Electric Current Research Articles

Optimizing arsenic removal from groundwater using continuous flow electrocoagulation with iron and aluminum electrodes: An experimental and modeling approach

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a global issue. This study examines arsenic removal using continuous flow electrocoagulation with iron and aluminum electrodes. Various parameters, such as electrode material, number, and applied voltage, were tested. Arsenic removal efficiencies ranged from 52 % to 89 % with aluminum electrodes and 46 % to 96 % with iron electrodes, depending on conditions. Surface pretreatment of electrodes significantly enhanced performance. Iron electrodes provided a faster and more cost-effective solution compared to aluminum. Statistical methods, including Pearson's correlation and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) modeling, were used to optimize operational parameters like current density, coagulant dose, pH, and conductivity. The GBM model achieved high predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.97), capturing complex relationships. Experiment duration was the most critical factor, contributing 70.2 % to arsenic removal efficiency, with a strong correlation (r = 0.75). Coagulant dose was also crucial, followed by current density and voltage. Cost analysis combined with GBM modeling optimized cost-efficiency for achieving arsenic levels below 10 μg/L. This research offers valuable insights for optimizing electrocoagulation processes, demonstrating the potential of machine learning in enhancing water treatment technologies.

Manipulation of Magnonic Activity by Electric Currents in Ferromagnetic Nanocylinders

Electric currents passing through ferromagnets can impact the magnetization dynamics via the so-called spin-transfer torque (STT) effect. In this paper, we present a theoretical study on the current influence on magnonic activity, a recently reported spin wave (SW) chiral effect in ferromagnetic nanotubes. By micromagnetic simulations, we show that an electric current can cause a significant change in the rotatory power of the SW modes propagating in a longitudinally magnetized nanotube. This result is well explained by using the Fresnel model in optics assuming a SW circular birefringence. An analytical method is developed to solve the first-order mode, yielding perfect agreements with the numerical results. Our results provide a new approach to manipulate the SW propagating properties in ferromagnetic nanocylinders.

Laying of the main cables of the SCB with AC electric current

Laying of the main cables of the SCB with AC electric current

Long-distance electron transport in multicellular freshwater cable bacteria.

Filamentous multicellular cable bacteria perform centimeter-scale electron transport in a process that couples oxidation of an electron donor (sulfide) in deeper sediment to the reduction of an electron acceptor (oxygen or nitrate) near the surface. While this electric metabolism is prevalent in both marine and freshwater sediments, detailed electronic measurements of the conductivity previously focused on the marine cable bacteria (Candidatus Electrothrix), rather than freshwater cable bacteria, which form a separate genus (Candidatus Electronema) and contribute essential geochemical roles in freshwater sediments. Here, we characterize the electron transport characteristics of Ca. Electronema cable bacteria from Southern California freshwater sediments. Current-voltage measurements of intact cable filaments bridging interdigitated electrodes confirmed their persistent conductivity under a controlled atmosphere and the variable sensitivity of this conduction to air exposure. Electrostatic and conductive atomic force microscopies mapped out the characteristics of the cell envelope's nanofiber network, implicating it as the conductive pathway in a manner consistent with previous findings in marine cable bacteria. Four-probe measurements of microelectrodes addressing intact cables demonstrated nanoampere currents up to 200 μm lengths at modest driving voltages, allowing us to quantify the nanofiber conductivity at 0.1 S/cm for freshwater cable bacteria filaments under our measurement conditions. Such a high conductivity can support the remarkable sulfide-to-oxygen electrical currents mediated by cable bacteria in sediments. These measurements expand the knowledgebase of long-distance electron transport to the freshwater niche while shedding light on the underlying conductive network of cable bacteria.

