Surface Electrical Resistivity Research Articles

A comprehensive investigation on the impacts of steel slag aggregate on characteristics of high-performance concrete incorporating industrial by-products

Steel slag (SS), an industrial by-product of the steel industry, has the potential to serve as a natural aggregate alternative in concrete production to not only mitigate the exploitation of natural resources but also minimize the environmental impact of its treatment and disposal. This study was designed to investigate comprehensively the impacts of using SS as a full replacement for coarse aggregate and of using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) as partial replacements for Portland cement on the engineering properties (i.e., workability, fresh unit weight, porosity, compressive and flexural strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and drying shrinkage), durability (i.e., water absorption, surface electrical resistivity, and rapid chloride ion penetration), and microstructure (i.e., scanning electron microscopy observation) of high-performance concrete (HPC). A comparative analysis of the economic and environmental benefits of SS concrete versus natural aggregate concrete was also performed. The test results revealed that SS, FA, and GGBFS all impacted the properties of HPC significantly. The HPC mixtures in which natural aggregate had been completely replaced with SS exhibited about 20.4–21.3% higher unit weight than the natural aggregate concrete. The HPC samples with added FA and GGBFS exhibited enhanced performance in terms of mechanical strength, durability, and microstructure. Moreover, total material cost, global warming potential (GWP), and ozone depletion potential (ODP) were all found to be significantly lower in the HPC samples produced using SS and either GGBFS or a combination of FA and GGBFS. As a result, after 210 days of normal curing, the 100% SS concrete containing 15% FA and 35% GGBFS as a Portland cement substitution (S100F15G35 specimen) exhibited compressive and flexural strength values of 110.3 and 11.1 MPa, which were approximately 9.0% higher than the corresponding values of the reference concrete. Also, the S100F15G35 specimen registered the respective ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface electrical resistivity, and rapid chloride ion penetration values of 5328 m/s, 113.3 kΩ.cm, and 203 Coulombs, indicating high-quality and durable concrete. Moreover, incorporating 15% FA and 35% GGBFS in SS concrete resulted in a reduction of 15.7% drying shrinkage and 24.4% total material cost, especially reduced environmental impacts with a significant reduction in GWP and ODP by 43.5% and 29.2%, respectively. These findings further demonstrate the potential of using SS in combination with FA and GGBFS to create high-quality HPC that is both more economical and significantly more sustainable than conventional HPC.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles for use in conductive inks by chemical reduction method

In this study, the chemical reduction method was applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles used to prepare conductive inks. The two variables of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized mole in the 0.01–0.03 mol range and hydrazine reducing mole in the 0.1–0.5 mol range, along with constants such as precursor mole (silver nitrate), complexing mole (ethylene diamine) and solvent mole (water), were used. Nine random samples proposed by the Design Expert software were examined and studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were then used to characterize and evaluate the synthesized nanoparticles. According to the results obtained by XRD, FE-SEM and TEM analyses, the sample with 0.025 mol and 0.3 mol PVP had the minimum size of silver nanoparticles, which was around 20 nm, so it was chosen as the optimal sample for further research. The conductive ink was also prepared with the optimal sample of silver nanoparticles in 40% by weight and then characterized and evaluated by applying ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), FE-SEM and electrical conductivity analysis. Finally, conductive ink was applied to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) substrates. The surface electrical resistance of conductive ink on PET and ABS substrates was then measured at about 6.4 Ω and 2.2 Ω, respectively.

Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on Pore Structure and Transport Characteristics in Low-Calcium Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete

Alkali-activated fly ash slag (AAFS) has emerged as a novel and environmentally sustainable construction material, garnering substantial attention due to its commendable mechanical attributes and minimal ecological footprint. This investigation delves into the influence of slag incorporation on the strength, pore structure, and transport characteristics of AAFS, encompassing various levels of fly ash replacement with slag. To assess the mechanical properties of AAFS concrete, unconfined compression and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were conducted. Meanwhile, microstructural and mineralogical alterations were scrutinized through porosity, N2-adsorption/desorption, and SEM/EDX assessments. In addition, transport properties were gauged using electrical surface resistivity, water permeability, and water vapor permeability tests. According to the results, a remarkable refinement in the pore volume was found by increasing the slag content. The volume of the gel pores and surface area increased significantly associated with the increase in tortuosity. Accordingly, Ca inclusion in the cross-linked sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gel remarkably reduced the transport properties.

