Components Of Electric Power System Research Articles

PI-based simulation modeling for performance testing of the power transmission line

The transmission line is one vital component of electrical power system. It determines some fundamental characteristics such as transmission efficiencies, voltage drops and line losses which are important matters to be considered in system planning, design and maintaining. The so-called PI-based modeling refers to using basic PI (proportional and integral) elements as well as other basic elements to implement one specific simulation. Grounded on the distributed-element model and addressing complex-element modeling, one PI-based simulation method is introduced in this study for teaching purposes and applied to modeling and simulation for performance testing of the power transmission line. The proposed method is demonstrated in the Simulink simulation environment and verified by performance testing of the power transmission line including complex-element-based equivalent distributed-element modeling for (short, medium and long) transmission lines, load flow analysis, short circuit test, open circuit test and the “Ferranti-effect” phenomenon, SIL (surge impedance loading) and series and shunt compensation simulation. Results indicate workability of the proposed method that it provides one convenient and vivid way for complex-element-based simulation modeling and solving numerical solutions as well. The proposed PI-based method for complex-element modeling and its Simulink-based simulation approach may be useful for related electrical engineering simulations and testing.

Performance analysis of power conditioning and distribution module for microsatellite applications

Abstract Algeria’s micro-satellite, Alsat-1b, was successfully launched into a 680 km low Earth orbit onboard a PSLV-C35 rocket from Sriharikota, South India, on September 26, 2016. The spacecraft was conceived, built and launched as part of an 18-month technology transfer programme between Algeria’s Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) and the United Kingdom’s Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL). This document details the Power Conditioning and Distribution Module’s (PCM-PDM) design and performance in orbit, critical component of a satellite electrical power system, responsible for converting, regulating and distributing power to various subsystems and payloads. The PCM-PDM developed and produced by SSTL was subjected to rigorous testing simulating harsh space conditions to assess its performance. The results of this comprehensive analysis indicate that the module can effectively withstand extreme environmental factors and function optimally in challenging settings. The analysis focused on the PCM-PDM’s ability to provide reliable and efficient power conditioning and distribution to the satellite, including its load management capabilities, overcurrent protection, protection against undervoltage and critical mode operations. The results of the performance analysis showed that the PCM-PDM met the required specifications and demonstrated reliable and efficient operation in different modes of the satellite’s mission. The study highlights the importance of careful design and rigorous testing of the PCM-PDM to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of the satellite and its payloads.

IOT Based Transformer Monitoring and Controlling

Abstract: Transformers are critical components of electric powersystems, yet precise fault identificationremains difficult. The study presents a novel transformer defect diagnostic approach based on an Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring sysem and ensemble machine learning (EML). The IoTbased monitoring system is divided into two parts: data measuring subsystemand a data reception subsystem. To begin, the data measuring subsystem measures transformer vibration signals, which are then relayed to the remote server via the data receipt subsystem. Then an EML is proposed that is made up of deep belief networks (DBNs), stacked denoising auto encoders (SDAs) with distinct activation functions, and relevance vector machines (RVMs). DBN sand SDAs are respectively used to extract features from the signals, and RVMs are respectively employed as classifier. In order to ensure efficient of the EML, a novel combination strategy is proposed. A transformer fault diagnosis experiment is performed

Transformer Health Monitoring using IoT Based

Abstract: Transformers are critical components of electric powersystems, yet precise fault identification remains difficult. The study presents a novel transformer defect diagnostic approach based on an Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system and ensemble machine learning (EML). The IoT based monitoring system is divided into two parts: a data measuring subsystemand a data reception subsystem.To begin, the data measuring subsystem measures transformer vibration signals, which are then relayed to the remote server via the data receipt subsystem.

Components of Electrical Power Systems in More and All-Electric Aircraft: A Review

