Electrical Integrity Research Articles

Foreword Special Section on “Evolving Trends in Electrical Modeling, Validation, and Signal and Power Integrity Analysis in Electronic Packaging and Systems”

Foreword Special Section on “Evolving Trends in Electrical Modeling, Validation, and Signal and Power Integrity Analysis in Electronic Packaging and Systems”

Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles and renewable energy sources integration considering PV/WT/BT based on cost and emission reduction

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the power system with Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) can have both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact could provide a comfort on the generation system and the EV, on the other hand, the negative impact increases the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) along with the cost and emission. Proper management and coordination will be needed to ensure that the integration is optimized for maximum benefit. The purpose of this article is to investigate the EV integration impact from the perspective of cost and reliability. The integration of EVs can also impact renewable energy generation. For example, if EVs are charged during periods of high renewable energy generation, it could lead to curtailment of RESs if the electricity demand from EVs is not balanced with the supply of renewable energy.

Comparison of electric vehicle load forecasting across different spatial levels with incorporated uncertainty estimation

Accurate load forecasting is important to mitigate the negative impact of Electric vehicle integration into the existing grid. Previous studies mostly focus on individual or aggregated levels without specifying the impact of accuracy due to the selection of different spatial levels and lack the integration of uncertainty estimation in the forecasting models. To address these issues, this study compares the predictive performance of a Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks at different spatial levels with 15-min resolution data across case studies (i) with 2 Electric Vehicles charging poles and 3 users, (ii) with 75 charging poles, 8 charging rails and 70 users. The outcome shows that forecasting the Electric Vehicle load of smaller case studies will require the presence or calendar information of users. Whereas in case studies with more than 10 charging piles, the features “previous week's power”, “hour of the day” and the “number of connections” can achieve similar results. The results also showed that the aggregated forecasting was more accurate than individual charging piles. Moreover, the uncertainty plot generated for a 90% prediction interval showed that the uncertainty estimates were more reliable for the case study with large numbers of Electric Vehicles.

Optimizing Energy and Reserve Minimization in a Sustainable Microgrid with Electric Vehicle Integration: Dynamic and Adjustable Manta Ray Foraging Algorithm

The growing presence of EVs in regional microgrids introduces increased variability and uncertainty in the areas’ load profiles. This paper presents a novel approach for optimizing energy and reserve minimization in a sustainable integrated microgrid with electric vehicles (EVs) by the use of the dynamic and adjustable Manta Ray Foraging (DAMRF) algorithm. The DAMRF algorithm harnesses the inherent flexibility of EVs as controllable loads and develops a comprehensive dispatch model for a large-scale EV response. The model takes into account the management, operational, and environmental costs associated with load fluctuations in the microgrid. Simulation evaluations conducted based on a practical microgrid environment validate the effectiveness of our wind–solar energy storage and management strategy. The results showcase significant improvements in energy and reserve minimization, highlighting the potential advantages of integrating EVs into sustainable microgrid systems. In addition, the DAMRF algorithm achieves lower environmental pollution control costs (USD 8000) compared to the costs associated with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) (USD 8654.639) and PSO (USD 8579.546), emphasizing its ability to effectively control and minimize environmental pollution. In addition, the DAMRF algorithm offers a more cost-effective solution for managing the power grid, and the shorter solution running time of the DAMRF is almost the same as PSO’s quicker decision-making and response times, enhancing the overall responsiveness and adaptability of the power grid management system.