Improved electrical resistivity-temperature characteristics of oriented hBN composites for inhibiting temperature-dependence DC surface breakdown

In this paper, oriented hBN composites with anisotropic thermal conductivity are employed to improve electrical resistivity-temperature characteristics, thus inhibiting the occurrence of DC surface flashover under the temperature gradient by directionally manipulating heat flow. The DC surface flashover performance, electrical resistivity, carrier mobility, and electric field distribution of composites depending on the hBN orientation are studied at different temperatures. When the angle between the hBN basal plane and the axis of the electrodes is 90°, the out-of-plane oriented hBN composite shows the best electrical resistivity-temperature characteristics than that of the polymer filled with ceramic particles of positive temperature coefficient, whose surface flashover voltage is 28% higher than that of the out-of-plane oriented hBN composite with the angle of 0° between the hBN basal plane and the axis of the electrodes under the high-voltage electrode heated at 160 °C. The least rise in carrier mobility and electric field intensity near the GND electrode is the main factor in inhibiting the occurrence of DC surface flashover of the oriented hBN composites at high temperatures. The work presented in this paper will notably influence future research directions and modification solutions for DC dielectric materials.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO(x)–Co3O4(1−x) (x = 0.7, 0.5, 0.3) OXIDE THIN FILMS VIA FOUR POINT PROBE DEVICE: SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

ZnO[Formula: see text]–Co3O[Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]= 0.7, 0.5, 0.3) oxide thin films were synthesized via spray pyrolysis deposition. The obtained films were investigated to find the surface electrical resistance ([Formula: see text]) and conductance ([Formula: see text]) using the four point probe device and the Van der Pauw mathematical relation to estimate the electrical resistivity ([Formula: see text]) and conductivity ([Formula: see text]). In addition, the electrical resistance, conductance, resistivity and conductivity were obtained. From the obtained results, we have observed that the electrical quantities of the nanocomposite films are close to the interval bounds of the electrical quantities of the pure materials. For example, at room temperature, the electrical resistivity values of ZnO, Co3O4, ZnO[Formula: see text]–Co3O[Formula: see text], ZnO[Formula: see text]–Co3O[Formula: see text] and ZnO[Formula: see text]–Co3O[Formula: see text] were found to be around 6.89 × 10[Formula: see text], 1.58−103, 339.75, 611.55 and 1333.632 Ω.cm, respectively. This note can be depending on the density (concentration) of the carriers (electron/holes) of the constituents (pure material) of the composite material. Besides, the variations of these quantities were measured as a function of the substrate temperature. It was found that the conductance and conductivity vary proportionally with the temperature, but the electrical resistance and resistivity were inversely proportional. This remark indicates a semiconducting electrical behavior. The possible reaction mixture of pure semiconductors materials in the synthesis process is explained. The studied semiconductor oxides show interesting electrical properties, which makes them potential candidates to be used in various optoelectronic devices.

Microstructure, creep properties, and electrical resistivity of magnetron sputtering deposited SAC305 thin films

This paper investigates the surface morphology, mechanical properties, and electrical resistivity of 96.5Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305) thin films deposited on Si and SiO2 substrates through RF magnetron sputtering. Various deposition parameters were tested using both DC and RF power sources at different pressures and powers to produce robust continuous films. The most optimal surface morphology, with an average grain size of ∼1 μm and a thickness of ∼2.2 μm, was accomplished at a pressure of 2.4 mTorr and 200 W power. After polishing, a uniform thickness of 1800 nm with a mean roughness (Ra) of 14.9 nm was obtained. The samples contained polycrystalline β-Sn grains at (200) diffraction planes with a preferred orientation 2θ of 30.70°. Although the XRD pattern did not indicate any Ag peaks, weak peaks of Ag3Sn were observed at 2θ of 37.60° and 39.59°, corresponding to diffraction planes (020) and (211), respectively. The electrical resistivity of the SAC305 thin film deposited on the SiO2 substrate and of the bulk SAC305 samples were measured as 19.6 and 13.7 μΩ cm, respectively. It was noted that changes in hold time at peak loads or the rate of loading in the creep experiments did not significantly influence the creep properties of the SAC305 bulk or thin film material.