Even though achieving carbon-free and reduced NOx emission transportation is a prevailing goal, the aviation industry is in its infancy to arrive at passenger class all-electric aircraft (AEA) properly operating over commercial missions. Challenges are mainly associated with the components of the aircraft electric power system (EPS). Considering today’s technologies, power electronics components are not capable to sustain tens of megawatts of required power during the takeoff and meet the aviation limits in terms of size, weight, and cost at the same time. The state-of-the-art electrochemical energy units (EEUs), including battery, fuel cell, and supercapacitor, cannot provide the 25–30-MW thrust power needed for the takeoff, and electrical circuit breakers (CBs) are not able to clear a fault in a large AEA propulsion system, and multimegawatt electric drives/motors can barely be found being able to provide 2–3-MW thrust power, so that they can be employed in a distributed propulsion architecture. Taking mentioned challenges into account, this article aims to tackle challenges associated with protection devices, EEUs, and electric machines in passenger class AEA and present promising solutions using an envisioned medium voltage direct current ±5-kV EPS for an AEA, all-electric NASA N3-X aircraft. Based on findings and discussions made through this article, the authors conclude that although technology advancements are essential in all research areas, high-voltage wide bandgap electrical CBs, Li-air and Li-S batteries with >1000-kW/kg specific power, and multimegawatt superconducting electric machines will turn a commercialized passenger class AEA into reality within the next 20–30 years.

On the Choice of Methods for Numerically Integrating the Equations of Transients in Electric Power Systems

Algorithms for solving the system of differential-algebraic equations describing electromechanical transients in electric power systems are considered along with matters concerned with ensuring the reliability and required accuracy of the solution results. Classical explicit methods, methods for implicit numerical integration and simultaneous solution of differential-algebraic systems of equations are used to model dynamic processes in power systems. On the basis of the methods used, difference models of electric power system components are obtained. The equations of transients in electric power systems are written in a homogeneous coordinate basis with the use of nodal voltage equations. A comparative analysis of algorithms based on the explicit Runge-Kutta method and implicit methods of Euler, trapezoids, Euler with fitting coefficients is carried out. The analysis results have shown that in terms of stability and accuracy, the trapezoid method has the greatest advantages, which is not inferior to the 4th order Runge-Kutta method and allows calculations with a large integration step to be carried out. The effectiveness of the combined method is shown, in which the Euler method with fitting is used to solve the differential equations describing electromagnetic processes, and the trapezoid method is used to solve the equations of electromechanical motion.

CubeSat project: experience gained and design methodology adopted for a low-cost Electrical Power System

This paper focuses on experimented space projects run by universities, offering an effective design process to improve learning methods in space engineering. The approach used for the design of CubeSat Electrical Power System (EPS) will go through estimations, sizing, simulations, PCB design and end with an experimental test procedure for design validation. The main design criteria presented in this paper are low costs and effective reliability. To meet the first criterion, the Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components are used during the design, which has become an effective path to put experimental payloads in orbit for minimal cost. In the second criterion, the function of some critical EPS components was replicated, such as circuits used for power maximization and battery charge regulation, by following a suitable algorithm embedded in MCU and hot/cold redundant analog integrated circuits. However, the choice was made on the state of the art of CubeSat components already tested. This approach of working will help new space engineers to think about optimal solutions for the design of the appropriate EPS for a CubeSat university project achievable on a limited budget. Finally, the necessary experiments of the designed EPS were carried out and the results were illustrated in the context below.

Improved load frequency control considering dynamic demand regulated power system integrating renewable sources and hybrid energy storage system

Demand response (DR) has emerged as a key component of the future electric power system's reliability and frequency stability. This study explores the effect of DR regulation and hybrid energy storage (HES) on an identical two-area test power system that comprises of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, biogas unit, and a thermal power plant for improved frequency regulation services. By including intrinsic communication latency in the DR loop, a generalised load frequency control (LFC) model of a hybrid hierarchical DR mechanism is developed. The stability of the analysed system before and after DR is compared in terms of stability margin. A Quasi- oppositional Harris Hawks Optimization (QOHHO) is suggested to optimize the coefficients of the proposed cascade fractional order two-degree-of-freedom CC[FO(TDOF)] controller. The supremacy of the proposed algorithm is affirmed by comparing its figure of demerit with different existing algorithms. The investigations also manifest the efficacy of proposed controller over proportional integral derivative with filter (PID) and two degree of freedom (tilt integral derivative with filter) [TDOF (TID)] controllers. QOHHO optimized designed controller performance is also evaluated for the studied system under random load disturbances. Furthermore, the suggested technique's practical feasibility is verified through experimental validation using OPAL-RT based real-time analysis.

