Electric Power Distribution Equipment Research Articles

Utilization of waste transformer oil as a fuel in diesel engine

The growing price of fossil oils, the gradual decline of petroleum supplies and the unsustainable emissions of motor vehicles led researchers to look for substitute fuel, such as waste lubricant oil and waste transformation oil (WTO). In power transformers, welding transformers, and electromotive systems, a significant volume of transformer oil is used as a coolant. The electrical transformer is an integral part of electrical power transmission and distribution equipment used in smaller, intermediate and larger electrical distribution stations. The efficiency and lifespan of an electrical transformer depend upon the transformer’s efficient cooling and insulation. During the working of a transformer, transformer oil is exposed to electrical and thermal stress due to which it started to degrade after some time. Thus a huge amount of degraded transformer oil is rejected as waste. The paper details the utility of waste transformer oil by using simple batch distillation operation at atmospheric pressure by analyzing the physiochemical properties of the product. The treated transformer oil is further tested in the diesel engine to examine fuel efficiency. Diesel engine runs were performed with various combinations of blends consists of diesel fuel and treated transformer oil. Results reveal that brake thermal efficiency of the blends found at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% is 28.19%, 27.52% 26.21% and 25.98% respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption of blends at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% is 0.29 KJ/Kwhr, 0.30 KJ/Kwhr 0.31 KJ/Kwhr and 0.315 KJ/Kwhr respectively.

Current status and issues of disaster mitigation measures for electric power transmission and distribution equipment

2018年，2019年に台風をはじめとする気象災害が立て続けに発生しており，激甚化する傾向にある。本論では，近年激甚化する傾向にある台風災害を例として，電力流通設備の防災・減災対策の現状について解説する。2019年に発生した台風15号，台風19号を含む既往の台風被害事例を紹介し，特に都市圏に敷設されている電力流通設備の被害の特徴を例示する。これを受け，送電設備と配電設備に着目した防災・減災対策として，近年，電力レジリエンスという考え方に注目が置かれていることを指摘し，その現状と課題について解説する。

Analisa Pembangkit Pengatur Tegangan Pada Penyulang 20 kV (Aplikasi Gardu Induk PT.PLN (Persero) Sei Rotan)

With the rapid power needs of the people living in urban and rural areas will not affect either the quality of the voltage in the value of PLN service under specified standards. Factors affecting namely the existence of the impedance on the channel, there will be a voltage drop, which is the product of current voltage with an impedance of electrical power distribution equipment. The greater the resistance of the conductor of the price, the greater the voltage drop across the electric power system. It is necessary to repair the voltage drop at the end of the received voltage can be done by raising the voltage of the tip tell .. To solve the voltage drop voltage regulator can be used on condition that the nominal voltage of 20 kV medium voltage distribution (phases) or 11.57 kV (-phase neutral) phase-neutral .Batas minimal service = -10% of nominal voltage = 10.41 kV or at 18 kV (phases). Limit the maximum phase-neutral service = + 5% of nominal voltage = 12.15 kV or at 21 kV (phases). The voltage phases of minimal services selected as the basis for calculation was 18.5 KV (= - 7.5% x the nominal voltage). The ability of raising and lowering the voltage regulator at the point of = ± 10% (10% raise and a 10% lower). From the research data is the output voltage at the feeder each - each 10.4 to 27.25% that do not meet the delivery via a substation. After passing through the generator voltage regulator's voltage fall below 5% eligible for dispply from substations to consumers

A Disaster Restoration of Electric Power Distribution Equipment and an Expectation to a Damage Estimation System

1．はじめに

Research Trends on Earthquake/Meteorological Disaster of Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Visions toward Advancement of Damage Prediction

Research Trends on Earthquake/Meteorological Disaster of Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Visions toward Advancement of Damage Prediction

A Damage Prediction System for Electric Power Distribution Equipment against Typhoon and Utilization of Meteorological Simulation Techniques

1．はじめに

A Damage Estimation System for Electric Power Distribution Equipment against Earthquake and a Real Damage Example in the Urban Area

A Damage Estimation System for Electric Power Distribution Equipment against Earthquake and a Real Damage Example in the Urban Area

Sensitivity Analysis for Estimating Salt‐Induced Damage to Voltage–Current Transformers due to Typhoons

SUMMARYThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the correlation relationship between the salt contamination environment and the actual damage to electric power distribution equipment caused by two typhoons, 2012 typhoon No. 4 (T1204) and 2011 typhoon No. 15 (T1115). T1204 caused salt contamination damage to voltage–current transformers (VCTs), while the T1115 caused no damage to VCTs installed in a same target area. In this paper, the salt contamination environment during the two typhoons, which includes the maximum wind speed, the accumulated rainfall, and the Na flux, is evaluated by a weather reproduction simulation to discuss the causal relationship between the salt contamination environment and the VCT damage. A damage evaluation model is proposed to evaluate the salt‐induced damage risk potential of the VCT for reasonable restoration activity.

