Protection Of Electrical Systems Research Articles

Design and Construction of Thermal Overload Relay (Siemens 3ua50) Based on Arduino Uno

A Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) is a device in an electric motor protection system designed to safeguard the motor from damage due to overheating or overcurrent. This research discusses the design and implementation of a Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) based on Arduino Uno, which is a popular and flexible microcontroller platform. This design includes the PZEM-004T sensor to detect the electrical current and temperature of the electric motor. The design integrates the advantages of the PZEM-004T sensor in accurately measuring current and voltage with the flexibility and programming capabilities of Arduino in control and data processing. This system utilizes Arduino’s communication capabilities to transmit current and temperature data in real-time, enabling remote monitoring and quick response to potentially hazardous conditions. The result of this project is a tool that can replace the function of the TOR itself, where the characteristics produced are close to those of conventional TORs, and the thermal principle in the TOR is regulated with a time delay disconnection in the Arduino program.

Proposal for a protection system of an industrial electrical network

An electrical protection system in an industry Works by detecting and acting against abnormal conditions in the electrical system with the objective of guaranteeing the safety of people, protecting equipment and ensuring the continuity of industrial process. Taking into account the importance of guaranteeing adequate electrical protection system in an industrial activity in this research a proposal for the protection system for an industrial electrical network is presented. As a previous step proposal, the methodology desingned for the coordination of protections for an industrial electrical network was proposed. The proposal was designed taking into account four operating scenarios required to calibrate the industry’s protection devices. The short circuit analysis maximum in each of the system bars for each of the scenarios allowed determining the maximum phase failure currents it is 44.44% for emergency 1 and 66.66% for emergency 2, while the maximum ground fault current was founding emergency scenario2. At the news to the four scenarios of the industrial network in the actuation times of the devices of protection, there is not considerable variation; this is justified by the current time graph because when there is a serious short circuit current, the action time should be shorter. On the contrary, when there is a small current time will be greater

Numerical investigation on thermal protection of wind turbine flanges in extremely cold weather

PurposeThermal protection of a flange is critical for preventing tower icing and collapse of wind turbines (WTs) in extremely cold weather. This study aims to develop a novel thermal protection system for the WTs flanges using an electrical heat-tracing element.Design/methodology/approachA three-dimensional model and the Poly-Hexacore mesh structure are used, and the fluid-solid coupling method was validated and then deployed to analyze the heat transfer and convection process. Intra-volumetric heat sources are applied to represent the heat generated by the heating element, and the dynamic boundary conditions are considered. The steady temperature and temperature uniformity of the flange are the assessment criteria for the thermal protection performance of the heating element.FindingsEnlarging the heating area and increasing the heating power improved the flange's temperature and temperature uniformity. A heating power of 4.9 kW was suitable for engineering applications with the lowest temperature nonuniformity. Compared with continuous heating, the increased temperature nonuniformity was buffered, and the electrical power consumption was reduced by half using pulse heating. Pulse heating time intervals of 1, 3 and 4 h were determined for the spring, autumn and winter, respectively.Originality/valueThe originality of this study is to propose a novel electrical heat-tracing thermal protection system for the WTs flanges. The effect of different arrangements, heating powers and heating strategies was studied, by which the theoretical basis is provided for a stable and long-term utilization of the WT flange.

Health and safety in hair salons during the Covid-19 situation: A cross-sectional study in a semi-urban district in Thailand