A Review of the Applications of Through-the-Earth (TTE) Communication Systems for Underground Mines

AbstractUnderground mining accidents have the potential of leaving miners trapped in unknown and life-threatening locations for an extended period of time. The lives of the trapped and unaccounted-for miners are at risk and require emergency rescue. But, the primary tracking systems are highly susceptible to damage during accidents and are most likely to be defunct and inoperable post-accident. This prompted the need for a robust and reliable post-accident communication and locator system. Subsequently, the through-the-earth (TTE) communication systems were developed and tested in underground mines. Under ideal conditions, these systems are capable of post-accident full-duplex two-way voice, text, and data communication and fingerprint detection of the geolocations of the trapped miners. This is achieved through a wireless link established by the transmission of electromagnetic and seismic waves between surface and underground, even in challenged underground environments. Unlike the primary tracking systems, the TTE communication systems do not require extensive shaft-to-workplace backbone infrastructure. This has made the TTE systems to be less susceptible to damage and therefore suitable for post-accident communication. Instead, the Earth’s crust acts as the signal transmission medium which forms an uplink and downlink communication path. This is achieved by injecting an electric current into the ground using electrodes, by transmitting magnetic fields from a radiating loop antenna, or by inducing fingerprint geolocations using seismic waves. Range and data rates are the critical requirements for the effectiveness of these systems and are dependent on factors such as the antenna design, frequency, and rock properties. This study provides a review of the applications of the different types of TTE communication systems, their evolution, factors that affect them, and techniques for improving their efficiencies and capabilities. These systems present the mining industry with an opportunity to improve safety by providing post-accident communication and locating trapped miners as quickly as possible. This will improve their survival chances and ultimately reduce fatality rates in the mining industry.

Review of: "CNT carbon nanotubes can be large amounts transfer electric current, much more than graphene nanowires and nanoribbons generally self-aggregate in nanostructures, increasing nanoelectromagnetic interaction (nanoparticles) in conductive nanomaterials and semiconductors"

Review of: "CNT carbon nanotubes can be large amounts transfer electric current, much more than graphene nanowires and nanoribbons generally self-aggregate in nanostructures, increasing nanoelectromagnetic interaction (nanoparticles) in conductive nanomaterials and semiconductors"

The effect of Cu-doping to the DLC interlayer on the temperature dependent current-conduction mechanisms and barrier shape of the Schottky devices

The objective of this study is to determine the temperature and voltage-dependent current conduction mechanisms (CCMs) of the Al/Cu-doped DLC/p-Si Schottky device. It is aimed to obtain extensive and detailed data by current-voltage (I–V) measurements taken with 0.3 V voltage steps in the ±4 V voltage range, at 30 K intervals from 80 K to 410 K. Firstly, an examination of the semi-logarithmic I–V curve revealed that the low temperature (LTs, 80 K–170 K), medium temperature (MTs, 200 K–290 K) and high temperature (HTs, 320 K–410 K) regions should be examined separately. The basic parameters of the Schottky device such as the ideality factor (n), reverse saturation current (Io) and zero-biasing potential barrier height (ΦBo) were obtained separately for LTs, MTs and HTs by the Thermionic Emission (TE) theory. The results obtained show that the device deviates from ideality, especially in LTs and HTs, and the n values decrease with increasing temperature, while the ΦBo values increase. The analysis of the presence of other CTMs in the Schottky device revealed that Field Emission (FE) and Thermionic Field Emission (TFE) were effective in LTs and MTs, while FE was effective in HTs. Since it is thought that quantum mechanical CTMs cannot be the cause of such a deviation from ideality due to the interface layer thickness, the existence of Gaussian Distribution originating from lateral barrier inhomogeneity was investigated. As a result, it is concluded that the Multiple Gaussian Distribution (MGD) is dominant in the possible CTMs of the Schottky device.