Sensitivity Analysis for Estimating the Salt-induced Damage to Voltage Current Transformer due to Typhoon

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the correlation relationship between the salt satin environment and the actual damage of electric power distribution equipment caused by existing two typhoons including the 2012 typhoon No.4 (T1204) and the 2011 typhoon No.15 (T1115). The T1204 caused salt stain damage to voltage current transformer (VCT) while the T1115 caused no damage to VCT installed in a same target area. In this paper, the salt stain environment during two typhoons, which includes the maximum wind speed, the accumulated rainfall, and Na+ flux, is evaluated by a weather reproduction simulation to discuss the causal relationship between the salt stain environment and the VCT damage. As a result, a damage evaluation model is proposed to evaluate the salt-induced damage risk potential of the VCT for the reasonable restoration activity.

Prioritizing Circuit Breaker and Protective Relay Maintenance Using an Arc Flash Hazard Assessment

In difficult economic times, companies sometimes delay the performance of maintenance on electrical power distribution equipment to save costs. If this happens, some circuit breakers or protective relays will miss their scheduled maintenance and testing. This can create a significant safety risk, if those protective devices are used to manage arc flash hazards. This paper describes a study method to determine which circuit breakers and protective relays in a system are the most critical, so they can be prioritized for continued proper maintenance.

Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment

The U.S. electrical grid must be upgraded, and there is a strong debate about the characteristics of the next-generation electrical network. However, slow growth of electricity usage, among other factors, means that the demand for transmission and distribution (T&D) equipment is growing slowly also. Within the T&D equipment sector, switchgear and transformers are still the dominant segments, but sales of meters are growing rapidly in response to increased demands for security, safety, and connectivity. Six firms hold about 40 percent of the T&D equipment market share, selling to electric utilities, nonutility industrial firms, commercial firms, and residential customers. Foreign trade is also important in this industry, with the United States running a substantial trade deficit.

Porous Filter Optimization to Improve the Safety of the Medium-Voltage Electrical Installations During an Internal Arc Fault

Electrical power distribution equipment, such as medium-voltage (MV) switchgear, must be designed to withstand the pressures and temperatures of gases resulting from an internal arcing fault. An original way to limit the external effects of the arc consists in channeling downward the gas flow across a filter composed of a granular porous medium in order to absorb the abrupt pressure wave and to cool the hot gas flow. In this paper, we propose an optimization of the MV switchgear configuration to enhance the porous filter efficiency where we manage to strongly reduce the external manifestations of the arc fault. On one hand, we employ the numerical simulation tool lying on a physical model where the major events are taken into account. On the other hand, real experimental tests have been performed according to the IEC standards and pressure and temperature histories obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the experimental measurements.

Development of a Damage Estimation Method for Electric Power Distribution Equipment

This paper describes a seismic damage estimation method for electric power distribution equipment to support its emergency restoration activity. The predominant factors associated with the seismic damage degree of electric power distribution equipment are classified based on the analysis of its seismic damage record of the 2007 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu-Oki earthquake. Based on the analysis, a seismic damage estimation model is proposed. The proposed model is applied to an actual damaged area and compared to existing damage estimation models used by local governments. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and future subjects are discussed.

