Electrical Conversion Research Articles

Research on active/passive energy dissipation control method for thermal protection of ammunition battery

High-temperature excitation is the main hazard affecting ammunition safety, and thermal protection technology for batteries inside ammunition is important for enhancing ammunition safety. This study proposes a design integrating a MEMS bistable actuator and battery, and constructs a parallel energy interface between the two. The US military's insensitive ammunition fast cook-off test is then used to verify this design. When the driving current of the MEMS bistable actuator reaches 0.032 A, the actuator completes its own “OFF–ON” electrical conversion, achieving dissipation of the ammunition battery energy. The conformal design of aluminum–silicon aerogel and ammunition forms an energy coupling relationship between thickness and heat transfer efficiency, which reduces the heating rate of the battery in the ammunition. When the material thickness is 5 mm, the internal temperature of the ammunition is 435.5 K after 1200 s of heating, whereas the temperature reaches 423 K within 37 s without protection. The MEMS bistable actuator and aluminum–silicon aerogel realize active/passive thermal protection of the battery and provide technical references for improving ammunition safety.

Thermodynamic performance evaluation and optimization of a hybrid system integrating vacuum graphene-anode thermionic converters with direct carbon fuel cells

An efficient hybrid system integrating a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) with a vacuum graphene-anode thermionic converter (VGTC) is proposed for cogeneration. The VGTC efficiently recycles waste heat released from the DCFC and generate additional electricity, significantly improving energy utilization efficiency and economic performance. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed to quantitatively assess the thermodynamic performance of the hybrid system, taking into account the overpotential losses of the DCFC and the irreversible energy losses occurring within the system. The results show that at an operating temperature of 923 K, the hybrid system can achieve a maximum power density of 466 W/m2, which is approximately 1.34 times that of a single DCFC, indicating a significant improvement in output performance. Besides, the optimal operating region and parameter selection criteria for the hybrid system are determined using finite-time thermodynamic optimization theory. Furthermore, the effects of essential parameters on the output performance of the hybrid system, such as the operating temperature of the DCFC, the heat transfer coefficient, the Fermi level of graphene, the work function of the cathode, the thermal emissivity, and the reflectivity of the back mirror, are investigated. Finally, the comparative study shows that the proposed hybrid system outperforms other previously reported hybrid systems regarding output electric power and conversion efficiency due to the efficient high-grade waste heat recovery and energy conversion by the VGTC.

Manipulating the Crystallization of Tin Halide Perovskites for Efficient Moisture-to-Electricity Conversion.

Manipulating the crystallization of perovskite in thin films is essential for the fabrication of any thin-film-based devices. Fabricating tin-based perovskite films from solution poses difficulties because tin tends to crystallize faster than the commonly used lead perovskite. To achieve optimal device performance in solar cells, the preferred method involves depositing tin perovskite under inert conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which effectively retards the formation of the tin-bromine network, which is crucial for perovskite assembly. We found that under ambient conditions, a DMSO-based tin perovskite salt solution resulted in the formation of a two-phase system, SnBr4(DMSO)2 and MABr, whereas a dimethylformamide-based solution resulted in the formation of vacancy-ordered double perovskite MA2SnBr6. Humidity is known to solvate MABr to form the solvated ions, and so we used the two-phase system for the application in moisture to electricity conversion. The importance of the presence of the scaffold can be seen with the negligible power output from the vacancy-ordered double perovskite obtained with MA2SnBr6. We have fabricated a device with two-phase system that can generate an open-circuit potential of 520 mV and a short-circuit current density of 30.625 μA/cm2 at 85% RH. Also, the device charges a 10 μF capacitor from 150 mV at 51% RH to 500 mV at 85% RH in 6 s at a rate of 52.5 mV/s. Moreover, the output can be scaled by connecting devices in series and parallel configurations. A 527 nm green LED was powered by connecting five devices in series at 75% RH. This indicates a potential for utilizing these moisture-to-electricity conversion devices in powering low-energy requirement devices.