Design and industrial implementation of a multi-functional part produced by powder bed fusion

The use of robot end-effectors programmed to perform handling tasks in industrial environments has expanded in several sectors as a consequence of the rapid digital transformation seen in recent years. With such growing demands, additive manufacturing is evolving in the robotics field with more efficient, innovative, and customer-specific solutions owing to its design flexibility. Thus, this work presents a robot end-effector developed and produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) to execute palletizing operations in the automotive electronics industry, where electrostatic discharge interference is a critical concern. To guarantee the functionality of the developed robot end-effector under real conditions of implementation, prototypes of polyamide 12 (PA12) and PA12 incorporating graphene nanoplatelets were fabricated and characterized. This included the assessment of the mass, electrical surface resistance, and mechanical properties under tensile and compressive loads using biaxial strain gauges coupled to the prototypes for local strain monitoring. The experimental data were then used to define multilinear isotropic hardening models needed to numerically characterize the robotic system. At last, the final product was validated in an industrial environment at Bosch Car Multimedia S.A. Through the applied methodology, valuable insights in guiding process parameters optimization and materials selection for functional PBF parts depending on the technical requirements demanded by industrials are provided.

Investigating the Influence on the Electro-Conductive Properties of Leather as a Result of Natural Aging

Conductive leather and its use in smart products have found a lot of interest. Leather behaves as a good insulator, so it was treated with electrically conducting polypyrrole using a chemical polymerization technique to give it conductive characteristics. The electro-conductive properties are obtained by using the double in–situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. The electrical properties of conductive samples are studied using the Van Der Pauw method as a measuring method. The conductive leather transformation process was carried out during the 2018-2020 period, and the conductive leather samples were preserved in room conditions until the year 2023. The effect of natural ageing on the electro-conductive properties of conductive leather is the focus of this research. The results show that environmental factors influence polymer breakdown and stability, by causing an increase in electrical resistance. The changes in electrical surface resistance, as the effect of the ageing factor, vary from 39.8% to 129.9%. Those changes in electrical resistance indicate that ageing is one of the major concerns in the electrical properties and stability of conductive leather samples, so the performed measurements have importance in providing information for the researchers and designers regarding the conductivity changes over time as a result of natural ageing, which would like to work with conductive leather on smart products.

Investigating the Influence on the Electro-Conductive Properties of Leather as a Result of Natural Aging

Conductive leather and its use in smart products have found a lot of interest. Leather behaves as a good insulator, so it was treated with electrically conducting polypyrrole using a chemical polymerization technique to give it conductive characteristics. The electro-conductive properties are obtained by using the double in–situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. The electrical properties of conductive samples are studied using the Van Der Pauw method as a measuring method. The conductive leather transformation process was carried out during the 2018-2020 period, and the conductive leather samples were preserved in room conditions until the year 2023. The effect of natural ageing on the electro-conductive properties of conductive leather is the focus of this research. The results show that environmental factors influence polymer breakdown and stability, by causing an increase in electrical resistance. The changes in electrical surface resistance, as the effect of the ageing factor, vary from 39.8% to 129.9%. Those changes in electrical resistance indicate that ageing is one of the major concerns in the electrical properties and stability of conductive leather samples, so the performed measurements have importance in providing information for the researchers and designers regarding the conductivity changes over time as a result of natural ageing, which would like to work with conductive leather on smart products.

