Electrical Conductivity Properties Research Articles

Nanoscale-Confined Synthesis of 2D Metal Compounds for Electrochemical Applications.

2D metal compounds, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and MXenes, are emerging as important electrocatalyst materials in the transition to a sustainable energy future. Aided by their high surface area, electrical conductivity, and tunable electronic properties, these materials have provided a crucial research thrust in enhancing the efficiency of green hydrogen production, fuel cells, and carbon reduction processes. Most importantly, the synthesis of nanostructured 2D compounds, while challenging, is the key to optimizing their catalytic performance. Recent advancements in this field have highlighted the potential of 2D metal compounds in revolutionizing energy conversion technologies, which entails the discovery of new material compositions, the development of novel synthetic routes, and the integration of these materials into practical energy conversion systems. This review presents an overview of the distinctive characteristics of nanoscale-confined 2D metal compounds, the challenges encountered in their synthesis, and electrochemical applications.

Effect of Mechanical Alloying Time on Microstructure, Hardness and Electrical Conductivity Properties of Cu-B4C Composites

This study aims to investigate the effect of mechanical alloying time on the microstructure, hardness, and electrical conductivity properties of copper (Cu) matrix boron carbide (B4C) reinforced composites. Cu-B4C composites with 2% B4C by volume were subjected to mechanical alloying processes for 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 hours. The microstructure and phase formation of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hardness measurements of the composites were conducted using the microhardness measurement method, and density values were determined using the Archimedes principle. The electrical conductivity values of the samples were measured in terms of the international annealed copper standard (%IACS) based on the eddy current principle. SEM images revealed a more homogeneous distribution of B4C particles in the Cu matrix as the mechanical alloying time increased. Hardness values showed significant increases with the increasing mechanical alloying time, reaching the highest value in the 20 h milled sample with a 90.86 value. The effect on electrical conductivity values was noteworthy, with a measurement of 63% IACS at 0 hours and 25% IACS at 20 hours of mechanical alloying.

A Comparative Study of Single and Dual Sintering Processes of Metal Nanoparticles for Flexible Electronics Application

The introduction of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has revolutionized the fabrication of flexible electronic devices. Metallic NPs have numerous applications in the electronics industry due to their unique shape and size‐dependent properties compared to their bulk counterparts. However, the application of metallic NPs requires additional post‐processing procedures to remove stabilizing agents and additives, to achieve superior electrical conductivity. Herein, the sintering of printed metal NP patterns, including silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) NPs, fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates is explored using single and dual sintering methods. The single sintering methods involve exposing the printed metal NPs to either laser irradiation or thermal treatment. In the case of the dual sintering methods, one approach is to subject the printed metal patterns to thermal treatment followed by laser irradiation, while the other approach involves exposing the printed metal patterns to laser irradiation followed by thermal treatment. Moreover, this study identifies and compares the effects of these various sintering methods on the physical, electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the Ag and Cu NP patterns. Finally, the study suggests that dual sintering methods are more effective in improving the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the NP patterns under optimized sintering conditions.

Conductive dual-network hydrogel-based multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator for temperature and pressure distribution sensing

Conductive hydrogels are gaining attention in flexible electronics due to their high electrical conductivity and stretchable mechanical properties. Utilizing conductive hydrogels as electrodes in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) offers a promising avenue for developing versatile, flexible devices. However, the preparation of a multifunctional hydrogel-based TENG remains a challenging task. Here, a dual-network hydrogel TENG is denoted as DNH-TENG. It comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH) and offers the advantages of straightforward fabrication, versatile applications, and efficient output performance. Preparing a double network by combining a conductive network with a soft network improves the tensile properties but reduces its conductivity significantly. Further doping MWCNT-COOH with the dual-network leads to a conjugation effect and hydrogen bonding. This enhancement fortifies the hydrogel structure and augments the electrode's conductivity and mechanical properties. In single electrode mode, the DNH-TENG exhibits a short-circuit current of 16.2 μA, a transfer charge of 97.3 nC, and an open-circuit voltage of 270.5 V. Furthermore, DNH-TENG exhibits an impressive stretchability, allowing it to be extended to 566%. Using DNH-TENG's exceptional stretchability and ultrahigh sensitivity to mechanical and temperature stimuli, we designed DNH-TENG-based sensor arrays to showcase temperature and pressure distribution monitoring applications.