Thermal and light-driven soft actuators based on a conductive polypyrrole nanofibers integrated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel with intelligent response

The development of soft hydrogel actuators with outstanding mechanical properties, fast actuation speed, and available quantification of self-sensing actuation remains a challenging endeavor. In this work, dopamine-decorated polypyrrole nanofibers (DAPPy) were introduced into the polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-crosslinked poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) network to generate a stretchable, NIR-responsive, and strain sensitive DAPPy/PNIPAM hydrogel layer. Besides, this active layer was combined with the passive ligninsulfonate sodium/polyacrylamide (LS/PAAM) to give DAPPy/PNIPAM//LS/PAAM bilayer hydrogel actuator, which exhibits ultrafast thermo-responsive actuation (19°/s) and underwater grasping and lifting performance. Moreover, the DAPPy/PNIPAM layer has excellent electrical conductivity (0.29 S/m) and thermal conversion ability (10.8 °C/min), which enable such a conductive hydrogel to act as a highly sensitive strain and temperature sensor with real-time resistance change in response to tensile strain (gauge factor up to 3.4), applied pressure, temperature, and remote NIR light irradiation. More importantly, the bilayer hydrogel actuator can integrate both actuation and self-sensing functions through the bending angle-surface temperature-relative resistance change relationship of the photothermal process. With excellent mechanical actuation and self-sensing ability, the resulting bilayer hydrogel showed a promising application potential as soft biomimetic actuating materials and soft intelligent actuators.

Case study: Design and properties of acoustic energy harvester

Converting acoustic energy into electric energy can not only suppress environmental noise but also provide energy supply, which is a potential way to solve the bottleneck problem of energy supply in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). An acoustic energy harvester structure and circuit system combining Helmholtz resonance effect with piezoelectric effect are proposed in this article. The band gap characteristics of the designed acoustic energy harvester are analyzed by plane wave expansion (PWE) theory and experiment. The substrate of Helmholtz resonator is made from piezoelectric sheet, and the acoustic energy harvester structure is arranged periodically. When the incident noise frequency keeps coincidence with the resonant frequency, the conversion efficiency goes high up to 21.3%. The influence of series and parallel connection of piezoelectric elements on the acoustic to electric energy is observed. The AC-DC conversion circuit is designed with rectifier bridge, and the energy storage circuit is designed with supercapacitor. The power obtained from the acoustic to electric energy conversion system is 1523 mW. Application tests indicate that the noise suppresses, energy conversion, and energy storage can be realized at the same time by the proposed acoustic energy harvester system.

Synthesis and Characterization of NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract A nanocomposite, NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@reduced grapheme oxide was produced via a straightforward and scalable hydrothermal process. The product nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques including Infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements. This nanocomposite was found to be composed of NiCo2S4 nanoparticles embedded in a MOF-ZIF-67 matrix, which was anchored onto rGO sheets. The NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. These properties make the NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO nanocomposite a potential electrode substance in the case of electric energy accumulators and conversion devices such as primary and rechargeable Li cells and high performance ultra-capacitors. The simple and scalable synthesis method used in this study also suggests that this material has potential for large-scale production.

3D-printed Bi2Te3-based Thermoelectric Generators for Energy Harvesting and Temperature Response.

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are environmentally friendly energy harvesting technologies that hold great promise in the field of self-powered electronics and sensing. However, the current development of thermoelectric (TE) devices has largely lagged behind the development of thermoelectric materials, especially in the preparation of thermoelectric components with customizable shapes and excellent properties, which largely limits their practical applications. These issues can be effectively addressed by using 3D printing technology. Here, we print multiple p-type thermoelectric legs (pins) consecutively with this simple technique, and the printed TEGs have excellent thermal potential (288 μV K-1 at room temperature) and excellent temperature response properties, which exhibited an output voltage of 127.94 mV at a temperature difference (ΔT) of 40 K. The 3D-printed thermoelectric generator enables the collection of thermal energy. In addition, the device has excellent temperature sensing characteristics, and this temperature signal to electrical signal conversion is very rapid, which enables temperature sensing alarms in a wide temperature domain. Combining these features, an energy harvesting and electrical alarm concept for home-scale applications is proposed, which is expected to provide a diverse research idea for the application of next-generation thermoelectric devices.