ObjectiveSince the COVID-19 crisis in Thailand, the need for salons to have impeccable hygiene and client-hairdresser monitoring heightened. Due to scarce research on the COVID-19 preventive measures taken by hairdressing salons in semi-urban locations in Thailand during the pandemic, this study aimed to evaluate the standard of hair salons in preventing COVID-19 disease transmission in a semi-urban district in the northeastern region of Thailand. MethodsUsing the purposive sampling method, data were collected from 22 Hair Salons. Data collection tools were a self-completed questionnaire designed into different sections to obtain information on demographics, work conditions and environmental health standard compliance according to guidelines set by the Thai Ministry of Public Health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analyses were done, such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency. ResultsThe mean age of our respondents was 41.82 (±8.18) years, more than half were females (63.6 %). Most of the criteria assessing beauty salon standards according to Department of Health guidelines were passed, with all of the salons passing the lighting evaluation and mostly passing the heat and electric shock protection system evaluation, but the implementation of guidelines for preventive measures during the COVID-19 epidemic, according to Department of Health guidelines, suggested non-compliance by most hair Salons. ConclusionBeauty salons should implement and strictly adhere to guidelines according to Department of Health standards. Training or education sessions regarding the prevention of infectious disease transmission should be conducted, as hairdressers should be motivated to comply with health and environmental health standards for both salon staff and clients' confidence. Further research should also be done on the behaviours associated with health risks in beauty salons at the national or border-nation level.

Coordinated Overcurrent Relay Development with Arduino and ACS712

This study presents the design and evaluation of an overcurrent relay system using Arduino Uno, ACS712 current sensors, and electromagnetic relays. Conducted at the University of Negros Occidental–Recoletos, Philippines, from March 2023, the research focuses on developing a relay with accurate trip times and reliable performance. The designed relay features multiple characteristics including Standard Inverse, Very Inverse, and Extremely Inverse, with time delays ranging from 20 ms to 100 ms and time multiplier settings from 0.1 to 0.23. Testing results showed that the Extremely Inverse characteristic achieved the fastest trip time of 0.11 seconds at 9.3 A, while the Normal Inverse characteristic had a trip time of 1.04 seconds at 1.7 A. The relay's error margins were well within the 5% tolerance limit set by IEC 60255 standards, with errors ranging from 0.027 to 0.028. Effective coordination was achieved by adjusting the Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) values to ensure fault isolation without disrupting other system components. The results confirm that the relay design is both accurate and reliable, suitable for practical implementation in electrical protection systems. Future work could involve integrating additional functionalities and testing under diverse environmental conditions.

ОГЛЯД ПРИНЦИПІВ СЕЛЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАХИСТІВ В РОЗПОДІЛЬЧИХ МЕРЕЖАХ СПОЖИВАЧІВ НАПРУГОЮ 0,4 кВ

The analysis of existing principles of selectivity indicates the complexity and incompleteness of ensuring the coordination of the operation of protection devices in distribution networks of 0.4 kV consumers. Current selectivity is ensured only in the area of action of short-circuit currents. To ensure it, electromagnetic or electronic decouplers with a constant deceleration setting are required. This type of disconnectors is used to perform time selectivity and limit the thermal impact of short-circuit currents on the electrical installation and device. The use of devices with "pseudo-time" selectivity ensures the selectivity of the operation of automatic switches in the area of short-circuit currents. Selectivity "SELLIM" is provided with a speed of 0.01 s, but it is possible only in automatic circuit breakers "Schneider Electric". Logical selectivity requires a communication channel between switching devices and the presence of circuit breakers with appropriate communication ports. It is easiest to ensure selectivity by using switches from the same manufacturer using selectivity tables. But such a solution is not always found in practice. The method of energy selectivity allows, taking into account the ratio between ratings, to implement either partial selectivity or full selectivity up to the limit of the breaking capacity of automatic switches. To ensure energy selectivity between two or more current-limiting devices, it must be taken into account that depending on the location of the short circuit, a different number of circuit breakers will be involved in limiting the emergency current, and therefore, the value of the limited current will also be different. By using circuit breakers with a high level of current limitation and a tripping speed that is inversely related to the short-circuit current, full selectivity can be provided at several levels of the network. This makes it possible to simplify the analysis of selectivity, minimize electrodynamic and thermal effects and reduce the level of voltage drop due to the action of a short circuit. Improvement of electrical installation protection systems makes it possible to design power supply systems without excessive reserves of electrical equipment overload, which reduces their cost, dimensions and weight. On the other hand, in the event of malfunctions in the operation of electrical equipment, this limits emergency currents and prevents failure of the undamaged part of the electrical installation, which significantly reduces downtime. Key words: selectivity, relay protection devices, circuit breakers, electrical devices, 0.4 kV network.

