Electrical Components Research Articles

Effect of 3D Printing on the Mechanical Properties of FDM Printed Electrical Components

The Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, also known as 3D printing, reduces production time, enhances the production process and quality, lowers costs, and achieves several other goals when producing solid, three-dimensionally created structures for the application of digital information, medical equipment, automobile, airplane, and many more. By giving the necessary instruction through a human-machine interface, the techniques used to build three-dimensional structures allow for adding material in successively thinner layers, enabling manufacturing objects in almost any shape or geometry. The polylactic acid filament was used as the feedstock to create a range of 3D-printed electrical parts. The components were created using an FDM 3D printer after being designed in Solidworks. Samples of printed materials were subjected to experimental testing to ascertain their densities, tensile strengths, flexural strengths, thermalgravimetric analyses, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) values. Heating PLA polymers change their mechanical properties. The experiment run utilizes the printed samples to compare the findings with the standard values for each parameter. The production of locally produced 3D printing feedstock and waste management are the two biggest obstacles to 3D printing in Nigeria that this innovation will overcome. This strategy, which would reduce the importation of spare parts, will benefit the industrial sector. Less equipment will need to be discarded because there will be fewer components. Thus, it may be possible to achieve sustainable development goals for infrastructure, innovation, and business.

STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) Based Electronics Module on Fifth Grade Elementary School Electrical Components Material

The challenge in implementing the independent curriculum is teachers ' readiness to use digital technology for learning. Teachers are required to be able to use technology, but many still need help developing digital media for learning. This research aims to develop a STEAM-based electronic module for class V elementary schools learning electrical components. This type of research uses the 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The research subjects were media experts, learning materials experts, and language experts. The test subjects were five teachers and students. Data collection methods used in this research include interviews, questionnaires and tests. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire sheet. The techniques used to analyze data are qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative and inferential statistics. The results of the research show that there is a significant difference between before and after using STEAM-based electronic modules and after. It was concluded that STEAM-based electronic modules can improve students' higher-order thinking abilities. This research highlights the potential of e-module learning tools, particularly in the context of a STEAM approach, in improving educational outcomes. The implication of this research is that STEAM-based electronic modules can be used in learning.

Artificial excitation and propagation of ultra-low frequency signals in the polar ionosphere

This paper has established a relatively comprehensive model for ultra-low frequency (ULF) current induced by thermal pressure gradients and its propagation. In the ULF current excitation model, we decomposed the current into a constant term unaffected by altitude and a product with a function significantly influenced by altitude. Combining this with the EISCAT background, we determined that for modulation frequencies below 5 Hz, the optimal height for ULF current excitation corresponds to the critical frequency height. We calculated the ionospheric currents at heating altitudes of 332 km for modulation frequencies of 5 Hz; the corresponding maximum currents were 1.03 × 10−10 A·m−2. By incorporating the current into the ULF waves propagation model based on magnetoionic theory, we found that the electromagnetic field energy is mainly concentrated in the horizontal direction, indicating that the energy primarily propagates outward through magnetosonic waves. The dominant components are the electric field component Ey and the magnetic field component Bz, whose maximum values reached 1.1 μV·m−1 and 1.5 pT. Unfortunately, magnetosonic waves cannot propagate downward due to the sharp variation in the real part of the refractive index between 200 and 300 km. However, the shear Alfvén waves component By can propagate downward, and there is still an intensity of approximately 0.1 pT at the bottom of the ionosphere, which is because the refractive index of shear Alfvén waves is most uniform in the parallel magnetic field direction, allowing By to propagate parallel to the magnetic field effectively.

Bending and linear dynamic response of nanoplates in thermal environment

The article combines the finite element method with the novel-type sinusoidal hyperbolic shear strain hypothesis to study the static bending response and dynamics of nanoplates subjected to simultaneous mechanical, thermal, and voltage loads. The plate equilibrium equation is developed from the concept of potential work, which takes into account the impact of the flexoelectricity effect. The formula for the electric field that is operating on the plate becomes more complicated when the new strain theory is used; nonetheless, its complexity adequately displays both the mechanical and electrical components, as well as the electromechanical components, that are acting on the nanoplate. The computational theory is also verified through comparison with previously published data. The article also investigates the influence of some material factors, temperature, and external voltage on displacement response and charge polarization of nanoplates in the case of subjecting to static and time-varying loads. The results demonstrate that the thermomechanical-electrical response of nanoplates is dependent on numerous factors, which serve as the foundation for the practical design and application of nanostructures.