Piezoelectric energy harvester for wind turbine blades based on bistable response of a composite beam in post-buckling

A bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is presented for harvesting power from vibrations occurring at low frequencies, as is the case of wind turbine blades. The axial compressive prestress of a piezoelectric composite beam at post-buckling serves as the bistability source, leading to high mechanical to electric power conversion. An in-house harvesting circuit connected to the piezoelectric terminals is used for demonstration of its harvesting power capabilities. A finite element (FE) model is used to analyze and optimize the coupled nonlinear electromechanical response of the PEH, including structure and circuit. A physical prototype has been manufactured and tested for validation of the electromechanical design and the FE modeling approach. Predictions and measurements indicate an increase of harvested power with applied prestress up to a transition point, where a sudden drop in power occurs. Good comparison between numerical and experimental results verified the modeling approach, whereas deviations related to physical boundary conditions at large compressive forces affected the prediction of the transition point in harvested power. The harvester produced 1.32 mW of electrical power under tonal base excitation of 1 g at 8 Hz. Hence, the nonlinear PEH has demonstrated its capability to harvest energy at frequencies much lower than its first linear modal frequency and could thus serve as a promising solution for powering IoT devices and sensors in large vibrating structures.

Electric Motorbike Conversion Training to Reduce Pollution and Create A Friendly Environment For Society

Electric motorbike conversion training at Vocational High Schools (SMK) and motorbike workshops in Kotabumi, North Lampung, is a strategic step to prepare future workers to face the electricity-based transportation revolution. This study aims to evaluate the impact of training on improving the technical skills of vocational school students and motorbike repair shop mechanics, as well as analyzing the contribution of training to the adoption of environmentally friendly technology at the local level. The training method includes theoretical exposure, field practice sessions, and case studies to provide an in-depth understanding of electric motor conversion. Evaluation is carried out through practical exams and collecting feedback from participants and instructors. The research results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge and skills regarding electric motor conversion. Adoption of this technology in local motorbike workshops is also increasing, creating the potential for reduced environmental impact and generating positive effects on the local automotive industry. The conclusion confirms that this training was successful in empowering vocational school students and motorbike repair mechanics, creating new career opportunities, and stimulating economic growth in the region. However, challenges such as adapting infrastructure and changing mindsets were also identified as areas requiring further attention. Therefore, this research provides valuable insights for further development in supporting technical education, industrial innovation and sustainability at the local level.

Coordinated configuration of hybrid energy storage for electricity-hydrogen integrated energy system

This paper proposes an optimal coordinated configuration method of hybrid electricity and hydrogen storage for the electricity‑hydrogen integrated energy system (EH-ES) to promote the renewable energy source (RES) utilization and reduce the deployment cost. To simulate the practical operation of EH-ES, an energy hub framework with a discrete state space system matrix is designed to characterize the internal interconnection topology and quantify the steady-state production, storage, conversion and utilization processes of electricity and hydrogen energy carriers within EH-ES. A chronological operation simulation based electricity and hydrogen storage configuration model over a year-round time horizon is formulated to collaboratively optimize the capacity of the electrolyzer, fuel cell, battery energy storage (BES) and hydrogen storage tank. In this model, the power and capacity complementarity of BES and generalized hydrogen storage is fully exploited to compensate for power and energy imbalances, and additional capacity configuration of BES is considered to mitigate the drastic electrolytic power fluctuation. Besides, a typical source-load scenario reduction method based on K-means and ordered clustering is developed to avoid a large number of operation variables due to year-round hourly simulation. Comparative studies demonstrate that the proposed methodology can achieve the RES consumption rate of 98.873 % while the equipment investment cost can be reduced by 10.034 %.