Electroplasticity mechanism of Ti2AlNb alloys under hot compression with the application of a lower electric current

In this study, a lower electric current (1.0–2.0 A/mm2) was applied during hot compression of Ti2AlNb alloys, and the mechanical response, microstructure evolution, and electroplasticity mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the maximum flow stress drop could reach 18.7 % after applying a lower electric current of 2.0 A/mm2, which confirms the existence of electroplasticity. The stress drop increased with increasing electric current density. However, the flow stresses of the samples in the isothermal compression test and those subjected to a 1.0 A/mm2 electric current compression test were similar, indicating that there is a threshold value for the electroplasticity effect on flow stress. The lower strain hardening rate caused by the electric current confirmed the electroplasticity effect, promoting the softening effect. Additionally, the lower average activation energy Q, affected by the electric current, implied the improvement of the deformability of the alloy due to the deformation mechanism of dynamic recovery (DRV), dynamic globularization, or dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The gradual reduction of dislocation density with increasing electric current density resulted in the stress drop, which can be ascribed to the directional drifting electrons colliding with dislocations, which promoted the movement of dislocations by arranging the dislocations in parallel. The local high temperature induced by the local Joule heating effect at the O lamella had a strong promoting effect on the globularization of the O lamella by producing uniform lattice distortion/local strain at the O/B2 interface. With increasing furnace temperature, the drifting electrons accelerated the transformation of LAGBs to HAGBs which promoted the appearance of dynamic recrystallization grains.

Characterization of interface states and investigation of possible current conduction mechanisms in the Pt, Au, Cu/n-InP Schottky diodes

Based on the capacitance/conductance–voltage (C/G–V) and current–voltage (I–V) methods, the interface characteristics and the current conduction mechanisms of Pt/n-InP Schottky contacts were studied in detail. The interface states strongly affected the values of capacitance in the depletion region. From Terman, G–V, and forward I–V methods, the interface state density (D it) was found to range from mid-1012 to mid-1013 eV−1cm−2. The forward current characteristics was not elucidated by the thermionic emission (TE) model assisted by tunneling via the interfacial layer. Rather, the spatially distributed inhomogeneous barrier could interpret the forward current characteristics. Trap-assisted tunneling involving phosphorous vacancy (VP)-related defects was observed to be dominant in the case of the reverse current characteristics. The comparison of Pt metal contact with Cu and Au contacts revealed that Pt contact has the highest D it among three contacts.

Effect of Phytic Acid, Tin Oxide and Graphite Incorporation in Polyaniline Semiconductive Ink

Enhanced electrical conductivity and pressure sensing functionalities of phytic acid-doped polyaniline ink (PPhyA) incorporated with SnO2 (PPhyAS) and graphite flakes (PPhyAG) as reported in our previous article, encouraged us to explore the electrical conduction mechanism and associated optical properties. In order to realize the enhanced electrical conduction in the reported inks, detailed studies were carried out in our research described here in comparison with normal HCl-doped polyaniline (PANI). This can be attributed to the formation of a highly ordered molecular arrangement with high crystallinity, a change in the hopping pathway between two adjacent molecules and the hopping activation energy of the PANI chain in the phytic acid-doped ink systems. Optical parameters, such as absorption edge, Urbach energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity and optical dielectric constants, were estimated from the result of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of these studies showed enhancement of the optical properties of the phytic acid-doped ink systems (PPhyA, PPhyAS and PPhyAG) in the low photon energy range as compared to HCl-doped PANI. Phytic acid-doped ink systems are paintable on a variety of flexible surfaces, such as paper and plastics. Hence, we suggest that the phytic acid-doped ink systems have a great potential for developing flexible and foldable circuitry for infrared optics and remote sensing.

