NETWORK

The poor investment in the network expansion programme has led to high level of grid fragility experienced in the power transmission system in Nigeria. Thus, any little disturbance often results in cascaded outage which is very hazardous to the power system equipment and operation. In order to overcome or ameliorate the influence of this challenge, the network engineers have to devise methodologies based on the dynamic stability analysis. This motivates the development of power system transient stability model presented herein. The developed model is thus applied to a specimen of the Nigeria’s transmission power system, i.e. the Ikeja-West Sub-network. This choice is influenced by the fact that the Ikeja-West sub-network is the hub of power transmission arteries in Nigeria. Thus the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is deployed to operate on the ensuing model. This then leads to generating a series of results that demonstrates the different scenarios in respect of the system stability studies. The method adopted is quite appealing and promising as a tool in sustaining system stability and security during slight disturbance to the network during operation.http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.26

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT OF NIGERIA’S 330kV TRANSMISSION SUB-NETWORK

The poor investment in the network expansion programme has led to high level of grid fragility experienced in the power transmission system in Nigeria. Thus, any little disturbance often results in cascaded outage which is very hazardous to the power system equipment and operation. In order to overcome or ameliorate the influence of this challenge, the network engineers have to devise methodologies based on the dynamic stability analysis. This motivates the development of power system transient stability model presented herein. The developed model is thus applied to a specimen of the Nigeria’s transmission power system, i.e. the Ikeja-West Sub-network. This choice is influenced by the fact that the Ikeja-West sub-network is the hub of power transmission arteries in Nigeria. Thus the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is deployed to operate on the ensuing model. This then leads to generating a series of results that demonstrates the different scenarios in respect of the system stability studies. The method adopted is quite appealing and promising as a tool in sustaining system stability and security during slight disturbance to the network during operation. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.26