Comprehensive Experimental Database and Model Fitting for Electric Arc Behavior in Aircraft Environments

The More Electric Aircraft (MEA) paradigm advocates weight reduction by transitioning to electrical components, resulting in increased system voltage and higher arc fault risk. This paper presents a methodology for creating a database of nearly one thousand tests simulating parallel arc faults, using Andrea's arc model for accurate representation. Objectives include the creation of a robust experimental database and the use of a simplified model to analyze arcing behavior. The setup follows the UL 746A standard and considers various pressure and electrode separation conditions. The database includes 960 experiments with PVC and PTFE materials, and model fitting ensures accurate representation of arc currents and voltages. Error analysis shows consistent model performance across materials and highlights sensitivity to electrode spacing, pressure, and source voltage. The paper concludes with a clear 30% error threshold for model validity, enhancing the understanding of the applicability of Andrea's model under various experimental scenarios in aircraft environments.

Integrated Power and Thermal Management System for a Hybrid-Electric Aircraft: Integrated Modelling and Passive Cooling Analysis

Abstract Aircraft electrification introduces challenges in power and thermal management. In a hybrid-electric aircraft (HEA), the additional heat loads generated by the high-power electrical components in the propulsion system can negate the benefits of the HEA. Consequently, an integrated energy management system is required for the HEA to reject the additional heat loads while minimizing energy consumption. This paper presents the integrated modelling method for an integrated power and thermal management system (IPTMS) for HEA. With this method, a platform can be developed to assess the varying efficiencies of the components in the electrical propulsion system (EPS), and the performance of the thermal management system (TMS), such as passive cooling, during a flight mission. This makes it applicable to modular designs and optimizations of the IPTMS. A small/medium range (SMR) aircraft similar to ATR72 is studied. In this study, the EPS operates only during take-off and climb. Therefore, the platform assesses the heat and power loads of the IPTMS for a typical flight mission (take-off and climb) in this study. The performance of passive cooling is also analysed across this typical flight mission and under normal, hot-day, and cold-day conditions. It was found that passive cooling is sufficient under these three conditions, and the active temperature control is requried to ensure the components' temperatures are above the minimum temperatures. These findings imply the potential to minimize TMS weight and energy consumption, providing an insight for further research on IPTMS.

ZnO-based triboelectric nanogenerator and tribotronic transistor for tactile switch and displacement sensor applications

Tribotronics, the coupling of triboelectricity and semiconductors, is a novel field that has sparked much interest in the nanoelectronics and nanoenergy industries. This work presents the fabrication of a ZnO tribotronic transistor by combining a ZnO thin film transistor (ZnO-TFT) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operating in vertical contact separation mode. A Si/SiO2/ZnO/Au structure was used to construct a bottom-gated ZnO-TFT. Radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was employed to deposit ZnO thin film, and the Au contact was achieved through thermal evaporation. A range of annealing temperatures was investigated, and ZnO TFT annealed at 500 °C exhibited a maximum electron mobility of 5.47 cm2/V s and a high on/off ratio of 105. We also investigated the photoresponse of this optimized ZnO-TFT using a UV LED. A vertical contact separation mode TENG was fabricated using ZnO (tribo-positive layer) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF, tribo-negative layer) and combined with the ZnO TFT to fabricate a tribotronic transistor. The drain current of the tribotronic transistor dropped from 2.9 to 0.02 µA at a drain voltage of 5 V when the tribo layers were separated by 15 mm. Within the separation region of 2 mm, the device showed a 1.29 µA/mm change in drain current demonstrating its effectiveness in displacement sensing. Unlike conventional TFTs, the TENG's output could successfully control the tribotronic transistor's drain current and was innovative in such domains where conventional electrical components were constrained. Furthermore, this ZnO tribotronic device was used as an active smart tactile switch by simply touching or releasing the ZnO TENG with a finger.