The performance and mechanism of abrasion damage of steel structure coatings under the action of wind gravel flow: Laboratory experiment and numerical simulation

In the Xinjiang region of China, transmission tower coatings undergo consistent wear from wind gravel flow (WGF), which jeopardizes their durability. This study assesses the effect of wind speed, attack angle, and gravel size on the durability and wear patterns of graphite/epoxy coatings by experiment and simulation. The results show that these coatings exhibit characteristics that bridge the gap between elasticity and plasticity, and larger gravel particles cause more damage than their smaller counterparts. From our experiments, a graphite/epoxy coatings abrasion model was formulated. Additionally, numerical simulations provided insights into the pressure variations on the abrasion surface and the dynamics of the neighboring flow field. This study provides guidance for the protection of electrical systems in the Gobi's windy areas.

Application of Problem-Based Learning Improves the Learning Outcomes of Electric Motor Installation for Students of SMKN 1 Kulisusu

This classroom action research aims to improve the learning process by applying a problem-based learning model to improve learning outcomes for the Electric Motor Installation Protection System class XI TITL students of State Vocational High School 1 Kulisusu. This study uses two stages of the cycle. Cycle I students achieved learning outcomes of 45.7% (incomplete) and 54.8% (completed), with an average score of 68.34. Cycle II students achieved learning outcomes of 11.42% (incomplete) and 88.57% (completed), with an average value of 82.51. Applying this learning improves student outcomes in the second cycle stage, namely the achievement results of 88.57% of the total 35 students, with an average value of 82.51. Thus, a problem-based learning model can improve student learning outcomes in class XI TITL State Vocational High School 1 Kulisusu.

Integral Protection of Electrical Systems a Power Quality Approach

This paper proposes a new integral protection method of electrical systems for fault conditions independent of the magnitude or affected parameter, which includes conventional and high impedance faults. Additionally, the proposed method implements a simpler logic process than traditional protection methods. The method operates in a differential mode to overcome the drawbacks of legacy protection functions related to the maximum incident energy within the protected zone. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">This paper presents the assessment of the proposed method to overcome hidden failures due to high impedance faults and to mitigate the arc-flash hazard in lines and transformers. The results of the proposed method on a steel manufacturer user are shown for different fault impedance conditions, linear and nonlinear characteristics. The results show the enhancement of clearing times and logic simplification due to the selective response of the proposed protection method in comparisson to traditional protection functions. This research presents a comparison against legacy protection functions showing how traditional protections would fail to operate in high impedance scenarios leading to unsafe working conditions.

Virtual Multimedia Assisted Learning with Assignment Models to Improve the Competence of Electrical Protection Systems

Competency learning outcomes about electrical protection systems are not optimal, due to several weaknesses in the learning process. This study aims to analyze the effect of multimedia-assisted learning on the concept mastery in protection systems. Subsequently, a quasi-experiment was carried out by integrating the mastery of concepts in the case-method and team-based project learning. The results of the study prove that multimedia-assisted learning is effective in increasing the mastery of concepts. The learning outcomes did not differ between the case method and the team-based project.