ANALISIS KINERJA PMS REL 2 BAY TRAFO 6 MENGGUNAKAN THERMOVISION METHODE DI GARDU INDUK SUNYARAGI

In an effort to provide reliable and efficient electrical energy, substations have an important role in regulating the demand for electric power loads and as a center for securing electrical power system components in a certain area. Frequent disturbances become a benchmark for an electric power system whether or not it is good or not in an effort to provide reliable and efficient energy. One of the maintenance measures is temperature measurement using thermal imagers, which is commonly referred to as thermovision measurement.Thermal imager is a tool that can be used for predictive maintenance activities to monitor the condition and performance of an equipment so that the possibility of equipment failure can be minimized. In October 2020, after thermovisiting transformer bay 6 at the Sunyaragi substation, it was discovered that there was a hotspot on the T-phase separation blade, causing heating of the blade, the above conditions can result in a decrease in PMS performance, with the worst condition if left alone can result in damage to the PMS blade and can also melt when the peak load is on the transformer 6. Under these conditions, maintenance is carried out by maintaining contact resistance, insulation resistance, and grounding resistance. The results of the analysis of contact resistance after maintenance show that the equipment is in good condition and still suitable for use, with a value of 7μΩ for the R phase, 6.5μΩ for the S phase, and 6.7μΩ for the T phase.

The concept of managing the network structure of intelligent devices in the digital transformation of the energy industry

A modern electric power system is a complex organizational structure that coordinates its intelligent components through the definition of roles, communication channels and powers. The management system of intelligent components of the electric power system should ensure the consistency of their work at technological stages of generation, transport, distribution and consumption of electric energy, while achieving the targets and reducing the value of resource consumption. The disadvantage of the process management system that is currently used in electric power systems is that the hierarchical management structure is applied to the network topology. Thus, there is a conflict of resources and processes of generation, transport, distribution and consumption of electricity. The authors propose a concept of a distributed resource and process management system in electric power systems using digital twin technology. The electrical power system is modeled as a polystructural one. The concepts of the system of polystructure indicators, the metric system of polystructure, the body of polystructure are used. Representation of electric power system components and technological processes of generation, transport, distribution and consumption by means of digital twin technology makes it possible to exclude conflicts of resources and processes in the electric power system while maintaining the requirements for reliability and safety of the system. Digital twin technology, as applied to polystructured systems, provides the developers of distributed management systems with a methodology for creating a modern management system, where the production of management decisions does not lead to conflicts between the components of the power system. The proposed distributed management system is built as a polystructure, the body of which ensures the consistency of technological processes, equipment resources and electricity consumption.

Advanced Control And Development of Hydro and Diesel Generator Hybrid Power System Models for Renewable Energy Microgrids

The Nigerian power problem resulted to incessant and erratic supply of electricity and this has destroyed many industrial processes in the country. It has reduced productivity and has increased unemployment rate in the country to over 50million (this figure is over 70% of Nigerian youths). This has led many of the youths in the country to crime. It has led to the deaths of many innocent people in the country. As of 2016, the electricity energy consumption in the world from the world fact book revealed that the average power per capita (watts per person) in the United States is 1,377 Watts. In Canada, it is 1704 Watts per person and in South Africa; it is 445 Watts per person and in Australia, average power per capita (watts per person) is as high as 1,112 Watts. Whereas, the average electricity consumed in watts per person in Nigeria is just 14 Watts. Unfortunately, this has put the country in a rank of 189 out of 219 countries estimated. In this research work, a Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) which comprises Hydro Electric Power Plant (HEPP) and Diesel Generator (DG) was modelled and a control algorithm was established to improve the performance of the system. Hybrid power system mathematical and Simulink models were developed. The output power of the developed Simulink model was be optimized using optimum power point optimization techniques and control algorithms. Simulink models of the two components of the Hybrid Electric Power System were produced using MATLAB/Simulink software. The develop Simulink models was interconnected and final model was developed. The results obtained revealed that the problems associated with conventional methods of power generation was overcomed by the development of this renewable and non-renewable energy resources Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) models.

Application of Identification Reference Nets for the Preliminary Modeling on the Example of Electrical Machines

This paper presents the use of identification reference nets (IRNs) for modeling electric power system (EPS) components using electrical machines (EMs) as an example. To perform this type of task, a database of reference nets is necessary, to which the identification net (IN) of the modeled machine is adjusted. Both the IRN and IN are obtained by using a special algorithm that allows the relevant transfer function (TF) to be converted to the rounded trajectory. This type of modeling can be a useful tool for the initial determination of parameters included in the TF associated with the EM, preceding advanced parametric identification procedures, e.g., those based on artificial intelligence methods. Two types of electrical machines are considered, i.e., the squirrel-cage asynchronous (SCA) and brushless direct-current (BLDC) machines. The solution proposed in this paper is a new approach intended for modeling EPS components.