Giant chiral magnetoelectric oscillations in a van der Waals multiferroic

Helical spin structures are expressions of magnetically induced chirality, entangling the dipolar and magnetic orders in materials1–4. The recent discovery of helical van der Waals multiferroics down to the ultrathin limit raises prospects of large chiral magnetoelectric correlations in two dimensions5,6. However, the exact nature and magnitude of these couplings have remained unknown so far. Here we perform a precision measurement of the dynamical magnetoelectric coupling for an enantiopure domain in an exfoliated van der Waals multiferroic. We evaluate this interaction in resonance with a collective electromagnon mode, capturing the impact of its oscillations on the dipolar and magnetic orders of the material with a suite of ultrafast optical probes. Our data show a giant natural optical activity at terahertz frequencies, characterized by quadrature modulations between the electric polarization and magnetization components. First-principles calculations further show that these chiral couplings originate from the synergy between the non-collinear spin texture and relativistic spin–orbit interactions, resulting in substantial enhancements over lattice-mediated effects. Our findings highlight the potential for intertwined orders to enable unique functionalities in the two-dimensional limit and pave the way for the development of van der Waals magnetoelectric devices operating at terahertz speeds.

Relative analysis explored the structural and optoelectronic properties of ZnO films doped with transition metals

A systematic analysis of the functional properties of ZnO nanostructured films doped with transition metals (M=Fe, Cu, and Cr) was carried out, with an emphasis on the potential applications of these films in optical technology and electrical components. Co-precipitation and spin coating were used to create pure and M−doped ZnO nanostructured films. Based on structural analysis, all the films showed evidence of hexagonal wurtzite production. The produced doped samples’ lattice characteristics clearly evolved over time when compared to the pure ones, according to XRD results. The host ZnO layers’ crystalline properties changed because of the addition of M doping. The photocurrent density measurements showed that the undoped ZnO had a range of 2.5 µA/cm2, whereas the samples with Fe, Cu, and Cr doping had 25, 8, and 19 µA/cm2, respectively, displaying substantial differences in performance. This work is noteworthy since it is the first to compare the functional characteristics of three dopants that have been spin-coated in ZnO films. These unique outcomes place the coated layers in a good position for new optoelectronic uses.

Tutorial on Signal Processing Impacts of ICP(r) Accelerometer Limit Violations

Accelerometers with embedded Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric (ICP) circuitry are complex electro-mechanical systems. The mechanical and electrical components are designed to provide wide ranges of linear response (voltage induced by a given acceleration) over amplitude and time (frequency). However, every sensor has limits, and exceeding those permissible limits can lead to attenuated, amplified, and even clipped signals. Sometimes, signals are unmeasurable due to 'noise floors.' This tutorial explains: piezoelectric sensor operating principles; how ICP-powered accelerometers measure fluctuating vibrations; the lower and upper limits of linear response and what causes them, both in amplitude and frequency; and the effects of violating those limits on response frequency spectra using signal processing theory and examples.

Alternate computation of gravitational effects from a single loop of inflationary scalars

We present a new computation of the renormalized graviton self-energy induced by a loop of massless, minimally coupled scalars on de Sitter background. Our result takes account of the need to include a finite renormalization of the cosmological constant, which was not included in the first analysis. We also avoid preconceptions concerning structure functions and instead express the result as a linear combination of 21 tensor differential operators. By using our result to quantum-correct the linearized effective field equation we derive logarithmic corrections to both the electric components of the Weyl tensor for gravitational radiation and to the two potentials which quantify the gravitational response to a static point mass.

A comprehensive review on the Dynamical behavior of heat and fluid flow mechanism: Thermal performance across different geometries

The prominent novelty of current review is to exhibit the fluctuating and oscillatory convective heat transfer properties along various geometries with magnetic force, variable density, Prandtl number, buoyancy force and magnetic Prandtl number effects. The significance of present work is to illustrate a comprehensive review on transient convective heat transfer. Transient convective heat transfer plays an essential role in various technological and environmental applications, including climate control, structure safety, engines, thermal control, computer heating and cooling, and energy safety. The literature primarily focuses on steady temperature and velocity domains, with few studies exploring time-varying fluid flow in forced, natural, or mixed convective mechanisms with different methods. In current review, justification of results was performed by using oscillating stokes conditions directly in partial differential models. The similarity variables and stream functions are used in literature but in current review, the primitive variable transformation is used with implicit form of finite difference method and Gaussian elimination technique through FORTRAN and Tecplot-360 programming tools. The governing model is reduced into steady, real and imaginary form to explore steady and oscillating convective heat transmission. Transient flows have gained significance due to their ability to achieve large oscillating convective heat transfer rates. Compared with steady movement, oscillating flows exhibit higher velocity variations along the heated surface. Periodic flow produces an improved transient surface heat transmission rate than steady flow. Predicting and controlling transients in thermal exchangers requires a concept of transient forced convection heat transport. Transient convective thermal transmission solutions are important for ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of electrical components, nuclear and thermal power stations, heat-generating engines, steam turbines, condensation systems, catalytic converters, heat shielding for spacecraft, electrical devices, internal combustion engines, air conditioning and refrigerator components, cooling networks for batteries, generators, and transformers. It is found that the frequency of convective heat transport enhances through periodic and oscillating stokes variables. It was depicted that the higher amplitude in convective heat transfer was displayed for each choice of magnetic force parameter around two angles π/4 and π of circular magnetized surface. It was depicted that the maximum transient convective heat transmission was reported along vertical angle π/2 with buoyancy force, Prandtl and magnetic Prandtl values.

