Protection Of Electrical Systems Research Articles

Efectos por la interconexión de generación distribuida en el sistema de protección de sobrecorriente

El presente trabajo de investigación se enfoca en la determinación de los efectos que puede generar la interconexión de generación distribuida en el sistema de protección eléctrico de sobrecorriente de una red de distribución radial mediante simulaciones que emulen el comportamiento real de las diferentes magnitudes eléctricas en la red. Se utiliza como caso de estudio la red de distribución troncal (alimentador) 13,8kV Vía Buena Fe y su sistema de protección de sobrecorriente principal.

Development of IoT-Based Smart Home Electrical Protection System

This study aims to: (1) develop a smart home electrical protection system, (2) determine the feasibility, and (3) user responses to the developed system. Development research was conducted using the ADDIE and Waterfall models. Product trials were conducted on 94 respondents from college students. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive techniques. The results showed that: (1) there was an IoT-based electrical protection system that was feasible to be applied in smart homes. (2) the feasibility of the developed media is included in the “Very Appropriate” category according to the expert, and (3) user responses to the IoT-based electrical protection system are in the “Very Good” category.

Design of Electrical Setting Protection System Indarung VI Cement Plant (Case Study New Cement Plant Construction at PT Semen Padang)

Along with the rapid development of technology and the development of civilization, electrical energy is very important in all fields. This research will conduct a study on the electrical protection system design of PT Semen Padang's Indarung VI Cement Plant using the ETAP 12.6 software. PT Semen Padang's Indarung VI Cement Plant uses three transformers of 150 / 6.3 kV of 30/35 MVA (ONAN / ONAF) and each Main Substation has substations that will supply all the loads to be used. The power flow study shows that the addition of a capacitor bank and a tap changer setting will improve the power factor and voltage of the system, thereby reducing the power supply sent by PLN. The short circuit study shows that the largest short circuit current, which is 35 kA, can be protected by a circuit breaker with a breaking capacity of 40 kA. The protection system coordination study shows that the results of the overcurrent relay setting can protect the electrical system of Indarung VI Cement Plant selectively and safely.

Impedance analysis of current return networks in composite aircraft based on partial element equivalent circuit

In order to calculate the impedance of metal return network connected with composite skin, the volume based partial element equivalent circuit method is used to model the return network, and the impedance between the nodes of the return network at different frequencies is calculated. The influence of the contact resistance between the elements of the current return networks on the impedance is also considered. Moreover, the influence of some component parameters on impedance is analysed. The calculation results verify the applicability of the algorithm and the correctness of the calculation results and provide some references for the composite aircraft current return networks in the fault management and electrical protection system design.

Design of Polarimetric-Based Optical Current Sensor for Electric Power System Application

Many problems arise in the electric power protection system due to applying a ferrous core current transformer (CT). One of the most crucial problems is a magnetic saturation issue, which tends to cause a measurement error on the secondary side of the CT and could reduce the performance of the protection system. An alternative solution to this issue is the needs to develop an electric current sensor utilizing optical materials. A polarimetric-based optical current sensor (OCS) is a technique considered to be compatible with the future smart grid environment. The OCS principles are based on the magneto-optic Faraday effect that could produce optical rotation in the optical media when a polarized light propagates in those materials. Due to the linear and circular birefringences effect in optical fiber medium are exist, therefore, in this paper the OCS and its associated elements are modelled by considering the birefringence effect in the optical sensor system including optical fiber links. Then, the OCS model is translated to a computer simulation program using a computer application software. Orientation of the second polarizer (analyzer) to the first polarizer in the simulation were conducted using two different angles which are angle α of 45° and 90°. Performance assessment of the OCS model is presented using two various electric current of the power system test to investigate the presence or absence of the saturation effect that may arise in the polarimetric-based optical current sensor model. The simulation results have provided that the saturation effect disappear in the simulation and the analyzer orientation angle α of 45° gives better performances of optical power modulation than the other angle.