Dynamic volatility connectedness in the European electricity market

Since the 1990s, one of the energy policy objectives of the European Union (EU) has been to create a single, integrated European electricity market. This study uses a broad set of European electricity markets to answer the question whether volatility connectedness is higher in geographically closer markets or whether all markets are integrated. This question is particularly relevant now, at a time of high volatility of energy commodity prices, which can affect energy security in Europe. Our empirical analysis examines volatility connectedness in 26 European electricity markets between 1 August 2007 and 23 February 2022 using the time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model (TVP-VAR) based on the extended joint connectedness method (Balcilar et al., 2021). Furthermore, the impact of volatility of determinants of electricity prices on volatility connectedness in European electricity markets since 2016 is assessed.The results reveal that volatility connectedness between markets, i.e., the integration of European electricity markets, increases. Connectedness within geographically closer markets is observed mainly in the initial periods. However, since 2016, regional connections have increased, which is accompanied by interregional connections. This is particularly evident in the recent period –characterised by high volatility of electricity and energy commodity prices. However, when the impact of volatility of electricity price determinants on volatility connectedness is removed, especially since 2021, the results are slightly altered and indicate lower volatility connectedness in the European electricity markets. The role of the main net transmitters or net receivers does not change, while the role of the other markets changes or strengthens/weakens. Inter-regional connectedness is not as strong, which means that volatility connectedness occurs mainly in the markets from the same region.

Methods of control and measurements of components of the onboard radio engineering complex

Background. The relevance of the topic of this work is due to the need to increase the reliability and quality of the results of measuring control of modules of various levels and antenna arrays that are part of the onboard radio engineering complex, as well as to increase the reliability and parametric efficiency of the radio engineering complex. Aim. Development of a method and methodology for integrated control of radio frequency modules of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd levels in the process of design, production and testing based on modern automation tools and processes. Methods. Full-scale experiment, computer modeling, programming, expert assessments, research, autonomous and acceptance tests were used. Results. The choice of a working control model was made. Based on it, an automated workplace has been developed. It includes integrated control and measuring equipment controlled by special software, a software package with a common operator interface. To control the testing process, a software package has been developed that automatically sets the necessary operating modes of the modules and provides a stimulating signal from the vector network analyzer in accordance with the specified parameters. After the end of testing, a test report is generated and printed. If the modules are tested for compliance with technical specifications, the protocol is formed in accordance with GOST. The test sequence is developed using the NI TestStand automated testing environment, and the routines that control the operating modes of the products are developed using C/C++ and NI LabVIEW graphical development tools. The automated workplace implements the following functions: functional electronic control of circuits and nodes of radio frequency modules and the product as a whole, electrical integrity control of circuits and nodes of frequency modules, programming of digital components, conducting complex tests of frequency modules, conducting complex tests of antennas and antenna arrays. The developed algorithm includes a stage of self-testing of the automated workplace hardware. After entering the necessary information, a step-by-step cycle of monitoring the module parameters is started. It begins with the connection of the device under test to the automated workplace and ends with the preparation of a test report and a message about the validity or unfitness of the totality of the measured parameter values. The final conclusion about the operability of the control object is made automatically after the measurement of all parameters is completed in the form of a pop-up dialog box. It contains one of two mutually exclusive statements: «Control successfully passed», «Control failed». Conclusion. The algorithm and methodology of automated control and tuning have been developed, which allows to increase the reliability and accuracy (by 5–15 %) of the measurement results of the electrical parameters of the PPM at the stages of tuning and testing. A software package for automated control has been developed. An automated control workplace has been developed.

RETRACTED: Addressing greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing power systems: A novel approach for clean electricity integration in commercial buildings