Optimizing preparation conditions and characterizing for CoxPt1-x alloy cylindrical nanowires fabricated by electrodeposition on nanoporous polycarbonate membranes

This study investigated the influence of the preparation conditions on the Co composition, crystal structure, and magnetic and electric conduction properties of cylindrical CoxPt1-x alloy nanowires having 0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.90, which were electrodeposited on nanoporous templates. When prepared with an optimal concentration ratio of Co and Pt aqueous solutions and electrodeposition potentials, highly oriented crystal structures of fcc Co-Pt (111) was obtained in CoxPt1-x nanowires (0.58 ≤ x ≤ 0.80). Nanowires with (111)-oriented fcc Co-Pt crystals exhibited average lengths and diameters of 5.8–10.8 μm and 130 nm, respectively, and showed an easy axis of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the longitudinal direction of the nanowire. These results indicate a direct correlation between the crystal structure and magnetic properties. The concentration ratio of Co and Pt in the electrolytes and the electrodeposition potentials for fabricating CoxPt1-x alloy nanowires using the diluted Co composition (0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) were determined. These nanowires were polycrystalline and had a small saturation magnetization. Furthermore, the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) for a single CoxPt1-x nanowire was measured to estimate the domain wall (DW) width in the single CoxPt1-x nanowire. The value of the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio for the single nanowire (0.58 ≤ x ≤ 0.80) with highly (111)-oriented fcc Co-Pt crystal was 0.082–0.23 %, and the estimated value of DW width was 17–25 nm. These findings provide valuable information for constructing three-dimensional magnetic memory devices.

Magnetron-Sputtered Long-Term Superhydrophilic Thin Films for Use in Solid-State Cooling Devices

Pulse-magnetron-sputtered long-term superhydrophilic coatings have been synthesized to functionalize the surfaces of solid-state cooling devices, e.g., electrocaloric heat pumps, where not only a complete wetting of the surface by a fluid is intended, but also fast wetting and dewetting processes are required. The coatings consist of a (Ti,Si)O2 outer layer that provides lasting hydrophilicity thanks to the mesoporous structure, followed by an intermediate WO3 film that enables the reactivation of the wettability through visible light irradiation, and a W underlayer which can work as a top electrode of the electrocaloric components thanks to its suitable electrical and thermal conductivity properties. Process parameter optimization for each layer of the stack as well as the influence of the microstructure and composition on the wetting properties are presented. Finally, water contact angle measurements, surface energy evaluations, and a contact line dynamics assessment of evaporating drops on the coatings demonstrate that their enhanced wetting performance is attributed not only to their intrinsic hydrophilic nature but also to their porous microstructure, which promotes wicking and spreading at the nanometric scale.

Coal-derived conductive pavement for winter de-icing: prototype, modeling, and simulation

Existing pavement de-icing methods result in high installation and maintenance costs, traffic delays, excessive weariness and corrosion, and negative environmental and safety impacts. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an innovative pathway to designing and constructing smart self-heating pavements using a low-cost coal-char bearing asphalt material. The conductive asphalt incorporates coal char, i.e., a key byproduct of the coal pyrolysis process, into the Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixture. This asphalt containing coal-derived solid carbon exhibits highly tailorable electrical conductivity, satisfactory mechanical and thermophysical properties, and superior cost-efficiency as compared to other conductive pavement materials. The de-icing performance was also demonstrated by laboratory experiments on a bench-scale prototype. Furthermore, an efficient thermal network model was developed and validated by experiments to investigate the transient thermal behavior and energy performance of the Ohmic heating pavement system. The whole-year energy simulation case studies were conducted on a bridge pavement with an annual energy use of 24.6–1444.8 kWh/m2, showcasing its potential in field applications across cool humid, cold humid, and subarctic/arctic climate zones.