Investigating the Influence on the Electro-Conductive Properties of Leather as a Result of Natural Aging

Conductive leather and its use in smart products have found a lot of interest. Leather behaves as a good insulator, so it was treated with electrically conducting polypyrrole using a chemical polymerization technique to give it conductive characteristics. The electro-conductive properties are obtained by using the double in–situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. The electrical properties of conductive samples are studied using the Van Der Pauw method as a measuring method. The conductive leather transformation process was carried out during the 2018-2020 period, and the conductive leather samples were preserved in room conditions until the year 2023. The effect of natural ageing on the electro-conductive properties of conductive leather is the focus of this research. The results show that environmental factors influence polymer breakdown and stability, by causing an increase in electrical resistance. The changes in electrical surface resistance, as the effect of the ageing factor, vary from 39.8% to 129.9%. Those changes in electrical resistance indicate that ageing is one of the major concerns in the electrical properties and stability of conductive leather samples, so the performed measurements have importance in providing information for the researchers and designers regarding the conductivity changes over time as a result of natural ageing, which would like to work with conductive leather on smart products.

Evaluation of the early strength of limestone-slag-cement ternary composite mortar improved by aluminum sulfate

Limestone-slag-Portland cement mixtures have a low carbon footprint but have low early compressive strength. This study proposes a method to improve the early strength of ternary mixture mortar using aluminum sulfate, evaluates its effectiveness, and tests the optimal dosage. The fresh paste hydration heat and mortar macroscopic properties, such as mechanical performance, resistivity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity, were measured at different dosages (0, 1, 2, and 3%) of aluminum sulfate. Microscopic testing methods, such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to analyze the interaction mechanism between aluminum sulfate and the ternary mixture. The research findings demonstrated that aluminum sulfate enhanced the early mechanical properties and significantly improved the 28-day resistivity. Dosages of 1% and 2% had no adverse effects on the 28 d strength, whereas a 3% dosage reduced the 28 d strength. In the presence of aluminum sulfate, the early hydration heat release of the mixture increased significantly, ettringite became the main early hydration product, and portlandite decreased significantly. Considering the changes in the early strength, 28 d strength, and surface electrical resistivity, a 1% aluminum sulfate dosage was determined as the optimal addition level.

6-month evaluation of concrete aging factor using chloride migration test: Effects of binder type and w/b ratio

Service life modeling is a relevant tool in the design of durable concrete structures. Among the service life prediction models, many introduce the so-called concrete aging factor, which aims to express the reduction of concrete diffusivity over time. This paper presents an experimental assessment of the concrete aging factor up to the age of 6 months based on the chloride migration coefficient. Several concretes produced with different binder types, mineral additions, and water/binder ratios were evaluated. Concrete compressive strength and surface electrical resistivity are also addressed. The results indicate a strong influence of the type of binder and the use of mineral additions on the aging factor of the concrete – especially in concretes with water/binder ratio = 0.45. The inclusion of the aging factor in service life prediction models and the extrapolation of data obtained at the first ages of concrete for long-term analysis are discussed.

Plasticizer structural effect for sustainable and high-performance PVC gel-based triboelectric nanogenerators

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) produces electrical energy by the accumulation of electric charges when two different materials rub against each other. In this study, the characteristics, and stabilities of adipate PVC gels with different adipate plasticizers were investigated for the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for sustainable energy harvesting. Various plasticizers with different numbers of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain were used to synthesize PVC gels, and their triboelectric properties, permittivities, and electrical conductivities were evaluated. In particular, we investigated the relationship between the surface charge dissipation rate and electrical resistivity of the PVC gel, which can maximize the TENG performance. The DOA5-based PVC gel TENG showed the highest output performance (198 V, 15.6 µA, and 384 µW/cm2) and stable output performance without plasticizer leakage for over 30 days at a high temperature. The developed TENG can be used as a power source for small electronic devices, maintaining a stable and high-output performance with high durability, making it ideal for self-powered systems in harsh environments requiring continuous power supply.