The global imperative for ensuring sustainable development has heightened the significance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the building sector. Consequently, a critical exploration into the integration of clean electricity within buildings has become indispensable. Therefore, this study focuses on the urgent global concern of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector to achieve sustainable development. However, the optimization of power systems encounters new challenges due to the unpredictable charging behavior of electric vehicles, resulting in flexible demand side management. These challenges necessitate a reevaluation of existing mathematical approaches. To ensure the utilization of clean electricity, a novel and cost-effective power supply system is proposed, specifically tailored for commercial buildings with a focus on creating a comfortable environment in a shopping mall. Furthermore, an energy management strategy is suggested to optimize energy usage. The study takes into account two types of electric vehicles and develops separate models for each based on their unique stochastic behaviors. Additionally, the integration of retired electric vehicle batteries in commercial buildings is explored as a potential solution. To address the inherent complexity of the problem, a developed algorithm based on multi-group search optimization is proposed. This algorithm effectively handles the uncertainties associated with electric vehicles and employs a decomposition approach to provide an optimal solution. The results demonstrate significant reductions of 82.17% and 83.32% in the expected operating cost through the integration of photovoltaic energy alone or both photovoltaic and retired electric vehicle batteries in commercial buildings, respectively. This emphasizes the benefits of incorporating photovoltaic and retired electric vehicle batteries in commercial buildings. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method is validated through a comparative analysis with alternative approaches.

Surface-modification-assisted synthesis of in-situ graphene-doped carbon substrate coated silicon nanoparticles for boosting lithium storage performance

Improving the electrical conductivity and structural integrity of Si/C anodes is of great concern for lithium-ion batteries which can be effectively achieved by doping graphene. However, it is difficult to achieve graphene-doped Si/C composites with good interface contact and conductive architecture. Herein, an in-situ graphene-doped carbon coated silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with multilayer architecture is designed. SiNPs is firstly modified and coated by polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) shell. Multilayer carbon architecture is constructed via co-pyrolysis method using PMMA and citric acid as carbon sources. It displays an excellent lithium storage performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 2117.5 mAhg−1 at 200 mAg−1. These impressive anodic properties are chiefly benefited from the ingenious carbon architecture coated SiNPs involving in-situ graphene with a strong interfacial bonding interaction. Overall, this investigation can not only broaden the application potential in LIBs for advanced Si/C anodes but also provide an alternative route on designing a graphene-related material.

Simulating Generalised Locational Marginal Pricing for Power Markets in East Africa

There is an enormous opportunity for adopting a wholesale electricity market under locational marginal pricing. Besides ensuring competition and accounting for network congestion, the price signal reflects a space-time electricity economy. This paper examines the prospects of introducing a single East African electricity market in five selected partner states. It reports on a pioneering effort to simulate the coupling of power markets, estimate locational marginal prices, and determine the economic benefits of cross-border power trade and competition across these five countries. The nodes representing the primary power systems in these five countries are simulated in an optimal power flow model using optimisation software GAMS. The total welfare of electric power market integration is estimated at $ 4.8 million/hr, representing a welfare gain of $ 2.6 million/hr, thus, net total welfare increases by 118%. The simulation also investigates the implications for locational prices and power flows under constrained and unconstrained scenarios. To secure the benefits of an integrated electricity market, it is vital to pursue significant institutional restructuring, a robust transmission infrastructure, and the harmonisation of energy policies.

Electric Motor and Transmission Integration for Light-Duty Electric Vehicles: A 2023 Benchmarking Perspective and Component Sizing for a Fleet Approach

Electric Motor and Transmission Integration for Light-Duty Electric Vehicles: A 2023 Benchmarking Perspective and Component Sizing for a Fleet Approach

A system for bioelectronic delivery of treatment directed toward wound healing

The development of wearable bioelectronic systems is a promising approach for optimal delivery of therapeutic treatments. These systems can provide continuous delivery of ions, charged biomolecules, and an electric field for various medical applications. However, rapid prototyping of wearable bioelectronic systems for controlled delivery of specific treatments with a scalable fabrication process is challenging. We present a wearable bioelectronic system comprised of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device cast in customizable 3D printed molds and a printed circuit board (PCB), which employs commercially available engineering components and tools throughout design and fabrication. The system, featuring solution-filled reservoirs, embedded electrodes, and hydrogel-filled capillary tubing, is assembled modularly. The PDMS and PCB both contain matching through-holes designed to hold metallic contact posts coated with silver epoxy, allowing for mechanical and electrical integration. This assembly scheme allows us to interchange subsystem components, such as various PCB designs and reservoir solutions. We present three PCB designs: a wired version and two battery-powered versions with and without onboard memory. The wired design uses an external voltage controller for device actuation. The battery-powered PCB design uses a microcontroller unit to enable pre-programmed applied voltages and deep sleep mode to prolong battery run time. Finally, the battery-powered PCB with onboard memory is developed to record delivered currents, which enables us to verify treatment dose delivered. To demonstrate the functionality of the platform, the devices are used to deliver H^+ in vivo using mouse models and fluoxetine ex vivo using a simulated wound environment. Immunohistochemistry staining shows an improvement of 35.86% in the M1/M2 ratio of H^+—treated wounds compared with control wounds, indicating the potential of the platform to improve wound healing.