A strategy to predict the current conduction mechanisms into Al/PVP:Gr-BaTiO3/p-Si Schottky structure using Artificial Neural Network

In this work, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm is used to predict the current conduction mechanisms into the metal-semiconductor (MS) and metal-nanocomposite-semiconductor (MPS) structures along with their primary electronic parameters, such as the leak current (I0), potential barrier height (ΦB0), ideality factor (n), series/shunt resistance (Rs/Rsh), rectifying ratio (RR), and interface states density (Nss) by analyzing the I–V characteristics. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), barium titanate (BaTiO3) and graphene (Gr) nanoparticles are mixed together to create the interfacial nanocomposite layer. Training data for ANN algorithm is gathered using the thermionic emission hypothesis. In order to study the efficacy of the ANN model, the predictive power of the ANN technique for predicting the current conduction mechanisms and electronic properties of SDs has been assessed by comparing the predicted and experimental results. The ANN predictions of the current conduction mechanisms at the forward/reverse bias and the fundamental electronic specifications of the MS and MPS structures are a high level of agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the results show that the RR and Rsh rise whereas the n, Rs, and Nss for MS structure decrease when the PVP:Gr-BaTiO3 nanocomposite interlayer is employed.

Crack propagation arrest by the Joule heating in micro/nano-sized structures

The Joule heating technique is utilized to arrest the crack propagation so to protect some important structures being further damaged. In this approach there are created compression stresses at the crack tip vicinity due to a specific temperature distribution induced by the electric current. The Joule heating is amulti-physical problem which is applied here to micro/nano-sized structures. The size-effects are considered for description of both the elastic and the thermal fields. The heat conduction can’t be well described by classical Fourier’s law in nano-sized structures. A novel gradient theory is developed in such structures adopting the size effect of heat conduction. Besides, the strain gradients and double stresses are introduced into the constitutive laws. Then, the governing equations are given by partial differential equations with order of derivatives being higher than in classical theory. The principle of virtual work is the base of weak formulation and derivation of the discretized finite element equations for ageneral 2d boundary value problem with cracks. The collocation mixed FEM with large strain gradients is developed for numerical solution, where the C0 continuous approximation is applied independently to displacements and strains and also to temperature and temperature gradients. Kinematic constraints between strains and displacements are satisfied by the collocation method at selected interior points. The collocation mixed FEM is applied to solve 2D crack problems with Joule heating.

Spectral and conductivity measurements insights on loading mechanisms of DMSO/water-kaolin complexes

Kaolin, a naturally occurring clay mineral renowned for its distinctive properties, holds significant importance across various industries. The integration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) into kaolin matrices, both in the presence and absence of water, has been extensively explored for its potential to enhance material characteristics. Addressing debates surrounding the proposed adsorption mechanism for the type I structure of DMSO, this study undertook a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of DMSO-kaolin complexes (DMSO-KCs) derived from untreated (UnK) and HCl-treated (HK) Egyptian ore, with a focus on elucidating the loading mechanism facilitated by water.Key insights gleaned from electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and Fine Testing Technology – Fourier-transform infrared (FTT-FTIR) measurements, shedding light on the bonding nature of DMSO-KCs. FTT-FTIR analysis revealed two stages of water departure at 180 °C, with the final stage coinciding with the release of pyrolysis gases, confirming the catalytic degradation of DMSO. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), two distinct bonding types of DMSO molecules with kaolinite were identified: amorphous adsorbed (type I) and lattice-oriented intercalated (type II).Electrical characteristic evaluations within the temperature range of room temperature (RT) to 260 °C and frequency range of 42 Hz–1 MHz revealed that DMSO intercalation enhances the electrical properties of kaolin. Hydrated DMSO-KCs exhibited higher values of σac and ɛʹ compared to non-hydrated samples. The activation energy (Ea) values for HCl-treated samples were smaller than those of untreated ones. Alternating current (AC) conductivity analysis indicated predominantly ionic behavior with frequency and temperature dependency in both HCl-treated and untreated kaolin. Our findings substantiate the adsorption mechanism of Type I DMSO, highlighting its amorphous nature, instability, and catalytic degradation over time, in contrast to the intercalated type II. This elucidation is pivotal for understanding the behavior of DMSO-KCs across diverse applications, including electronics, ceramics, and materialsscience.

Differential Signal-Amplitude-Modulated Multi-Beam Remote Optical Touch Based on Grating Antenna.