Effects of Cr2O3 doping on crystallization behavior and electrochemical properties of Li2O–Al2O3–TiO2–P2O5–SiO2 glass-ceramics

Bulk glass-ceramic solid electrolytes of the Li2O–Al2O3–TiO2–P2O5–SiO2 system were prepared by melt-quenching and one-step heat treatment method in this work. The effects of the gradual substitution of Al3+ by Cr3+ and the elevation of the heat treatment temperature on the phase composition, microstructure, and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes were systematically investigated. The results show that the major crystalline phase is LiTi2(PO4)3, and the conductivity of the glass-ceramics initially enhances and then decreases as the Cr2O3 content increases from 0 mol% to 3 mol%. The highest conductivity is obtained when the Cr2O3 content is 2 mol%, measuring 4.45 × 10−4 S/cm at 25 °C. Additionally, the mechanism of the surface exfoliation of the glass-ceramics and the enhancement achieved by doping with Cr3+ are explained according to microstructure analysis. This work provides a simple method to enhance the electrical conductivity and physical properties of LATP glass-ceramic solid electrolytes, which is of great significance for the design of lithium-ion solid electrolytes.

Role of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes assembled in the fast-dissolving structures of electrospun gelatin mats to extend the release of menthol

In this study, inclusion complexes (ICs) of menthol with various cyclodextrins (CDs) [α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD, (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD)] were prepared, and the ICs with the highest encapsulation efficiency were applied in the electrospun gelatin mats to extend the release of menthol. Electrospinning feed solutions were evaluated based on surface tension, zeta potential, electrical conductivity, and rheological properties. The diameter and morphology of the pure gelatin and the CDs-loaded gelatin mats were analyzed using microscopy (FESEM and AFM). The results confirmed that CD loading leads to a decrease in the diameter of the nanofibers. The longest disintegration time belonged to the gelatin mat containing the β-CD complex. Comparison of the FTIR spectrum and XRD patterns of gelatin mats containing menthol-loaded CD complexes with the pure compounds confirmed the successful encapsulation of menthol inside the cavity of the CD, and the disappearance of the crystalline state of electrospun gelatin mats. Applying the electrospun gelatin mats as a fast-dissolving structure for the menthol-loaded inclusion complexes increased its thermal stability. In the bioadhesive test, the lowest force required to separate the gelatin mat from the skin model was obtained in the menthol-containing β-CD gelatin mat (6.21 ± 1.01 g). The menthol release from the pure gelatin mats was much faster than the electrospun mats containing CD complexes. Peppas-Sahlin and Fickian diffusion (Case-I) were the best-fitted model and menthol release mechanism, respectively.

Dielectric, electrical and thermal properties of Sodium Molybdate-hexagonal Boron Nitride composites enabled by cold sintering

Advances in 5G and 6G communication technologies and their applications are in part limited by the capabilities of current electronic packaging materials, as expanded bandwidth is a pressing need for novel dielectric substrates capable of co-firing into packages and devices, characterized by low dielectric loss and enhanced thermal conductivity. This investigation provides further characterization in the dielectric, electrical and thermal conductivity properties over previously reported cold sintered composite of Sodium Molybdate Na2Mo2O7 (NMO) with hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN), such as relative permittivity (εr) and dielectric loss (tan δ) values at high frequencies of 75–110 GHz, electrical resistivity (ρ) fitting to percolation theory, Weibull statistical analysis of electrical breakdown strength (Eb) and its anisotropic thermal conductivity (κ) influenced by the filler's crystal structure. The cold sintered composites were systematically characterized with respect to filler volume fraction, temperature, and frequency. The findings in this analysis position engineered composites as a promising alternative for microwave substrate materials, with using a densification method that limits interactions and maximizes densification, hence the demonstration with cold sintering.