Research on Non-Contact Voltage Measurement Method Based on Near-End Electric Field Inversion

Aiming at the problems of complex equations, low accuracy, and the strict measurement point layout requirements of the existing electric field integration method, a non-contact measurement method based on the inversion voltage of the near electric field is proposed. Firstly, the field source relationship is clarified, the connection between the spatial electric field and the voltage is derived, and a near-end electric field inversion method is proposed. Secondly, a three-dimensional simulation model of an overhead line is established using COMSOL finite element software, the three-dimensional spatial potential distribution of the overhead line is obtained, and the voltage is inverted and calculated. Finally, an overhead line simulation test platform was built, and MEMS electric field sensors were used for testing and verification. The results show that the maximum error of the three-phase voltage inversion of the proximal electric field measurement is 6.8%, and the error between the voltage obtained by the experimental inversion measurement and the reference voltage is less than 7.2%. The simulation and experimental results also verify the accuracy and feasibility of the inversion voltage of the proximal electric field. The results of this paper can lay a foundation for the practical application of small and miniaturized electric field sensors, and help in the construction and development of smart grids.

Waste2Watts: Techno-Economic Feasibility of Biogas-Fed SOFC Power System Integrated with Biogas Cleaning Unit and Carbon Capture Technologies

As a promising power generation technology, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system demonstrates high electrical efficiency and overall efficiency in cogeneration mode. Operating at high temperatures (> 680 ˚C), SOFCs cogenerate high-quality heat and can be integrated with different industry facilities. Furthermore, SOFC technology demonstrates high fuel tolerance, including hydrogen, natural gas, ammonia, LPG, etc. Unlike other fuel cell technologies, SOFC systems can also tolerate impurities in the fuel, e.g., CO2, N2 or even a small amount of O2. Besides, the compact system configuration makes SOFC system of great potential in the decentralized application.In the context of the Paris Agreement, more and more solutions to replace fossil fuels have been proposed, where biogas is considered as one promising alternative. Biogas generally contains several impurities, making its application limited in the fuel cell technology field. Removing all the impurities and making it compatible for all the fuel cell technologies would be expensive. Whereas, since SOFC has high tolerance in fuel impurities, keeping certain harmful impurities under safe thresholds with a biogas cleaning unit and injecting the purified biogas into the SOFC system will be less costly. In this case, a biogas-fed SOFC system integrated with a biogas cleaning unit can be considered as a promising renewable technology by avoiding fossil fuel use and converting biowaste into electricity and heat.Although biogas is produced from a renewable source, its use in SOFCs still generates CO2 emissions when it is fed with biogas. To realize carbon neutrality or even being carbon negative in a biogas-fed SOFC system, carbon capture (CC) technology is introduced to meet the net-zero carbon emission target in 2050. One conventional carbon capture storage (CCS) technology is the calcium looping system, which uses CaO/CaCO3 in a carbonation-calcination loop to separate and capture the CO2 from the exhaust gas. This type of technology is quite mature for large-scale applications and has been widely used in thermal power plants for the desulfurization and denitrification of exhaust. Novel technology based on sodium carbonate solution is capable of not only carbon capture, but also biogas cleaning. For the carbon capture utilization (CCU) technology, the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can convert CO2 with hydrogen into syngas via electrochemical or thermochemical catalytically driven processes.Focusing on the decentralized power system, small-scale biogas-fed SOFC system integrated with a biogas cleaning unit and CC system should be considered with capacity ranging from 