Desain Pemasangan Sistem Pembumian pada Gardu Induk Baru di Gardu Induk Kota Cane 1 x 30MVA Aceh Tenggara

ABSTRACT The presence of reliable and continuous electrical energy is very important to support modern human life, therefore its necessary to build a transmission network that connect to each other between substations. One of the important components to maintain the availability of reliable electric power in addition to the electric power protection system is the grounding system at the substation. The grounding system is useful for minimizing electric power disturbances due to overvoltage originating from the operation of existing equipment in the substation system as well as due to other factors external is a lightning impulse. In this paper, we will describe how to design and install a grounding system in substations. The type of installation of the grounding system selected is the mesh or grid method. The making of this grounding system refers to the work plan and working contract conditions, formulas commonly use in electric power engineering theory, the applicable rules and regulation of electric power system. The most important standards and variables in this design are the type and resistivity of ground resistance, step voltage, touch voltage and the length of conductor used. The result of this design after working for one month in the new substation area and measured using an Earth tester showed good result of ≤ 0.19 ohm as required by the owner is 0.3 ohm. The result of this measurement mean that the result of the grounding system design has been successfully implemented is 0.19&lt; 0.3 ohm.

An Automated Electrical Protection System against Lightning Strike

Abstract: Lightning is very difficult to predict and causes permanent damage to electrical appliances. A lightning protection device will be developed which will be less costly than the others and it can be simply controlled by any common people and can automatically protect electrical systems. This lightning protection device is for small or medium electric systems where lightning strike frequency and damage by lightning strike is very high. This lightning protection device can protect devices struck by lightning directly while the system is running. This device ‘Lightning Breaker' has been designed with ESP8266 and lightning detector circuit, two relay modules, TP4056 module, XL6009 module, and 5v 250mAh solar cell. This device has very compact structure that increases portability and decreases mounting costs.

Special issue on all‐electric and hybrid‐electric flight

Special issue on all‐electric and hybrid‐electric flight

Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithm based on GDFT for Phasor Estimation by PMU under Power Quality Disturbances

Due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, in addition to the use of different electric power supplies in the power grid, there are major disturbances in the forms of electric waves. These variations and disturbances must be monitored and controlled for the efficient management of transmission and distribution of electrical energy, safety, and electrical protection systems. Nowadays, Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) technology is an essential tool to develop the supervision, protection, and control of the electrical power grid. PMUs measure the amplitude and angle of current and voltage waveforms on a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time scale and speedily measure the fundamental frequencies and their rates of change using fast and accurate estimation algorithms. This paper presents a phasor estimation using a Modified Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform algorithm based on the Generalized Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) used in PMUs, using simulations in MATLAB. This algorithm was utilized to accelerate and simplify the computation of DFTs. To validate the performance under waveform disturbances, several tests with different waveforms and disturbances were simulated and interpreted according to the standard and compared with DFT.

Design of Household Electricity Protection and Monitoring Automation With IoT ESP32

existence of a household electrical protection and monitoring system to minimize danger. Therefore, a prototype design tool for household electricity protection and monitoring automation with IoT ESP 32 is developed. With the aim of carrying out voltage protection and electricity monitoring with a normal voltage of 220 VAC. designed to increase the existing protection system in the household, not to replace the function of the MCB. With a success rate of 99.6% voltage measurement, 97.5% current and 97.8% power measurement. Testing the tool using an inductive load in the form of a 45 watt 35, watt, 26 watt LED lamp and a resistive load in the form of a 400 watt iron set at the maximum hot point. below 210 VAC.

Modeling and Analysis of Asymmetrical Faults for Relay Settings in Electric Power Protection System Learning

This study examines the analysis of Asymmetrical fault, namely single-phase ground faults for e-jobsheet products based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) or utilizing computer programs for study. A study of short-circuit faults in the electric power system, is used to solve problems in the field of reliability and protection. the electric power system, namely the handling of single-phase short-circuit faults to ground which, if not neutralized, cause equipment damage to the electric power system. Parameters from modeling and analysis of asymmetrical faults are used for setting the Ground Fault Relay or often known as the Ground Fault Relay (GFR). The research study begins with modeling the interconnection system in the form of a reactance diagram, then modeling it with the bus impedance matrix equation, to determine the magnitude of the short circuit impedance value on the diagonal matrix. Then calculate the fault current of a single-phase short circuit to ground. From these results it is determined to determine the amount of the relay setting. The results showed that the asymmetrical fault current was 3.0 Pu with a setting time value of 2,45 seconds. The results of the study are used for learning relay settings. The simulation program was validated by experts, with a very good category with an Aikensv index of 0.872.