Low-grade heat to electricity conversion using the self-circulation of a magnet inside a single-turn pulsating heat pipe

Low-temperature (≤100°C) heat sources are abundantly and ubiquitously available in nature, such as solar energy, and in the form of untapped waste heat. This work aims to harness low-grade heat sources by introducing a portable harvesting system capable of effectively converting small spatial temperature gradients to mechanical and then electrical energy while maintaining a relatively high heat transfer capability. The designed and studied pair of harvesters are based on single-turn pulsating heat pipes with different condenser locations. Asymmetrical heating and cooling of the looped capillary glass tube gives rise to the bulk circulation of the internal fluid with occasional oscillation. The thermally-driven two-phase flow carries a spherical neodymium magnet fitted inside the tube. Two external solenoids generate a small amount of electricity every time the magnet passes through them. The proper functioning of energy-harvesting pulsating heat pipes (EH-PHPs) was investigated for pure water, acetone, and ethanol as the working fluids. Only water demonstrated satisfactory results and was thus selected as the main working fluid. Subsequently, high-frame-rate imaging of the internal flow along with time-domain temperature and open-circuit voltage data were employed and discussed to study the working principles of the harvester. In the next step, the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of the two EH-PHPs were quantitatively investigated for five different filling ratios (FRs) between 20% to 80% and five levels of heat input from 20.0W to 40.0W for each FR. Among the studied conditions, the EH-PHP with horizontal condenser (HC) configuration and 50% FR demonstrated the best performance in all three aspects. Accordingly, when 40.0W of heat was supplied to this ideal case, the magnet mean circulation frequency around the loop, effective thermal conductivity, and average induced open-circuit voltage (peak-to-peak) reached their maximum values of 0.46Hz, 11.5kW/(mK), and 0.53V, respectively. Although the integration of electromagnetic generators had reduced the heat transfer performance, the thermal conductivity of the EH-PHPs was comparable to that of conventional heat pipes and at least 25 times better than copper. Finally, the EH-PHP with HC configuration and 50% FR, the superior case, produced up to 5μW of electrical power while its solenoids were connected to load resistances with an optimum impedance. Therefore, even in its early stage of development, the portable EH-PHP can be used to supply low-power electronics such as a quartz watch. The generated electricity corresponds to about 0.01% relative Carnot efficiency. The remarkable thermal conductivity and capability of electricity production with less than 5°C temperature difference across the tube distinguish the EH-PHPs from mature energy harvesting technologies with higher energy conversion efficiencies.

Synergistic defect and heterojunction engineering of carbonized MOF@MoS2 for self-powered sensing micro-system with photothermal therapy

Electrically conductive hydrogel with photothermal therapy (PTT) is highly desired in assembling self-powered sensing micro-system for personalized healthcare. However, the poor electrical conductivity and low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of carbonized metal–organic framework (CMOF) restricted their practical application. Herein, a unique CMOF@MoS2 heterojunction with abundant defects was elaborately designed via the in situ growth of MoS2 on CMOF for constructing functional hydrogel. The presence of numerous defective sites in MoS2 thin layer accelerated the electrons transport, accompanied with the enhanced electrical conductivity of CMOF@MoS2 hydrogel. Moreover, originating from the spontaneous electrons transfer from MoS2 to CMOF due to the difference of work function, the built-in electric field at CMOF@MoS2 interface driven the fast separation of electron-hole in MoS2 excited by photon, boosting the PCE and PTT performances. When CMOF@MoS2 hydrogel was assembled into micro-system, the flexible sensors delivered ultra-sensitivity (GF = 97.1), fast response behavior (23 ms) and excellent durability over 10,000 cycles. After healthcare monitoring, the damaged tissues can be effectively and timely healed under near-infrared laser irradiation. Our findings provided a sort of novel strategy to rational design and construct advanced sensing micro-system with excellent PTT behavior.

Revealing electricity conversion mechanism of a cascade energy storage system

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy in the power system, it is necessary to develop large-scale and long-duration energy storage technologies. Deploying pump stations between adjacent cascade hydropower plants to form a cascade energy storage system (CESS) is a promising way to accommodate large-scale renewable energy sources, yet the mechanism how renewable curtailment is converted to hydroelectricity is still unclear. In this paper, we aim to clarify this mechanism by evaluating the CESS's long-term operational efficiency and changes compared to the cascade hydropower system. First, operational features and principle of the CESS was outlined. Then, long-term operations of the CESS and cascade hydropower system were, respectively, optimized using a simulation-based optimization framework. Finally, the operational efficiency of the CESS, defined as a ratio of reduced renewable energy curtailment to increased hydropower production, was calculated based on the above two optimized operation results. China's Longyangxia-Laxiwa CESS was selected as a case study. Results show that: (1) long-term operational efficiency of the CESS reached 81.6 %, i.e., 81.6 % of the curtailed renewable could be converted to hydroelectricity; (2) the increase in hydropower production was mainly attributed to the upper hydropower plant, accounting for about 96.5 % of the total increment; and (3) the increase in generation flow was the main factor to impact the increased hydropower production of the upper plant, although it could decrease the hydropower plant's hydraulic head.