Impact of Distributed Generation on the Electric Protection System

This paper provides a study of the impact of distributed generation (particularly Solar and wind energy) on the electric protection system. Due to energy poverty, most countries globally are now open to the use of Distributed Generation (DG) such as wind and solar powered generators, South Africa being one of them. Based on previous research, numerous effects associated with the integration of DG on the protection system have been discovered and their solutions adopted to curb these problems. However, it is still uncertain how the integration of these DG impacts the protection system. In this study, DigSilent PowerFactory software is used to simulate a network pre-and post-connection of DG according to the South African grid code requirements to reflect the power flow and fault levels. DigSilent software is also used to populate protection devices in the network such as current transformers, circuit breakers and relays. The main types of faults covered in the study are single-phase to ground faults on transmission lines and three phase faults on Busbars. The study focuses on Overcurrent Protection on the low voltage network by analysing the behaviour of the Inverse Definite Time Relays pre and post connection of DG in the event of a fault in the network. Furthermore, a case study on Distance relays applied on transmission lines is analysed clearly showing their behaviour with the connection of DG.

Preventing cascading failure of electric power protection systems in nuclear power plant

Cascading failure is the main cause of large blackouts in electrical power systems; this paper analyzes a cascading failure in Hanbit nuclear power plant unit two (2) caused by a circuit breaker (CB) operation failure. This malfunction has been expanded to the loss of offsite power (LOOP). In this study, current practices are reviewed and then the methodologies of how to prevent cascading failures in protection power systems are introduced. An overview on the implementation of IEC61850 GOOSE messaging-based zone selective interlocking (ZSI) scheme as key solution is proposed. In consideration of ZSI blocking time, all influencing factors such as circuit breaker opening time, relay I/O response time and messages travelling time in the communication network should be taken into account. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the effect of cascading failure in NPP electrical power protection system and propose preventive actions for this failures. Finally, the expected advantages and challenges are elaborated.

DISTANCE RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION ANALYSIS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE 150 KV LOMBOK POWER SYSTEM

Lombok electrical system has been operating a 150kV high voltage transmission line and has been developing continuously. High voltage transmission line construction is an effort to improve electrical system quality and reliability. Thus, good protection is needed to maintain the distribution reliability of electrical power. One of the relays used in the Lombok electrical protection system is a distance relay. Distance relay works as the main protection in the transmission system by measuring fault impedance value based on current and voltage detected by the relay. 
 This study illustrates how to calculate distance relay setting impedance in Z1pri, Z2pri and Z3pri then held a short-circuit simulation in software ETAP 7.5 to examine it. 
 Setting calculation result of distance relay in Ampenan for Ampenan – Jeranjang line protection, with 3,25 Ω (7.543 km)line impedance, is Z1pri = 2.6057 Ω (6.0345 km), t1 = 0 second, Z2pri = 13.7056 Ω (31.7406 km), t2 = 0.4 second, Z3pri = 24.7209 Ω (57.2508 km), t3 = 1.2 second. Relay’s setting impedance is larger than fault impedance detected by the relay, so that distance relay has been able to protect the system. This study may also show graphic of setting impedance and time coordination from distance relay for every protection area section.

Motor Load Protection of Electrical Systems From the Phase Failure in the Supply Network

The results of mathematical modeling show that during phase failure in power supply systems with asyn-chronous and synchronous motors is appear power flows interchange between individual motors and the sup-ply network, which makes it difficult to perform selective protection against exceeding the inverse sequence currents by known methods. Proposed protection on the supply input and on individual motors, based on the control of the current level of the inverse sequence and the absence of current in one of the phases. This protec-tion on the supply input is also can used as start of fast-acting automatic transfer switch. The results of success-ful tests of protection are presented.

Ground vehicles hydraulic system pneumatic hydraulic valve

Hydraulic systems equipped with working bodies hydraulic drives are widely used in ground vehicles. The researches show that one of the modern hydraulic drives problems is the destruction of flexible high-pressure hoses and the unauthorized pressure fluid discharge into the atmosphere. The analysis of the machines hydraulic drive protecting existing methods shows that the urgency of their improvement problem remains, since, for most of them the loss is between 3 and 10 l when operating, for example, pneumatic electric protection system - 6 … 8 l., float protection system is up to 10 l. As can be seen from the analysis, after the protection system locking device actuation leakage of the pressure fluid is preserved. The hydromechanical hydraulic drive protection system is the closest in technical essence and the achieved technical result. However, it also has a disadvantage, for example, when the locking device is actuated a hydraulic shock occurs, and leads to an oscillatory process of the plunger, an increase in the overlap time of the damaged hydraulic line, a decrease in the speed of the locking device and its operational reliability. To eliminate these shortcomings, the authors propose a new technical solution.