Navy Radar Trades at the Ship Interface

AbstractThe next generation radar suite will include a radar that has sensitivity far greater than shipboard radars in use today. Most likely the radar will be a multi‐faced, solid state, phased array system with each array consisting of thousands of individual radiating elements powered by transmit/receive (T/R) modules. It will likely need to be large, and the demands it makes on ship services will be unprecedented. Its electrical power demands could be larger than the total ship's load for present‐day ships. Array size could significantly impact topside design. This paper examines top‐level radar system design choices and illustrates the trends in the ship impact of those choices. Radar design options considered are aperture size and shape, coolant operating temperature, number of array faces, and power system architecture. These design options have an effect on the radar system's weight, footprint, power demand, and cooling load. The effects on ship design can be significant. The ship impact analyses consider a radar system that includes ship‐provided equipment such as electrical power distribution equipment and chill water plants. An analysis of radar systems, all with the same performance, shows that radar system power demand can change by as much as four megawatts for a notional surface combatant depending upon the radar designer's configuration choices. Radar system weight can vary by more than 100 metric tons. There is a cubic relationship between T/R module power and array face area for a constant sensitivity radar system. This relationship is examined to show that there is often a choice of T/R module power that minimizes radar ship impact. The exact choice of T/R module power depends upon the customer's preferences, the manufacturer's capabilities, and choice of vendors. This paper does not convey any official US government position or US Navy endorsement of any particular radar architecture or design approach.

Failure contributors of my electrical equipment and condition assessment program development

Implementation of condition assessment, or condition-based maintenance, involves many disciplines, such as failure analysis, online diagnostics, diagnostic data interpretation, management and communication, follow-up corrective actions and, lastly, the program maintenance. One of the difficult areas in the development of a comprehensive condition assessment program is the analysis of the probable contributing causes of failures, and selection of the appropriate online diagnostic tools to address the correct failure contributors. The specific failure contributors of the electrical power transmission and distribution equipment are documented in various sources, such as IEEE. This paper illustrates the process of development of a comprehensive condition assessment program for medium-voltage switchgear using the statistical data pertaining to the equipment failure contributing causes. Particular attention is given to the selection of specific online diagnostic techniques that are available today and that will address the specific failure contributors. Presented only briefly are the outage costs and reliability-centered maintenance concepts, related to a condition assessment program.

Advanced Electric Propulsion, Power Generation, and Power Distribution

ABSTRACTInvestigations into the development of electric drive systems for both submarines and surface ships have been ongoing for several years. These studies led us to the conclusion that accepted contemporary concepts did not offer the full potential envisioned for electric drive. These concepts did not fully consider non‐developmental (existing) technology, and the evolutionary approach to system development did not adequately address ship system interface, cost and other shipbuilder concerns.A “clean sheet” approach was taken to designing advanced electric propulsion, generation and power distribution systems and equipment. Primary objectives were reduced cost, weight, and volume with improved arrangement flexibility, operation, power allocation, growth potential, reliability, maintainability, survivability and efficiency.This paper focuses on the technologies involved with component development, the installation of the system on a typical submarine, and the resulting benefits.

Relationship of X/R, IP, and IRMS' to Asymmetry in Resistance/Reactance Circuits

The short-circuit current interrupting and/or withstand ratings of electric power distribution equipment are determined by the transient asymmetrical current available during the equipment testing procedure. The degree of asymmetry is a function of the X/R ratio and the point on the voltage wave at which the short-circuit is initiated. Power distribution equipment short-circuit current ratings, with rare exceptions, are given in symmetrical amperes. It is important to know what effect the stresses imposed by the transient asymmetrical current, which cannot be measured by standard ammeters, will have on the equipment during the first few cycles of current flow. Presented is an accurate evaluation of instantaneous asymmetrical current and equivalent asymmetrical rms current characteristics, during the transient period, by direct calculation. The data thus obtained should prove valuable to power distribution equipment designers and test engineers as well as equipment application engineers.

Power System Design for an All-Electric Airplane

This paper describes a preliminary design for the electrical power system for a new-technology airplane in which the electrical system is the only secondary system extracting power from the engines. All flight control surface actuation is accomplished by electromechan ical actuators. Hydraulic systems are eliminated from the airplane. The prime mover for the air-conditioning system is an electric motor that drives a bootstrap air-cycle pack. This enables more efficient engine shaft power extraction than the more common but less efficient bleed air extraction. Generators serve as motors to crank the engines. The paper also describes laboratory testing of 270 V dc electric power supply and distribution equipment and components in preparation for flight test of a partial power-by-wire flight control system. The flight control equipment in the flight test is limited to a single pair of electromechan ical actuators driving one of two pairs of active control spoilers on the test airplane. Primary power for the actuators in the flight test airplane is 270 V dc, developed by rectification of 115/200 V, 400 Hz power from the aircraft's conventional electrical system. Backup power is provided by a 270 V lead-acid battery assembled by Boeing.