Investigation of the addition of fins in the collector of water/Al2O3-based PV/T system: Validation of 3D CFD with experimental study

Photovoltaic solar cells, known for their high efficiency and durability, offer a promising renewable energy solution. However, they are susceptible to weather conditions, have low energy density, and require regular maintenance. Elevated operating temperatures can diminish efficiency, power output, and voltage. This study explores the incorporation of fins into PV/T system collectors using Al2O3 nanofluid, validated through 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and laboratory experiments conducted in Surakarta, Indonesia. The research reveals that adding fins to the system reduces PV temperature by expanding the heat transfer area from the collector to the working fluid. Working fluid Water/Al2O3, at 0.6 % concentration, exhibits the highest electrical energy conversion rates at 13.39 %. Adding fins also improves thermal performance based on the working fluid used. The use of fins concentrates the heat transfer flow in the fluid. The PV/T-Fin system has more temperature color contour distribution than the PV/T system. The direction of flow distribution is based on the geometry of the fins added to the PV/T system collector. In addition, when the viscous effect decreases, the temperature decreases towards the center of the flow. This research was validated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), with the most significant error observed in PV/T thermal efficiency being 13.5 %. ANOVA was used to analyze the impact of additional fins and working fluid factors on the PV/T system. The results indicate no significant difference in electrical energy conversion between adding fins and the working fluid Water/Al2O3.

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Electric Vehicle Modeling: Investigating the Effect of Vehicle Design on Energy Consumption and Efficiency

In this study, an electric vehicle (EV) dynamic model is devised that amalgamates mechanical design aspects—such as aerodynamic effects, tire friction, and vehicle frontal area—with crucial components of the electrical infrastructure, including the electric motor, power converters, and battery systems. Verification of the model is executed through a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis utilizing CATIA, ANSYS Electromagnetics, ANSYS Fluent, and MATLAB–Simulink tools, which are applied to evaluate two alternative lightweight EV prototypes. The process involves initial computations of critical inputs for the dynamic model, including aerodynamic lift (C1), drag coefficients (Cd), and frontal area (Af). Subsequent stages entail the detailed design and analysis of a 2 kW brushless permanent magnet electric motor in ANSYS Electromagnetics to map efficiency contours across various speed–torque values. Integration of these parameters into a MATLAB–Simulink dynamic model, connected with motor drive inverter and battery models, allows for simulation-based energy consumption analysis under race track slope profiles. Remarkably, the findings underscore the considerable impact of neglected parameters on energy consumption, often exceeding fifty percent of the total. Consequently, an energy-efficient EV prototype is manufactured and rigorously tested under specified drive conditions, affirming the validation of the comprehensive multidisciplinary EV dynamic model.

Exploring the Potential of Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generators in Wind Energy: A Comprehensive Analysis and Overview

Due to the unpredictable nature of the wind, uncertainty in the characteristics of wind electrical conversion systems (WECSs), and inefficient management tactics, wind turbines have historically had operational inefficiencies. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG), an alternative to traditional generators, is presented in this study along with the suggestion to use robust regulators to regulate HESGs. This research begins with a thorough review of the literature on generators often seen in modern wind systems. Next, a simulation platform that merges a WECS with a HESG tied to an isolated load is built using the MATLAB Simulink environment. Pitch angle control investigation shows a new experimental approach to determine the link between turbine output and the reference pitch angle. Furthermore, an evaluation of the mechanical stability of the WECS is conducted by a comparison of the performance of a H∞ controller and a CRONE controller. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the CRONE controller in reducing mechanical vibrations in the WECS. By reducing vibrations, the proposed control technique enhances the overall performance and efficiency of the wind turbine system. The field is extended by the demonstration of how HESGs and reliable control systems can enhance wind turbine performance while eliminating inherent limitations.