Undergraduate Teaching of Electric Network Protection Using Simulations and Lab Experiments

The protection of the electric power system (EPS) components such as synchronous generators, transformers, transmission lines, and substations is important because it allows having continuity in the electricity service when disturbances are present. It also avoids a possible permanent damage to the elements of the EPS. The relays monitor variables as voltages, currents, harmonics, frequency, active and reactive power. The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal operating condition, and with the aid of breakers a faulted equipment can be isolated by disconnecting only a small portion of the EPS, so that a small number of consumers are affected. The relay setting adjustment is important because it must operate in a safe, reliable and coordinated way. The above can be achieved by teaching to students the philosophy, theory, adjustments, and coordination of relays in an electrical network, and by using computer simulations a more effective teaching and learning can be achieved. However, to have a more complete contribution in learning the relay coordination philosophy, the usage of a laboratory is highly recommended. In this paper, a hybrid approach for teaching electric network protection is presented. It is aimed at undergraduate students of electric engineering and it is based on the use of computer simulation of mathematical models and laboratory experiments. To demonstrate the proposed teaching approach, computer simulations and lab experiments of an overcurrent inverse time relay were carried out in radial and parallel electrical networks where different case studies were successfully tested.

Design And Analysis Development Of RL Component On Power Use In 3 Phase Motor Loads With Virtual Instrument

The development of science and technology must be accompanied by the development of human resources. With reliable human resources and understanding the technology, it will certainly be easier for them to apply their knowledge to the rapid development of the technological world. Understanding of a component is very necessary can analyze the use of each component in an electric power system. Among these components are Resistors and Inductors, the electrical power system components need to know their characteristics so that they can be applied properly to the equipment. The purpose of this study is to obtain the characteristics of the R load and L load on the performance of the 3 phase motor and its effect on the power consumption of the 3 phase motor, so that the power consumption and maintenance costs of the 3 phase motor can be minimized. The research methodology is by installing resistor and inductor circuits in the R, S and T phases that lead to 3 phase motor as the main motor coupled with a 3 phase delta motor which is given DC voltage as a load, while for current and voltage measurement using current transformers and voltage transformers are then analyzed with Data Acquisition System (DAS). On the current vs power of the 0.014 Henry inductor, the load is 0 to 80 VDC averaging 782 mA of current. At a load of 0 to 80 VDC shows a power of 299 watts.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY TO SINGLE OUT THE MODE OF SINGLE-PHASE CLOSURE TO THE GROUND IN THE CIRCUIT 6– 10 kV BY THE INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM OF ELECTRICITY METERING

The problem of increasing the reliability of electricity supply is relevant at the current stage of electric power systems development both in the territory of the Russian Federation and in foreign electric power systems. One of the ways to improve the reliability of electricity supply is to prevent the development of emergency situations on overhead power transmission lines as the most important components of electric power systems, which is confirmed by a substantial number of annual domestic and foreign publications. Preventing the development of emergency situations is largely facilitated by early detecting the signs of emergency modes onset in the functioning of all voltage classes’ electric networks. At the same time, the development of intelligence systems for technical and commercial electricity metering opens up new opportunities for monitoring numerous parameters of different operational modes of electrical networks, including those of 6-10-35 kV voltage with isolated neutral operation mode. Numerous works of author’s teams are devoted to the theoretical analysis of the possibility to early detect the diagnostic signs of emergency signals. However, existing publications do not always present the results of field experimental studies in existing electrical networks on the subject under consideration, which demonstrates some discrepancy between theoretical provisions and the possibility of their practical implementation. The present article attempts to assess the possibility of practical implementing the part of theoretical provisions on early detection of diagnostic signs for emergency regimes and, as a result, increase reliability of electricity supply. At the same time, the article presents the results of the field study the basis of which were used to open up current possibilities of early detecting the diagnostic signs of emergency regimes on the example of individual singling out higher harmonic components of currents and voltages, including when using already existing intelligence electricity metering systems installed in the existing electrical distribution systems with the voltage of 10 kV. At the same time, the article demonstrates implementability and further development of online monitoring of emergency modes in electric networks functioning on the example of identifying a single-phase ground fault, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the costs of temporary and material resources when localizing the single-phase closure zone.