20 kW to 200 kW. As a cogeneration system, the integration should not be limited to mass exchange. The electricity consumed by the biogas cleaning unit and CC system can be fulfilled via the SOFC system. Based on the system temperature pattern, a bigger heat exchange network can be formulated between three parts, which can avoid extra heat input. In this case, the optimality of overall system efficiency and revenue can be achieved.In this study, one biogas-fed SOFC power system is proposed with capacity ranging from 20 kW to 200 kW. The techno-economic evaluation is carried out in two cases, with or without heat and electrical integration. Meanwhile, in different cases, the techno-economic analysis of different biogas cleaning technologies and CC technologies will be performed as well. Two operation modes of the SOFC system are considered: (1) hot recirculation mixed before the reformer, (2) cold recirculation mixed before the reformer. Without the biogas cleaning unit and the CC technology, the biogas-fed SOFC system's electrical efficiency can exceed 65% as is demonstrated in Figure 1. Furthermore, Detailed techno-economic analysis has been carried out by three indicators: capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Integrated with biogas cleaning unit via only mass exchange, the LCOE of the biogas-fed system without CC technology ranges from around 0.11 EUR/kWh (20 kW) to 0.085 EUR/kWh (200 kW). The cost breakdown is shown in Figure 2(a). Based on the SOFC system techno-economic analysis, different CC technologies are added and compared. When the conventional CC technologies like Calcium looping (CaL) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis are scaled down to 20-200 kW and applied, unaffordable LCOE prices (0.65 EUR/kWh for CaL and 5 EUR/kWh for FT) indicate that these large-scale conventional technologies are not feasible for our cases. However, a novel technology based on Sodium carbonate looping with 97% CC efficiency is rather promising and shows much lower cost. As is indicated in Figure 2(b), the LCOE cost of the whole system is only around 0.151 EUR/kWh at 200 kW system capacity, indicating that it is a techno-economically feasible solution for a carbon-neutral biogas-fed SOFC system. Figure 1

Zinc-Iron Rechargeable Flow Battery with High Energy Density

In current research, electrochemical energy storage systems have gaining interest because they constitute an essential element in the development of sustainable energy technologies [1,2]. Among them, rechargeable flow batteries (RFBs) are one of the most promising technologies for the integration in grid-connected electricity, especially if combined with unpredictable and intermittent renewable energy sources, due to their high efficiency, power/energy independent sizing and room temperature operation [3]. At the moment, among all RFBs systems, the most investigated and advanced technology is the vanadium based RFB, characterized by an energy efficiency equal to 80% and energy density ranging 15-45 Wh/l [4]. However, nowadays the main bulk of research is focused on finding an economically convenient and technically competitive flow battery chemistry, able to ensure long lifetime and high energy efficiency [5,6]. In this study, a zinc-iron RFBs based on sulfate and sulfamate electrolytes will be presented, discussing the achievement of a charge density in the range 30-70 Wh/l. The combination of high energy efficiency of the Zn-Fe RFB with its ability to withstand a large number of charge/discharge cycles and the low cost, makes this battery system suitable for energy storage applications. Alotto, M. Guarnieri, and F. Moro. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29 (2014): 325-335. Weber, M.M. Mench, J.P. Meyers, P.N. Ross, J.T. Gostick and Q. Liu. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2011), 41(10), 1137. Kear, A.A Shah, and F.C. Walsh. International journal of energy research, (2012), 36(11), 1105-1120. Ding, H. Zhang, X. Li, T. Liu, and F. Xing. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, (2013), 4(8), 1281-1294. C- Xie, Y. Duan, W. Xu, H. Zhang, and X Li. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, (2017) 56 (47), 14953-14957. Selverston, R. F. Savinell, and J. S. Wainright. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, (2017): A1069-A1075.