Smart embarked electrical network based on embedded system and monitoring camera

To improve the quality of life and its comfort with more security, the world of transport is moving towards the all-electric. This imposes an embarked electrical network type operation, and this network based on parallel alternators connecting, which requires more energy and needs synchronisation with identical phases between alternators. In addition, some conditions must be respected to avoid energy crises and increase the efficiency of the system. To ensure the stability and protection of this type of system, the control will be performed by a reliable controller with remote control and monitoring of all data in real time. In this paper, we realise a prototype of protection and monitoring of electrical equipment using a Raspberry Pi as an intermediate embedded system and an RPi camera. In addition, the communication between the electrical system and the web application will be done by Json file or by data stored in the database. For any change in the desired values, the electrical protection system sends a message and a musical warning to the website in real time. In addition, the monitoring will be generated by the FIFO memory for image processing and the servomotor to control the direction of the RPi camera.

A Simple Self-Tuning Resonant Control Approach for Power Converters Connected to Micro-Grids With Distorted Voltage Conditions

Over the last few decades, the consolidated goal of reducing greenhouse gasses has increased the relevance of renewable energy research, electromobility, energy storage, and distributed generation, micro-grids, among others. Micro-grids, systems working in islanding mode, are particular cases where some disadvantages are present due to the wide variations which may appear across their electrical quantities. Variations on the voltage amplitude and the frequency are intrinsic in the operation of weak grids, because they have low inertia and therefore the load must be able to cope with these variations, otherwise loads may trip electrical system protection. Particularly, on power electronic drives, these frequency deviations will lead to increased system nonlinearities, entailing a more critical controller design. To overcome these issues, this paper presents an implementation of a resonant controller with self-tuned gains. The strategy imposes a constant sampling time which allows these controllers to be used in variable frequency environments. In addition, the computational capacity required for the digital board is also considered. The simulated and experimental results provided demonstrate the good performance of this proposal.

Pelatihan Teknik Teknik Proteksi Instalasi Listrik Sebagai Upayah Pembinaan UMKM Kelom Geulis Tasikmalaya dalam Bidang Keselamatan Kerja

This program is a service for the Tasikmalaya home industry community in implementing technology for Community Development (IbBM) presented by LPPM-PMP of Siliwangi University. The partner in this program is a home industry that produces typical Tasikmalaya footwear made from wood waste known as “kelom geulis”. This home industry is located in Tasikmalaya, West Java province. The problem of partners found in the field is the high electricity consumption caused by lack of electrical installation protection systems skill and knowledge. The solution offered in this program is training of protection installation of electrical sistem. The target of the trainning is employee and owners of partmer. The results of this program, through training and focus group discussions, after testing with 15 questions from the training participants, it was found that the partners had very little understanding in understanding electricity protection for small industries. After the training, there is 60% progress increasing rate of knowledge and skill of participants from the initial ability before the partners attend training and coaching.

Performance of impedance measurement algorithm applied in line with a compensation circuit

This paper describes a performance of impedance measurement algorithms of SEL-421 distance relay protection when applied to protect series compensated line during fault conditions. The Performance is carried out by varying the value of uncertainty parameters to the accuracy of the impedance measurement algorithm of the relay for the simulated faults, which is measured from the located relay to the fault points. Experiments were carried out with a combination of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software to model and simulate electrical power protection systems with a system voltage of 400 kV and a line length of 300 km with compensation circuit placed in the middle of a protected transmission line. For a fault simulated 0.45 p. U in front of compensation circuit, the relay still works correctly. However, there will be an operation failure of the relay for the fault simulated at 0.8 p. U behind compensation circuit. Faults simulation and performances are performed automatically through the algorithm developed using the DIgSILENT Program Language (DPL). From the enclosed results, the developed method is applicable for testing the performance of the IEDs algorithm.