Investigation of subsurface karst in an opencast mine in southwestern China via surface and cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography

Subsurface karst features are significantly developed in Guangxi Province, China. This area mainly contains fractured subsurface rock, abundant karst channels, and widely distributed underground fissure networks. Such adverse geological conditions could potentially create hydrogeological hazards such as collapses, water inrush, and mud inrush during infrastructure construction. The Hejing limestone mine is an opencast mine in Pingnan County, Guangxi, that produces cement. Mining activities have altered the seepage fields in this area, causing large amounts of groundwater to flood into the mining pit; this has caused many ground collapses while severely reducing limestone production. More than 24 km of surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles have been previously recorded in the region to identify potential karst positions and explore groundwater inrush paths. In this study. we employed surface and cross-borehole ERT surveys to delineate specific groundwater inrush paths on the eastern side of the mine and characterise karst distribution in the study area. Resistivity imaging results revealed some low-resistivity anomaly distributions and provided reliable geological information about the distribution of subsurface karst for future grouting work.

Synthesis and Characterization of Electrical and Thermal Conductive Vinyltriethoxysilane Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films.

The present study is an attempt to improve thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). For this purpose, vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) was grafted covalently on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). This VTES functionalized graphene oxide (VGO) was dispersed in the PMMA matrix using the solution casting method. The morphology of the resultant PMMA/VGO nanocomposites was analyzed by SEM indicating well-dispersed VGO in the PMMA matrix. Thermal stability, tensile strength and thermal conductivity increased by 90%, 91% and 75%, respectively, whereas volume electrical resistivity and surface electrical resistivity reduced to 9.45 × 105 Ω/cm and 5.45 × 107 Ω/cm2, respectively.

Innovative hydrogeophysical approach for detecting the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity in Bahri city, Sudan: A comparative study of Csókás and Heigold methods

Hydraulic conductivity is one of the crucial parameters used to identify the potentiality and productivity of groundwater aquifers. This research employs an integrated approach using geophysical well logging, exploratory factor analysis and surface electrical resistivity methods to detect the vertical and horizontal variation of hydraulic conductivity in Bahri city, Sudan. Based on the geophysical well logs of Spontaneous potential (SP), natural gamma ray (GR), and electrical resistivity (RS), Csókás method is used to determine the continuous variation of hydraulic conductivity along the aquifer. Csókás method is an experimentally modified version of the Kozeny–Carman equation and is based on the formation factor of the groundwater aquifer and the effective grain size. This approach is performed in three groundwater boreholes, and the obtained hydraulic conductivities showed a close agreement with that of the pumping test analysis. Furthermore, the hydraulic conductivity is measured using multivariate statistical factor analysis. This statistical approach relies on the correlation between the extracted factors and petrophysical and hydrogeological parameters. In this research, a strong negative linear correlation between the first factor and hydraulic conductivity is indicated. Consequently, a site-specific equation is suggested for continuous estimation of hydraulic conductivity along the aquifer. In the last stage, the results obtained from the Csókás method are interpolated with vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements using to detect the horizontal variation of hydraulic conductivity throughout the studied area. This was achieved by combining the hydraulic conductivities of geophysical well logging and vertical electrical soundings to obtain a consistent estimation. As a result, the variation of hydraulic conductivity is obtained, and the average was 1.9 m/day which shows a close agreement with the average of the previous investigations (1.5 m/day). This approach is highly recommended since it can enhance data coverage, cutting down the expense of hydrogeological investigations and lowering the uncertainty of the hydrogeological models.

Hydraulic conductivity estimation and lithological classification of an esker aquifer system using surface electrical resistivity surveys and a neural network

Empirical and theoretical relationships between hydraulic conductivity, lithology, and electrical resistivity provide a basis for the use of electrical resistivity for aquifer characterization in unconsolidated sediments. This study demonstrates a meaningful field-scale correlation between vertically distributed hydraulic conductivity obtained from packer-based borehole hydraulic tests, and electrical resistivity obtained from surface-based geophysical surveys over the Vars-Winchester esker aquifer system, Ontario, Canada. Electrical resistivity alone has order-of-magnitude predictive capacity for hydraulic conductivity, but is insufficient to reliably discriminate between aquifer and aquitard lithology. An alternative methodology is developed that takes advantage of the observed correlation between hydraulic conductivity and elevation, and the separability of lithology in terms of elevation. Electrical resistivity and elevation are combined as predictor variables for hydraulic conductivity using both multiple linear regression and nonlinear neural network regression, and for neural network classification of lithology. Neural network regression results in prediction accuracy for log-transformed hydraulic conductivity of 0.38–0.52 with clear definition of vertical and lateral heterogeneity. Classification accuracy for lithology is 83–84% with high probability of discrimination between the unconsolidated aquifer and aquitard sediments, and lower probability identification of the bedrock surface due to fewer samples at depth and limited penetration depth of the resistivity survey.