As screen sizes are becoming larger and larger, exceeding human physical limitations for direct interaction via touching, remote control is inevitable. However, among the current solutions, inertial gyroscopes are susceptible to positional inaccuracies, and gesture recognition is limited by cameras' focus depths and viewing angles. Provided that the issue of ghost points can be effectively addressed, grating antenna light-trapping technology is an ideal candidate for multipoint inputs. Therefore, we propose a differential amplitude modulation scheme for grating antenna-based multi-beam optical touch, which can recognize different incidence points. The amplitude of the incident beams was first coded with different pulse widths. Then, following the capture of incident beams by the grating antenna and their conversion into electrical currents by the aligned detector arrays, the incident points of the individual beams were recognized and differentiated. The scheme was successfully verified on an 18-inch screen, where two-point optical touch with a position accuracy error of under 3 mm and a response time of less than 7 ms under a modulation frequency of 10 kHz on both incident beams was achieved. This work demonstrates a practical method to achieve remote multi-point touch, which can make digital mice more accurately represent the users' pointing directions by obeying the natural three-point one-line aiming rule instantaneously.

An activation guideline for the resistive heating process of iron-based shape memory alloy embedded in concrete

In new and existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures, extensive research has proven that iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMA) can be used as prestressing materials. As for the Fe-SMA embedded in concrete, the resistive heating method is usually adopted to activate its shape memory effect to develop prestress in the concrete. The prestressing process of the Fe-SMA involves multiple physical fields such as electric currents, temperatures, and mechanics. An accurate and standardized implementation of the activation process is essential for the Fe-SMA to effectively generate the expected prestress in the structure. However, data drift can occur when thermocouples measure the temperature of the Fe-SMA through which current flows and non-contact heat sensors can not measure the temperature of the Fe-SMA embedded in the concrete. It is also difficult to theoretically estimate the activation time and temperature of the Fe-SMA in concrete. The pre-test or empirical values are usually required to estimate the activation current and time for reaching the target temperature, compromising the construction efficiency. Additionally, the selection of activation parameters varies wildly for Fe-SMA with different specifications and sizes. There are currently no standardized guidelines for the electrical resistive activation of the Fe-SMA. Therefore, a multi-physical finite element model was developed to study the self-prestressing process of the Fe-SMA embedded in concrete and predict the temperature distribution and prestress of the Fe-SMA and concrete. The effects of the current density, the Fe-SMA shape and size, and the concrete cover depth were analyzed. In the end, an activation guideline for the electrical resistive heating of the Fe-SMA was offered to facilitate the construction and activation process in field engineering.

Geometrical effective medium model of electric conduction of partially saturated clays

The current existing researches were discussed to assess the advantages and limitations of existing empirical and theoretical models for direct conductivity (DC) prediction. Prior research has demonstrated that an effective medium model may not accurately reflect the actual situation due to the presence of two types of water (bound water and bulk water) in clay-rich materials. Furthermore, the existing models can not satisfy the prediction of electrical conductivity of metal ions adsorbed clay or unsaturated clay. To address this issue, a new Effective Medium Double Water (EMDW) model was proposed based on multiple scattering techniques, which encompasses soil particles, surface-bound water layers, and bulk water and was established by controlled soil types and degrees of saturation. The novel EMDW model includes the Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA), which has consistently demonstrated superior agreement with experimental data when compared to other approximation models. Moreover, the binomial expansion approximation was utilized to simplify the formula and facilitate its use. The developed conductivity model was validated with data from other researchers. In comparison to other well-established conductivity models, the proposed EMDW model has clear physical meaning and can accurately compute matrix conductivity utilizing modified coated particle conductivity and saturation conductivity. The findings suggest that matrix conductivity in clay materials is significantly correlated with electrical-physical parameters, such as porosity, degree of saturation, shape of each discontinuous phase, and conductivity of surface-bound water and bulk water. Consequently, the new EMDW model is a theoretically grounded, physically meaningful, and easy-to-use model for conductivity prediction in clay materials.