Non-amphoteric N-type doping with Sn of GaAs(631) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The Sn-doping effects on the electrical conduction and optical properties of GaAs(631)A epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated. We found that the conduction type conversion, frequently observed in the doping of layers grown on high-index substrates, is avoided when tin-doping is implemented. The maximum free-carrier concentration (n) obtained in GaAs(631):Sn was 2 × 1019 cm−3, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported for GaAs(631):Si, and within the same order of magnitude for the growth of GaAs(100):Si. The electron mobility was suitable for many optoelectronic applications. Raman spectroscopy showed low lattice disorder in (631) oriented samples, compared with singular (100) samples. The photoluminescence characterization of the samples revealed the blueshift of the optical transitions close to E0 associated with the Moss–Burstein effect for Sn doping. Photoreflectance spectroscopy was used to study the doping properties at the critical points E1 and E1 + Δ1, where the major affectation with n was perceived in the broadening parameter Γ.

Effect of Silicone Rubber on the Properties of Epoxy/Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) Conductive Materials

The primary focus of this study is to investigate the effect of silicone rubber (SR) content on the mechanical, thermal, electrical conductivity, and morphological properties of epoxy/recovered carbon black (rCB) conductive material. The conductive material is used to produce the electrostatic discharge (ESD) tray for the electronic packaging industry. This study investigated the effect of silicone rubber content (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol.%) on the properties of epoxy/SR/rCB conductive materials, with the rCB content fixed at 15 vol.% for its optimum electrical conductivity. The silicone rubber acts as a toughening agent for epoxy. Through the fracture toughness result, it can be identified that silicone rubber plays a role in improving the toughness properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material. The optimum results for mechanical properties were recorded at 5 vol.% SR. The addition of SR to the epoxy matrix enhances the electrical properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material. The effect of thermal aging on epoxy/SR/rCB conductive materials was also studied to determine the properties of the conductive material materials at high temperatures for a long period of time. After thermal aging, the mechanical, thermal, electrical conductivity, and morphological properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material were slightly reduced.

Zero-emission hydrogen production by CH4 pyrolysis over Ni/Ferrierite catalyst: Examination of the deactivated catalysts for electrical conductivity and H2 storage properties

An economic route for the generation of hydrogen and utilization of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was achieved by CH4 cracking over 20 wt%Ni/FER catalyst. The deactivated catalyst demonstrated electrical conductivity and hydrogen storage properties. TEM images displayed open mouths of CNFs and XRF data showed nearly 70% of nickel was recovered from the deactivated catalyst. Impedance studies of the CNFs exhibit prominence as battery electrodes due to their significant conductivity in the presence of nickel. While the hydrogen storage capacity was around 0.151 mmol (gcat)−1 of H2 on the obtained CNFs, it was increased to 0.361 mmol (gcat)−1 upon Ni recovery from the CNFs. A seven-fold increase in the H2 storage of ∼0.862 mmol (gcat)−1 was obtained upon Li doping, exhibiting its distinct property as a hydrogen storage material. The fresh, reduced, used, and deactivated catalysts were characterized by BET-SA, H2-TPR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and H2 pulse chemisorption and Ni/FER was established as an economically viable catalyst for high rates of H2 and CNF production.

Advances in carbon fiber-based electromagnetic shielding materials: Composition, structure, and application

With the swift advancement of wireless communication technology, there is increasing concern regarding the potential hazards posed by electromagnetic radiation emitted from various electronic devices. Carbon fiber (CF)-based composites have emerged as a vital component in structure function integrated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding research, attributable to their exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. This review summarizes recent research advances in CF-based composites for EMI shielding. Initially, it explores the influence of factors such as the geometric form of CFs on their EMI shielding properties. Since CF is inefficient when used alone for EMI shielding, so additional EMI filler materials are often introduced. Therefore, delves into an in-depth analysis of the reinforcement mechanisms provided by the incorporated second-phase materials, as well as the smart structural designs within the CF-based composites. On this basis, the applications of CF-based EMI shielding materials in the fields of thermal conductivity, flexible wearable technology, and aerospace are reviewed. Additionally, the review offers a perspective on the future development trends and prospects of CF-based composites in the field of EMI shielding based on the current research status.