Artificial Intelligence as a Technology for the Management of Isolated Microgrids

The current electrical energy systems aim to guarantee greater reliability, safety, and energy efficiency, promoting environmental benefits, integrating renewable sources of distributed energy. These solutions are obtained by incorporating Artificial Intelligence, by virtue of the current development of this technology to have "more intelligent" electrical energy networks. A review of the different aspects of technology for the Management of Isolated Microgrids is presented, identifying the trends, problems, and challenges, with their characteristics, functionalities, and their implementations. For the organization and analysis of the information, all the documentation was grouped by theme and artificial intelligence contributions in the areas of energy consumers, photovoltaic systems, distributed generation systems, energy storage systems, electrical protection system, management energy, among others; Selectivity criteria were applied to identify the most relevant elements. A high correlation is observed between benefits and AI adoption levels. Through the application of approaches and analysis of technology for the management of isolated microgrids. Concluding that different artificial intelligence techniques can improve the planning of users' electricity needs and intelligent energy management solutions, incorporating renewable energy sources, as well as more accurate prediction and forecasting of energy consumption.

COORDINACIÓN ADAPTATIVA DE LA PROTECCIÓN DE DISTANCIA SOBRE LÍNEAS DE SUBTRANSMISIÓN CONSIDERANDO LA INCORPORACIÓN DEL EFECTO PRODUCIDO POR LA GENERACIÓN ADYACENTE

ABSTRACT: This article describes an algorithm for an adaptive distance protection in a sub-transmission system considering operating conditions with changes in the topology due to an abnormal condition, electrical failure or a natural disaster, includes the effect of adjacent generation in the distance relay protection zones, with the incorporation of renewable energies in mixed participation. Two scenarios are proposed, in the first case occurred a contingency, and the transmission systems changes the initial topology. Protections are automatically reparametrized. The second case includes the income of renewable energy generation in a specific point of power electrical Systems. Protections are automatically recalculated. The objective of an automatic coordination permit to operator to restore the sensitivity, selectivity and reliability the electrical protection system in the lowest time. Keywords: Adaptive distance relay, renewable energy, distance protection, infeed effect..)

Analysis of Overcurrent Safety in Miniature Circuit Breaker with Alternating Current

In the utilization of solar energy, the equipment used includes Photovoltaic Cells, solar charging controls, batteries, protection devices, and other measuring devices. This solar power generation system is the name of a system that can convert solar energy into electric power. This solar power plant used in buildings is referred to as the Solar Building System (SBS). To perfect this solar power generation system, it is necessary to manage the electric power protection system. The protection system in this solar power plant includes the use of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB). This Miniature Circuit Breaker is a tool for overcurrent protection in alternating current systems and direct current systems. In order to obtain a good protection system for this solar power plant, a study was conducted on the use of a miniature circuit breaker that is effective for a certain type of current. The research method used is the use of alternating current and direct current miniature circuit breakers in alternating current circuits. Observations and recordings were carried out, so that the obtained results were quite significantly different in their use. From the results of the study, it was found that the Miniature alternating current circuit breaker has better characteristics in alternating current circuits, when compared to direct current miniature circuit breakers.

Efectos por la interconexión de generación distribuida en el sistema de protección de sobrecorriente

El presente trabajo de investigación se enfoca en la determinación de los efectos que puede generar la interconexión de generación distribuida en el sistema de protección eléctrico de sobrecorriente de una red de distribución radial mediante simulaciones que emulen el comportamiento real de las diferentes magnitudes eléctricas en la red. Se utiliza como caso de estudio la red de distribución troncal (alimentador) 13,8kV Vía Buena Fe y su sistema de protección de sobrecorriente principal.