In Situ Analysis of the Effect of Tetraakylammonium Salts on the Selectivity and Efficiency of Acrylonitrile Electrohydrodimerization

Traditional chemical manufacturing processes are primarily powered by fossil-fuel combustion, and often require operation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Introducing electrosynthesis as an alternative to thermal processes at industrial scale can allow direct integration of renewable electricity with chemical manufacturing, accelerating the decarbonization of large-scale chemical processes. However, there are major challenges that must be addressed before implementing organic electrosynthesis on an industrial level, such as the low solubility of organic reactants in aqueous electrolytes and the existence of multiple reaction pathways that lead to undesired byproducts. In this presentation, we will discuss our work on electrolyte design strategies to enhance the performance of adiponitrile (ADN) electrosynthesis. ADN is a large volume precursor of hexamethylenediamine, which is a monomer used in Nylon 6,6 manufacturing. The most commonly used method for ADN production, the thermochemical hydrocyanation of 1,3-butadiene, is energy intensive and uses hydrogen cyanide, a highly toxic reactant. Alternatively, ADN can be produced electrochemically via the hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile (AN), which is the largest and most successful industrial organic electrochemical process. In this reaction, the addition of tetraalkylammonium (TAA) salts as supporting electrolytes in large concentrations has been widely accepted to enhance the solubility of organic reactants. It has been hypothesized that TAA ions boost the selectivity towards ADN by increasing the AN concentration in the electrical double layer (EDL). Recent studies by our group explored the effect of the molecular size and concentration of TAA ions on the selectivity and efficiency of ADN production. Resulting trends suggest that the reaction is strongly limited by mass transport of organic reactants to the EDL at high current densities. Despite these advances, the local effects of TAA ions on the concentration of reactants and intermediates in the EDL remain unclear. Inspired by prior demonstrations, we developed a spectroelectrochemical method for quantitatively assessing the concentration of species at the electrode/electrolyte interface. This method relies on an electrochemical flow cell integrated with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to quantify concentrations of reactive species in the near-electrode region. Our results demonstrate that the presence of TAA ions increases the local concentration of AN at the electrode, and that applied potential increases TAA ion concentration. These results provide insights into the effects of supporting ions and potential in organic electrosynthesis selectivity.Figure caption: Schematic view of the enhancement of acrylonitrile (AN) concentration in the electrical double layer (EDL) by the addition of Tetrabutylammonium (TBA) ions to the aqueous electrolyte. Figure 1