Analyzing Tear Fluid Composition by Synchronous Fluorescence for Diagnosing Dry Eye Disease and the Role of Phytotherapy Intervention

Purpose Tear fluid gained attention as a representative biological fluid. Its simple and non-invasive collection methods as well as richness of candidate biomarkers made it a potential diagnostic tool for different diseases such as dry eye. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy is a highly sensitive analytical tool that results in narrowing and enhanced peak resolution, and has a potential role in disease diagnosis, biomarker identification, and therapeutic monitoring. We applied synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor variations of tear fluid composition during the development of dry eye disease and to evaluate the potential effects of phytotherapy. Methods Dry eye model was induced in Chinchilla rabbits by instillation of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution. Then, the tear fluid was collected at 3, 7, and 14 days and subjected to synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Phytotherapy was achieved by topical instillation of 20 µl of water extracts of pomegranate peel or green tea powders. Results The fluorescence results revealed changes in the structure of tear fluid over time and the eye is subjected to toxification due to oxidative stress. In addition, dry eye disease was found to affect the metabolic/energetic state of the eye. On the other hand, phytotherapy led to enhancement of the metabolic/biosynthesis state due to activation of flavin adenine dinucleotide-associated proteins. Conclusion There was change in the electrical conductivity of tear fluid proteins. In the case of dry eyes, they became electrical insulators, while in the case of treatment with extracts, their electrical conductivity properties improved. The effects of phytotherapy can be related to the high content of ellagic acid and anthocyanin of pomegranate extract, while in green tea, they are related to catechins and phenolic compounds.

Investigation of alignment and layup optimization of recycled carbon fiber mats on mechanical and electromagnetic shielding properties of composites

AbstractExcellent recycled carbon fiber (rCF) was obtained using a thermally activated oxide semiconductor process. An alignment device was manufactured based on wet‐laid technology. It was used to investigate the effect of various alignment nozzle parameters on the degree of alignment of rCF mats. The mechanical, electrical conductivity and EMI shielding properties of composites reinforced by rCF mats with different layup structures were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal alignment parameters for rCF aligned mats included a convex nozzle shape, a nozzle diameter of 3 mm, a nozzle channel length of 50 mm, a nozzle up‐and‐down diameter ratio of 7:1, a nozzle departure height of 20 mm. These settings achieved a preferential alignment degree (PAD) of 93.07%. The design of layup structures for rCF mats with optimized fiber alignment fully exploits the material's anisotropic characteristics. The rCF‐0/EP composite material exhibited the highest tensile strength (195.45 MPa), while the rCF‐04/EP composite material not only demonstrated the highest flexural strength (247.95 MPa) but also showed excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance (47.97 dB). The results of the research laid a theoretical foundation and provides scientific guidance for high‐value reuse of rCF.Highlights Utilized rCF as a reinforcing material for CFRP composites. Preparation of rCF aligned mats with high PAD. Effect of different layup structures on rCF aligned mat reinforced composites. rCF aligned mats improve mechanical properties and EMI properties of composites.

Enhancement of acoustic properties of carbon fibrous membrane (CFM) by in-situ crystallization of PZT nanogenerators (PENGs) inside the fibers for a low-frequency acoustic energy harvesting