Circuit design solution and algorithm of digital control of processes for a universal bidirectional transistor module of switching mode voltage converter

The problem of design a universal intelligent switching mode device based on SiC transistors with built-in digital control, capable of performing various types of electrical power conversion, is formulated. The results of a study of a computer model of this device are presented, confirming the correctness of the proposed solutions. Methods for implementing parallel operation of modules are considered.

Visual‐Audio Thermoelectric Detectors for Images and Sound Recognition

AbstractInherent in humans is the capacity to perceive music and art, engaging both the visual and auditory senses, with profound effects on physiological and psychological states. Sound and light possess the remarkable ability to transform into thermal energy and, ultimately, electrical signals, playing a crucial role in human sensory perception. This research introduces a previously unmentioned synesthesia‐inspired image and sound recognition system, diverging from conventional image/sound acquisition techniques based on photo/mechanical‐electrical conversion. Leveraging the photo/acoustic‐thermal‐electric effects, the system utilizes micro‐/commercial thermoelectric devices as a conduit for energy conversion. It successfully discriminates monochromatic red, green, blue (RGB) and color coverage, showcasing its proficiency in distinguishing ten digital paintings. Additionally, by probing fiber responses to varied sound frequencies and loudness levels, the system achieves time‐domain identification of four classical music compositions. The device exhibits high sensitivity to detecting input energy and its inputting rate power, offering a novel approach to image and sound recognition through thermal signals. Potential applications span from bionic image sensors and time‐domain thermal monitoring of audio. With further exploration, this thermoelectric‐based system holds promise in quantifying emotional responses to images and sound.

Real-time monitoring method for power system voltage based on optical voltage sensors

Abstract A real-time monitoring method for power system voltage based on optical voltage sensors is proposed to obtain transient voltage signals and achieve real-time tracking of instantaneous changes in electrical parameters of the power system accurately and effectively. Analyzing the topology principle of power system transformers clarifies the installation location of optical voltage sensors. By combining the measurement principle of optical voltage sensors, the electrical, optical modulation, and optical-electrical conversion of voltage signals are achieved, and the voltage signal of the power system is output. Using the short-time Fourier transform method to perform temporal processing on the output signal and obtaining a voltage signal sliding window based on wavelet packet decomposition, we set the normal range threshold of the voltage signal in the sliding window, combined with information entropy theory to extract key features of the voltage signal and achieve real-time monitoring of the power system voltage. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively obtain transient voltage signals of the power system, with an average detection accuracy of 92.61%, and the output voltage can be adjusted promptly to reflect the instantaneous changes in the power system voltage.

Intense Electric Currents and Energy Conversion Observed at Electron Scales in the Plasma Sheet During Propagation of High‐Speed Ion Bulk Flows

AbstractThe intense electron‐scale current structures (ECSs) with the current density J ≥ 30 nA/m2 are often observed in the Plasma Sheet (PS) during high‐speed bulk flows. Using MMS observations we have analyzed 41 earthward and 37 tailward flow intervals and found 452 and 754 ECSs distributed over the PS region, respectively. Almost all ECSs are generated by high‐speed electron beams. The duration of ECSs is ≤1 s, and many of them have a half‐thickness L ≤ a few ρe (ρe is the gyroradius of thermal electrons). In such thin ECSs electrons become demagnetized and experience the dynamics like that observed in the electron diffusion region. Strong nonideal electric fields (E’) associated with violation of frozen‐in condition for electrons are observed in the ECSs. This results in the intense energy conversion with J·E’ up to hundreds pW/m3. The major part of the dissipating energy is transferred to electron heating and acceleration. We suggest that the ECSs are manifestations of kinetic‐scale turbulence driven by the high‐speed ion bulk flows. The inductive electric fields generated by the growing magnetic fluctuations accelerate electron beams which, in turn, generate the ECSs. The ECSs thinning during their evolution, probably, stops for L ≤ a few ρe. Further thinning leads to development of kinetic instability causing the current disruption and strong electric field generation. The last accelerates new electron beams which generate new ECSs in other locations. Thus, the life cycles of the ECSs contribute to energy cascade in turbulent plasma at electron kinetic scales.