Silicon-Containing Anodes for High-Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Next- Generation Lithium(Li)-based rechargeable battery technologies utilising silicon (Si) and Si-containing (Si/Gr, SiOx/Gr, SiNx etc.) anodes coupled with high-capacity/high-voltage insertion-type cathodes (IC) have gained significant attention from both academic and industrial sectors.1 This originates from their practically achievable high energy density, offering a new possibility towards the large-scale espousal of electric vehicles and effective integration of renewable energy sources. In pursuit of designing such high-energy-density electrical energy storage devices, the anode compartment plays huge role and has accordingly reaped increasing interest. In this regards, Si and Si-containing materials are considered to be the most promising choices to replace state-of-the-art graphite in the construction of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This is attributed to their unparalleled high theoretical capacity, suitable operating voltage, natural abundance, environmental benignity, nontoxicity, high safety, and so forth.However, Si and Si-containing materials are endowed with their own advantages and inherent shortcomings. Colossal volume change, much lower diffusivity (σe-+ and DLi+), unstable and fragile solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, electrode swelling, and electrolyte drying are among the most impending intrinsic challenges that hider the large-scale commercialization of such innovative materials. Moreover, the detailed storage mechanism, electrochemistry, failure mechanism and impact of each component in case of blended/composite anode materials (e.g., Si/Gr and SiOX/Gr) etc. remain to be key loopholes to fully understand and thus enable the systems.In this paper, accounts on the various Si-containing active materials (Si, SiOx, Si/Gr blend/composite, SiOx/Gr blend/composite, SiNx etc) including their pros and cons, recent progresses, detailed storage chemistries and mechanisms, characteristics, possible tailored remedies to evade their challenges and thus improving performances - in hope of facilitating their large-scale deployment in the market, and future prospects and research directions will be presented. Impact of atomic level peculiar properties on the material and battery cells level key performance matrices are thoroughly examined. Moreover, the specific energy (Eg) and energy (Ev) density of various insertion-type cathode materials as a function of a) the weight fraction of Si at a fixed areal capacity, b) areal capacity at various Si contents, c) various kinds of electrolytes (liquid, polymer, glass and ceramic) at a fixed areal capacity, and d) electrolyte thickness are evaluated and analyzed.The approach presented in this paper will spur new concepts and perspectives into the best use of Silicon (Si) and Si-containing anode materials for the development Next-Generation high-energy density LIBs. 1Eshetu, G. G.; Zhang, H.; Judez, X.; Adenusi, H.; Armand, M.; Passerini, S.; Figgemeier, E, “Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu, Heng Zhang, Xabier Judez, Henry Adenusi, Michel Armand, Stefano Passerini, & Egbert Figgemeier, “Production of high-energy Li-ion batteries comprising silicon-containing anodes and insertion-type cathodes.” Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 1–14.

IoT-based monitoring and control of substations and smart grids with renewables and electric vehicles integration

The integrated renewable energy resources (RERs) based smart grid in the power distribution network (PDN) has financial and ecological benefits. However, the emergence of RER-based microgrids and substations without real-time monitoring of their power parameters leads to various challenges in the PDN, such as suboptimal resource allocation, poor load management, grid instability, and lack of real-time decision-making capabilities. To mitigate these challenges, increase the system's visibility, and make efficient decisions, intelligent monitoring and control system is required for both smart grid and power substation. This proposed study develops IoT-based monitoring and control of power substations and associated distributed smart grids to make effective decisions of integration/segregation into the PDN. The proposed IoT-based integration/segregation of smart grids and load management can mitigate the stated challenges effectively. Using the HOMER Grid®, the research also investigates the annualized power production pattern of smart grids and the power consumption pattern of integrated loads to enable proactive decisions about energy management. The proposed study implements IoT technology for power parameters monitoring of substations and smart grids for their effective use, as it considers four types of load management, including industrial, domestic, commercial, and electric vehicles, with the aid of IoT technology to avoid power fluctuations and contingencies. Effective load management has been adopted based on annualized energy consumption, load patterns and real-time monitoring, and active decisions making. The results highlight that the proposed IoT-based approach helps advance smart grid integration into the PDN and enhance energy load management, consequently reducing energy costs and suppressing carbon emissions. The validation of the proposed model is verified by the constructed prototype, where the achieved real-time monitoring and control of power substations and smart grids into PDN is performed to make effective decisions related to energy and load management. Moreover, it effectively allows power distribution companies to manage loads during high demand or crises and enhances grid stability and energy efficiency.

A surrogate model for the economic evaluation of renewable hydrogen production from biomass feedstocks via supercritical water gasification

Supercritical water gasification is a promising technology for renewable hydrogen production from high moisture content biomass. This work produces a machine learning surrogate model to predict the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen over a range of biomass compositions, processing capacities, and geographic locations. The model is published to facilitate early-stage economic analysis (doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22811066). A process simulation using the Gibbs reactor provided the training data using 40 biomass compositions, five processing capacities (10–200 m3/h), and three geographic locations (China, Brazil, UK). The levelised costs ranged between 3.81 and 18.72 $/kgH2 across the considered parameter combinations. Heat and electricity integration resulted in low process emissions averaging 0.46 kgCO2eq/GJH2 (China and Brazil), and 0.37 kgCO2eq/GJH2 (UK). Artificial neural networks were most accurate when compared to random forests and support vector regression for the surrogate model during cross-validation, achieving an accuracy of MAPE: <4.6%, RMSE: <0.39, and R2: >0.99 on the test set.