Scalable polyolefin-based all-organic dielectrics with superior high-temperature capacitive energy storage performance

Polymer dielectrics capable of efficient and stable operation at elevated temperatures (>150 °C) are urgently needed to meet the stringent requirements of capacitive energy storage in harsh environments. However, the current leading commercially available polymer dielectric, biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), can only sustain continuous operation at temperatures below 85 °C due to its limited thermal stability and significant increase in electrical conduction at high temperatures. Here, we present an all-organic polymer composite comprising nonpolar polyolefin and organic semiconductor that demonstrates superior dielectric and capacitive energy storage performance at 150 °C. Notably, the dielectric properties of the polymer composite remain stable across a broad temperature range, exhibiting an ultralow dissipation factor at elevated temperatures. Benefiting from the deep trap energy levels introduced by the organic semiconductor, the composite film achieves one order of magnitude reduction in electrical conductivity. As a result, the composite film attains discharged energy densities of 7.1 J/cm3 and 5.5 J/cm3 with a charge-discharge efficiency of 90 % at 25 °C and 150 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the composite film maintains stable capacitive performance over extended charge-discharge cycles (50,000 cycles) in harsh environments (500 MV/m and 150 °C), along with excellent breakdown self-healing capability. These remarkable performances, coupled with the potential for large-scale production using commercially available raw materials, highlight the practically viability of the composite film for high-temperature capacitive energy storage applications.

Influence of nature melanin on the structural, linear/nonlinear optical properties and electrical conduction mechanism of PVA/CMC/PPy blended polymers for optoelectronic applications

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have been used as polymeric matrices to create polymeric nanocomposite films that contain polypyrrole (PPY) and melanin as fillers. The structure of the PVA/CMC/PPy/x wt % melanin blends was analyzed using the X-ray diffraction technique. The scanning electron microscopy technique was used to investigate the morphologies of the blends. The highest absorbance and reflectance spectra were observed when the melanin content reached 0.25 and 0.2 % wt %, respectively. The smallest direct and indirect optical band gaps are (4.91, 4.44) eV and (4.22, 3.79, 2.34) eV, respectively, achieved when the melanin content was 0.25 wt%. The blend doped with 0.15 wt% PANi yielded the highest refractive index values (1.396 at λ = 600 nm). The optical dielectric constant values of the blends exhibited irregular improvement when the PVA/CMC/PPy blended polymer was filled with varying quantities of melanin. The blend doped with 0.15 wt% melanin exhibits the highest optical conductivity values in the visible range. The blend of PVA/CMC/PPy with a melanin concentration of 0.15 or 0.2 wt% demonstrated the highest nonlinear optical parameters. The blend of PVA/CMC/PPy with a melanin concentration of 0.15 or 0.2 wt% demonstrated the highest nonlinear optical parameter. Based on the observed behavior of the I-V characteristic, the possibility of ohmic conduct ions or space charge limited conduct ions is ruled out in all blends. The charge transport mechanisms that take place in different blends under varying temperatures were examined. These outcomes suggest the opportunity of employing the created blended polymer in capacitive energy storage, optoelectronic devices and photocatalytic application.

Electrochemical behaviour of ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid for high-performance supercapacitors