Conductive silver films with tunable surface properties: thickness, roughness and porosity

The organasol of nanoparticles (3 M, the particle size 6 ± 1 nm) was synthesized by the silver nitrate reduction with hydrazine in the reverse emulsions stabilized by the sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate. The obtained silver nanoparticle emulsion was concentrated using electrophoretic concentration. The silver nanoparticle films with tunable thickness (from 3.9 ± 0.2 to 1.7 ± 0.2 µm), porosity (from 26 ± 10 to 46 ± 12%), density (from 5.7 ± 1.5 to 7.8 ± 3.0 g/cm3), roughness (from 4 ± 2 to 131 ± 19 nm) and surface electrical resistivity (from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.10 ± 0.01 Ohm/□) were obtained. The sintering process of the silver nanoparticle films was studied by in situ XRD experiment using synchrotron radiation. The separation procedure for the metallic films from the solid substrates was proposed. The separated sintered silver nanoparticle film was considered as a Janus membrane. The wetting asymmetry of the obtained Janus membrane was of 39°. The obtained films were considered as promising functional material with the bactericidal and the electrical conductive properties. The obtained Janus membrane could be placed on the flexible polymer substrates.

Development of high performance granite fine fly dust particle reinforced epoxy composites: structure, thermal, mechanical, surface and high voltage breakdown strength properties

The granite waste generated from the granite cutting and polishing industries contributes to lot of environmental contamination and health hazards. In the present work, an attempt has been made to assess the method to minimise environmental problems associated with granite dust pollution to the possible extent by converting the granite dust waste into value added high voltage electrical insulator products. Two types of epoxy matrices comprising bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-phenalkamine (ER-1) and bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (ER-2) separately reinforced with varying weight percentages of (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 wt%) of granite dust. The matrices and composites obtained were characterized for their structural, morphology, hydrophobic properties, thermal stability, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, electrical resistivity, breakdown voltage and dielectric strength behaviour using appropriate analytical testing methods. Data resulted from different studies, it was inferred that the composites prepared using ER-2 possess better properties than those of ER-1. The composites with 100 wt% of cutting waste granite fly dust reinforced ER-2 possesses the higher values of electrical surface resistivity (5.22 × 1012 Ω), and electrical volume resistivity (5.60 × 1013 Ω) than those of neat ER-2 matrix (surface resistivity 4.82 × 109 Ω and volume resistivity 2.48 × 1013 Ω). The breakdown voltage and dielectric strength of ER-2 matrix were increased from 28 ±1 kV and 14 ± 0.5 kV/mm to 34 ±1 kV and 17 ± 0.5 kV/mm respectively, when reinforced with 100 wt % granite dust. The value of breakdown voltage was increased by 22% for 100 wt% granite dust reinforced composites when compared to that of neat epoxy matrix.

Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Lime Pastes and Mortars for Use in Restoration

Slaked lime is traditionally a suitable material for use in construction activities in historic and traditional buildings whose constitutive characteristics demand compatible and appropriate material solutions. Therefore, knowing the physical and mechanical characterization of lime pastes and mortars for use in restoration is considered an important step in the process of scientific development of a material that, in the Mexican case, has lacked scientific rigor in its production, use and commercialization. With this in mind, the present article aims to investigate the characteristics of lime pastes and mortars that have been used in the traditional way and the new limes that exist in the market, offering suitable options for restoration, for which an integrated methodology was used consisting of physical tests such as surface area, electrical resistivity, pulse velocity, colorimetry, and mechanical tests such as compressive strength, giving as a result that “traditional slaked” lime is more likely to deteriorate than powdered lime, which leads us to conclude that powdered hydrated lime has optimal characteristics for restoration activities.