HOMER-Based Multi-Scenario Collaborative Planning for Grid-Connected PV-Storage Microgrids with Electric Vehicles

One of the crucial methods for adapting distributed PV generation is the microgrid. However, solar resources, load characteristics, and the essential microgrid system components are all directly tied to the optimal planning scheme for microgrids. This article conducts a collaborative planning study of grid-connected PV-storage microgrids under electric vehicle integration in various scenarios using HOMER 1.8.9 software. To be more specific, in multiple scenarios, we built capacity optimization models for PV modules, energy storage, and converters in microgrids, with several scenarios each accounting for the cleanliness, economic performance, and overall performance of microgrids. For multiple scenarios, this paper used the net present value cost and levelized cost of electricity as indicators of microgrid economics, and carbon dioxide emissions and the fraction of renewable energy were used as indicators of microgrid cleanliness. The optimal capacity allocation for economy, cleanliness, and a combination of economy and cleanliness were separately derived. Finally, on a business park in Wuhan, China, we conducted thorough case studies to compare and debate the planning performance under various scenarios and to undertake sensitivity analyses on the cases. The sensitivity analyses were conducted for the optimal configuration of microgrids in terms of the EV charging scale, carbon dioxide emissions, PV module unit cost, and storage unit cost. The results of the simulation and optimization show that the optimization approach could determine the ideal configuration for balancing economy and cleanliness. As the EV charging demand increased, the energy storage capacity required in the microgrid gradually increased, while the carbon dioxide emission limit was negatively correlated with the energy storage capacity demand. The unit investment cost of PV module units had a greater impact on the optimal system configuration than the cost of batteries.

Abstract P1079: Regeneration Of Primate Hearts With Human IPS Cell-derived Cardiac Spheroids

Background: Clinical application of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) for cardiac repair started with the epicardial delivery of engineered cardiac tissue; however, the feasibility of the direct delivery of hiPSC-CMs into the cardiac muscle layer, which was shown to induce electrical integration, was unclear because of concerns regarding poor engraftment of dispersed cardiomyocytes (CMs) and post-transplant arrhythmias. Thus, in this study, we prepared clinical-grade purified hiPSC-CM aggregates, known as cardiac spheroids (CSs), and confirmed whether the direct injection of CSs could regenerate infarcted non-human primate hearts. Methods: We performed two separate experiments to explore the appropriate number of CMs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In the first experiment, 10 cynomolgus monkeys were subjected to myocardial infarction 2 weeks pre-transplantation and were designated as recipients of CSs containing 2х10 7 CMs or the vehicle. The animals were killed 12 weeks post-transplantation for histological analysis, and cardiac function and arrhythmia were monitored during the observational period. In the second study, we repeated the equivalent transplantation study using more CMs (6х10 7 CMs). Results: Recipients of CSs containing 2х10 7 CMs showed limited CM grafts and transient increases in fractional shortening compared with those of the vehicle, with a low incidence of post-transplant arrhythmia. Transplantation of increased dose of CMs resulted in significantly greater engraftment and long-term contractile benefits. The incidence of post-transplant arrhythmia slightly increased in recipients of CSs containing 6х10 7 CMs. Conclusions: We demonstrated that direct injection of hiPSC-derived CSs, prepared as clinical-grade cell products, restores the contractile functions of injured primate hearts with an acceptable risk of post-transplant arrhythmia. These findings provide strong rationale for conducting clinical trials using the equivalent CM products.