Effect of Anode Temperature and Contact Voltage on the Design of Arc- Less Micro Electrical Contact

Objective: This paper presents the effect of anode temperature and contact voltage on the breakdown arc of micro electrical contact pair under DC excitation. Methods: A rectangular micro electrical contact pair is considered. The resistance and capacitance of the contact pair are obtained for the materials Al, Cu, Au and Pt. The anode temperature is calculated based on the 3D heat equation. Pre-breakdown arc due to anode temperature is analyzed. Result: The breakdown voltage and breakdown electric field characteristics for the gap between 0.5µm and 30µm are reported. The electric field of micro electrical contact pair is analyzed mathematically. The calculated values of resistance, anode temperature and electric field are compared with the simulation results obtained using COMSOL multiphysics FEA software tool. The arc-less operating region of micro contact is identified. Four cases with the ratings 50V/5A, 50V/0.5A, 400 V/ 5A and 400V/0.5A have been considered for the analysis of arcless micro electrical contact. Conclusion: These results can be considered while designing arc-less micro electrical switches, micro relays and micro circuit breakers which can be applicable for the future DC electric power distribution, protection system and automobiles. Also these results can be considered when designing micro actuators, sensors and electrostatic devices.

Antisipasi Kerusakan Motor Listrik 3 Fasa pada Peralatan Laboratorium Pendidikan dan Unit Produksi Sabutret Menggunakan Pengaman Phase Failure Relay

he 3 phase electric motor is a type of electric motor which is simple, easy to maintain, cheap in price and has a constant rotation, but many requirements must be met when installing a 3 phase electric motor installation. One of the causes of frequent 3 phase electric motor damage is the loss of current and voltage across a phase, if the electrical voltage is lost 1 phase then a phase change occurs in other words the motor works very heavy and fast heat so that the insulation of the stator coil is damaged and short circuit occurs coil so that the electric motor is on fire. One effort to safeguard the 3 phase electric motor is the installation of Phase Failure Relay (PFR), which aims to minimize equipment damage at the Education Laboratory and Sabutret production unit, especially the security of 3 phase electric motors that are widely used in the laboratory. The purpose of designing the tool from this study is: protect one phase loss when the 3 phase electric motor is operating, with this system in the event of loss of current and voltage the phase of the system will turn off automatically, thereby reducing the risk of damage to the electric motor before repairs are carried out, facilitate the process of teaching and learning activities and production in the laboratory. Thus the 3 phase electric motor protection system is expected to contribute to the world of education, especially for students of Agricultural Mechanization study programs and other study programs at the Lampung State Polytechnic. Keywords : 3 phase electric motor protection system, Phase Failure Relay, phase loss, and Phase Angle

A BIM-based approach to automate the design and coordination process of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems

The design and spatial coordination of mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems (MEP) have become a major challenge for successful project delivery. Traditionally, MEP coordina...

Research on Reliability for Electrical System

Specific to the electrical system protection unit, a weighting coefficient method to predict the reliability of the protection unit was proposed. Take the power system as an example, the predicting result for the failure rate of the protection unit was given. The result illustrated that the failure rate of the protection unit predicted with weighting coefficient method is only about one third of traditional prediction method, the reliability prediction of the protection unit based on weighting coefficient method is expected to be a reasonable modification for the traditional component counting method, and the result is more scientific and accurate.

Learning Media Based on Augmented Reality Applied on the Lesson of Electrical Network Protection System

Technology is created and developed to help people work more efficiently. One of them is Augmented Reality technology. Augmented Reality is a technology that combines two or three dimensional virtual objects into the real three-dimensional environments, then it is projecting the virtual objects in real time, in this case it was possible to help ease the learning process for displaying props and also to increase students attention. In this study, the learning media based on Augmented Reality applied to the subject of Electrical Network Protection System.

Distribution Power System Reliability Assessment Considering Cold Load Pickup Events

Power system reliability measures for residential distribution networks have gained a lot of attention in recent years. This is due to the introduction of smart grids, where the quality of the delivered power becomes a crucial issue. In this paper, a new methodology to include cold load pickup (CLPU) events in the reliability assessment of power distribution systems is proposed. The developed methodology presents a platform to include CLPU events in the reliability assessment assuming an optimal systematic procedure is used to restore the affected load points. The methodology is applied on a test system using a state-of-the-art search technique named lightning search algorithm (LSA). The optimal plan takes into account electrical code protection system settings, system operation limits, and stochastic behavior of the load. The reliability indices for a base case without considering CLPU is compared with the case that considers CLPU assuming an optimal restoration. Both cases are compared further under fixed-restoration plans with different time intervals. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to improve the distribution network reliability by considering the CLPU events.