Acoustic energy harvesting (AEH) by a nanostructured membrane has recently gained increasing attention. This study focused on a novel approach for in-situ crystallization of Pb(Zr0.58Ti0.42)O3 (PZT) as a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) inside the carbon fibrous membranes (CFM). The electrospinning process and post-heat treatment were applied to synthesize the CFM-embedded PENG, which benefits from both the flexibility of carbon fibers and the piezoelectric properties of the crystallized PZT. The results indicated that the carbon fibers kept their microstructure over the heat treatment at 250 and 350 °C while the crystallization fraction of PZT increased. The XPS analysis revealed that the CFM embedded by in-situ crystallized PENG had a higher diversity of tetragonal and rhombohedral in comparison with the CFM embedded by the pre-crystallized PENGs. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and ferromagnetic properties of CFM were improved with the incorporation of the in-situ crystallized PENGs. The acoustic studies in the range of 250–2000 Hz under sound pressure of 90 dB revealed that sound absorption performance of CFM was increased by about +35 %. Also, the ability of CFM in the AEH process was enhanced drastically by embedding the PENGs inside the carbon fibers. The maximum harvested electricity at 500 Hz was 5.9 and 13.9 W m−2 by CFM embedded by in-situ crystallized and pre-crystallized PENGs, respectively. The above results exhibit the great potential for the CFM-embedded PENGs to be used in low-frequency AEH applications.

Evolution of microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Sn-Zr-Zn alloys with different Zn contents

Cu-Cr-Sn-Zr-xZn alloys with different Zn contents (0.087, 0.26, and 0.42 wt%) were prepared by vacuum casting, and the microstructure and properties of these alloys were investigated using different detection methods. The results show that the Zn element could promote the formation of some primary phase Cr particles and parts that were stretched into fibers during cold drawing deformation, thus enhancing the strength of these alloys. Meanwhile, the number of twins in these alloys increases with the increase in Zn content. When Zn content is 0.42%, the Cu0.64Zn0.36 phase is generated, which could play a role in the second phase’s strengthening. The Cu-0.97Cr-0.096Sn-0.068Zr-0.42Zn alloy shows high tensile strength and electrical conductivity properties of 832 MPa and 72%IACS, respectively.

Theoretical Study of the Phonon and Electrical Conductivity Properties of Pure and Sr-Doped LaMnO3 Thin Films.

The film thickness, temperature, substrate and doping dependence of the phonon energy ω and damping γ, as well as the electrical conductivity, of pure and Sr-doped LaMnO3 thin films near the phase transition temperature TN are investigated using a microscopic model and the Green's function technique. Due to the strong spin-phonon interaction, there appears a kink at TN in the temperature dependence of ω(T) and γ(T). The softening and hardening of the ω = 495 cm-1 (A1g) and ω = 614 cm-1 (B2g) modes is explained by the different sign of the anharmonic spin-phonon interaction constant R. The damping increases with T for both cases because it is proportional to R2. ω decreases whereas γ increases with an increasing Sr concentration. This is due to the strain caused by the difference between the ionic radii of the La and Sr ions. The film thickness dependence is also considered. ω and γ increase strongly with the decreasing film thickness. The electrical conductivity is enhanced after the doping of the LMO thin films with Sr, which could be used for energy storage applications. The observed results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data.

Two birds with one stone: A “needle-like” structure constructed on multifunctional PET fabric surface for flame retardancy and electromagnetic interference shielding

Here, a facile method is reported to prepare multifunctional PET fabrics with high flame retardancy, hydrophobicity and ideal electromagnetic shielding. PET fabric was firstly modified via polydopamine with mussel-like structure, and then DOPO@ZnO was constructed. A new type of composite PET fabric was prepared by simple, low-cost electroless Ni process and surface PDMS treatment (PpDPNP). The resulting composite fabric was extensively investigated for its stability and applicability in a complicated environment. The conductive interconnection network of modified fabric made it have excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Even after solution corrosion and washing, the prepared composite fabric could maintain a relatively stable electrical conductivity. The conductivity, tensile and elongation at break of composite fabric were 144.62 S/cm, 78.48 MPa and 167.49 %, respectively. The average electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of PpDPNP reached 58.83 dB with 0.18 mm thickness and electroless Ni only 20 min at X-band, which was mainly due to large dielectric loss and multiple reflections. The modified PET fabric had self-extinguishing performance, and peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were 60.7 % and 59.8 % lower than pure PET fabric, respectively, indicating that the composite fabric had excellent flame retardancy.