Nanosatellite electrical power system architectures: Models, simulations, and tests

SummaryThis paper presents four of the most employed nanosatellite's Electrical Power System (EPS) architectures, comparing their efficiency through simulations and experiments. Every circuit architecture has been mathematically modeled in order to discuss the solar panel control technique and the overall architecture efficiency. Solar panels and EPS components have been analytically modeled and tested in order to comprehend their impact on the EPS efficiency. A test stand has been proposed to evaluate the circuits, emulating the solar irradiance and the nanosatellite power consumption. The following electrical power systems have been designed, implemented, and tested: the directly coupled architecture, the very low dropout (VLDO) voltage regulator architecture, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with an integrated circuit, and the MPPT architecture with a discrete boost regulator. A case study has been presented, testing all the EPS architectures according to the Floripa‐Sat I (1U CubeSat) power consumption profile. Experiments results have shown that, although the MPPT boost regulator architecture harvest more energy, it is the VLDO architecture that presents the best overall efficiency.

THE MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY OF VARIOUS GEOMETRIES OF ROGOWSKI COIL FOR OVERVOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS

Overvoltage phenomenon is the common problem that always occurs in the power system and can cause the electrical system network breakdown, and in some cases, it may explode. The frequent overvoltage also can affect and degrade the lifespan of the electrical power system components and network. Thus, the overvoltage sensor is needed to overcome this problem matter. The Rogowski coil (RC) is one of an inductive coil group, and it is suitable for measuring the alternating current (AC) and transient currents or overvoltage. This paper demonstrated the effect of RC magnetic flux density, B with difference cross-section, geometries sizing and the number of turns by using Finite Element Method (FEM). Commonly, there are three types of RC widely used; rectangular, circular and oval. Each of these cross-sections has different characteristics in term of performance. The results have shown that the rectangular cross-section is better than oval and circular cross-section based on the number of magnetic flux density.

Effect of load current harmonics on vibration of three-phase generator

Almost all today electrical loads are considered non-linear such as switch mode power supply (SMPS) for powering computer and mobile phone or variable speed drive (VSD) for driving home and industrial electric motors. These loads generate ac non-sinusoidal current containing a lot of harmonics as indicated by its high total harmonics distortion (THD) figure. Current harmonics bring negative effects into all electrical power system components, including three-phase generator. This paper provides analysis of load current harmonics effects on vibration of three-phase generator. Three different laboratory experiments have been conducted i.e. three-phase linear resistive loading, non-linear loading with a three-phase ac/dc converter and non-linear loading with three single-phase capacitor filtered ac/dc converters. Results show that the higher load current harmonics content the higher is vibration of the three-phase generator. Non-linear loading with a three-phase ac/dc converter that generate about 24.7% THD gives an increase of 4.3% and 5.5% in average of vertical and horizontal vibrations of the three-phase generator respectively. Further, non-linear loading with three single-phase capacitor filtered ac/dc converters that generate THD as high as 74.9% gives significant increase of 28.1% and 23.6% in average of vertical and horizontal vibrations respectively.

Empirical Mode Decomposition and Cascade Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network Based Intelligent Fault Classifier

Recent years have witnessed a fast emergence of smart grids, since the availability of electric energy has become a crucial issue in power system engineering. In fact, smart grids will allow for good energy management while ensuring a better control and protection of electric power system components. In this respect, here we propose an intelligent fault classifier (IFC) based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and cascade feedforward neural networks (CFFANN). The EMD is used to decompose sending-end voltages into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then the Hilbert transform (HT) is utilized to extract features from these IMFs. After this step, we selected relevant attributes from the extracted features. CFFANN is used to make the learning process faster. This neural network is introduced to classify all the ten main faults that may occur in a transmission line. The IFC conception is validated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results show that the IFC is a reliable and robust system.

Combining Parameters of Fuel and Greenhouse Gas Costs as Single Objective Function for Optimization of Power Flow

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol that highlights on greenhouse gases that have been adopted by many countries. Based on this protocol, power plants that produce emissions are encouraged to pay compensation. Conventionally, optimization of fuel mix in the electric power system components has not involved emission charges on the electricity system. This paper proposes a single objective function of a mathematical model for the calculation of power flow optimization involving greenhouse gas emissions costs to the fuel cost function. The single objective function derived using the mathematical model approach with linear heat rate function, in order to get the relationship between the fuel cost function with GHG emission. Namely, the function of energy costs as a combination of fuel costs and GHG emission costs can be shown as a quadratic function.