The batteries and capacitors have limited energy storage capacity due to reduced electrochemical performance and cycle stability. The existence problem can be overcome by fabricated nanostructured materials via enhanced electrical conduction and a significant surface area are essential for fulfilling the key requirements in evaluating as excellent electrode used in supercapacitors application, like as stability and extraordinarily high performance. This study utilises a cost-effective sonochemical approach to fabricate a ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid. The synthesized ZrS2 and ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid electrode were analyzed by their structural behaviour, oxidation state and morphological properties by utilising X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the fabricated material. The addition of rGO sheets to ZrS2 particles enhances the surface area as well as capacitance of the ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid due to superior adsorption of electrolyte ions. The ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid demonstrated exceptional stability and attained the exceptional capacitance (Cs) of (1237.9 F/g) @ 1 A/g and the energy (68.5 Wh/kg), power density (Pd) of 315.7 W/kg during GCD (galvanostatic charge/discharge) analysis by utilising three-electrode setup. The ZrS2@rGO nanohybrid exhibits exceptional electrochemical properties, which proved to be an excellent material for their significant storage, unlike batteries and simple capacitors, as well as used as considerable potential for future technological advancements and energy storage devices.

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Synthesis and Characterization of Copper-Silver Bimetallic Materials as Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction

Copper-silver (Cu-Ag) bimetallics and alloys are attractive due to their enhanced performance compared to their parent metals in various fields including electronics, batteries, biomedicine, solar technology, energy storage, and catalysis.[1] Existing methods for synthesizing Cu-Ag bimetallics suffer from major drawbacks such as intense temperature and pressure conditions, pre and post-treatment processes, and multiple time-consuming steps.[2, 3]In this work, Cu-Ag bimetallic films were synthesized under various ratios for the first time using a newly developed Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) system. Synthesis was done in a single step, in under 15 minutes. The samples exhibited strong adhesion onto various substrates such as glass and glassy carbon. This direct-deposition technique requires low power input (<50 W) without the need for any pre- or post-treatment processes and with little to no waste. This contrasts with wet chemistry, where deposition normally takes 12-24 hours followed by thermal processes that produce several waste products.[4] Considering the high melting points (MP) of pure Cu and Ag (MP of Cu is ca. 1,085 °C and MP of Ag is ca. 962 °C), and the fact that they are immiscible, the formation of Cu-Ag alloys usually requires a high amount of energy under intense conditions.[5]These Cu-Ag films were characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Here, we demonstrate that by only mixing low-concentration metal salt solutions and using a neutral gas (helium), we can readily synthesize metal alloys while controlling their thickness, shape, composition, and metal ratios. From an electrochemical point of view, APPJ drives the reduction of metal cations from the presence of free electrons. This suggests the presence of a medium that is considered either as an electrode, due to the presence of electrons, or as an electrolyte, due to their electrical conduction.[6]These plasma-synthesized materials were tested as electrocatalysts for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) under various potentials. The performance of these catalysts was assessed via electrochemical surface area (ECSA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and pulse voltammetry techniques. Copper is the only heterogeneous catalyst that converts CO2 into valuable chemicals, such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and alcohols.[7] Interestingly, we illustrate that the addition of silver improves the catalytic activity of copper toward CO2 reduction under low potentials. This is a desirable property given the anticipated transition to green energy. References Tantawy, H.R., et al., Novel synthesis of bimetallic Ag-Cu nanocatalysts for rapid oxidative and reductive degradation of anionic and cationic dyes. Applied Surface Science Advances, 2021. 3: p. 100056. Zhang, X., et al., Microstructures and properties of 40Cu/Ag (Invar) composites fabricated by powder metallurgy and subsequent thermo-mechanical treatment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2018. 49: p. 1869-1878. Rajashekhar, B., et al., Electro co-deposition of copper-silver nanocrystallite alloy cluster: A way for tunable SERS substrate development. Materials Letters: X, 2022. 15: p. 100157. Jie, S., et al., Preparation of copper–silver alloy with different morphologies by a electrodeposition method in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Bulletin of Materials Science, 2019. 42: p. 1-4. Banhart, J., et al., Electronic properties of single-phased metastable Ag-Cu alloys. Physical Review B, 1992. 46(16): p. 9968. Rumbach, P., et al., The solvation of electrons by an atmospheric-pressure plasma. Nature communications, 2015. 6(1): p. 7248. Kuhl, K.P., et al., New insights into the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metallic copper surfaces. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012. 5(5): p. 7050-7059.