Seismic Assessment of Electrical Equipment in Power Substations: A Case Study for Circuit Breakers

Electric power is essential in post-earthquake periods for the continuous functionality of disaster management and emergency services. In addition, interruption of electric power can cause significant economic losses due to downtime of critical facilities. Therefore, it is very important to maintain seismic safety of electric power systems and components. There are existing seismic regulations and standards regarding electric power systems, especially in the United States of America (USA) and Europe. A similar regulation has been prepared recently in Türkiye, which is a country in a seismically active region. This study focuses on the current state of practice regarding the seismic assessment of electrical equipment in power stations and implementation of the regulations on seismic qualification of these systems. Among many electrical equipment, circuit breakers have been selected for case study. The seismic assessment of the selected high voltage equipment has been performed according to the new regulation under the seismic hazard specifically defined for Türkiye. The case study experiment presents the new methodology in evaluating and classifying the seismic response of high voltage electrical equipment and provides insight to the expected behaviour of circuit breakers under earthquake induced action.

Development of operational standards procedures for maintenance and maintenance of public railway infrastructure infrastructure and electrical mechanical and architectural components in Wbs-based station buildings to improve maintenance and maintenance performance

A railway station is a place of departure and stoppage for trains. Poor, inappropriate maintenance and upkeep of infrastructure without strict supervision can result in physical damage to the infrastructure itself, thus losing its initial value and reducing the service life of the infrastructure. If the maintenance and upkeep of infrastructure in the transportation sector is not done properly, it can cause delays or, in the worst case, accidents. To ensure a high level of reliability and availability, the implementation of an effective maintenance program is very important. This is then clarified if poor maintenance and upkeep practices, such as in the transportation sector, can also affect the reliability of the transportation system and even cause life-threatening accidents. Damage or accidents that occur can also lower the company's image and customer or consumer trust. This research aims to develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for maintenance and upkeep work on station buildings, architectural components, and mechanical electrical. The method used is based on a Literature Study, survey, and case study. The result of this research is the development of SOP maintenance and upkeep work on architectural components and mechanical electrical to improve maintenance performance.

Driving voltage frequency and electrode material effects on electromagnetic radiation of the surface dielectric barrier discharge in the air

The electrical discharges are, among others, accompanied by the emission of electromagnetic waves of various frequencies. We studied this emission for the surface dielectric barrier discharge in the air. We used the discharge with one strip-driven electrode and a sinusoidal driving voltage of frequencies 5 and 10 kHz. From the spectra of emitted waves in the frequency band up to 3 GHz, we found that this type of discharge emits the radiation of frequencies below 500 MHz. In this frequency band, we focused on the effect of the driving voltage frequency and driven electrode material on the spectra of these waves. It was found that emitted radiation is distributed in several packages of frequencies, and an increase in the driving voltage frequency or voltage increases the power level of emitted radiation. Compared with the radiation spectrum of the discharge with an aluminium-driven electrode in the spectrum of the discharge with the copper-driven electrode, new peaks of various power levels and the shift of certain radiation frequencies to lower values appear. To understand the underlying mechanism of the discharge electromagnetic waves emission, we focused on the correlation between the electric component of emitted EMWs and the discharge electrical parameters as a function of time and discharge voltage.Graphical abstract

Electrical design of the flexible imaging diffraction diagnostic for laser experiments (FIDDLE) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)-Requirements, design, and performance.

The Flexible Imaging Diffraction Diagnostic for Laser Experiments (FIDDLE) is a newly developed diagnostic for imaging time resolved diffraction in experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It builds on the successes of its predecessor, the Gated Diffraction Development Diagnostic (G3D). The FIDDLE was designed to support eight Daedalus version 2 sensors (six more hCMOS sensors than any other hCMOS-based diagnostic in NIF to date) and an integrated streak camera. We will review the electrical requirements, design, and performance of the electrical subsystems that were created to support this large number of cameras in the FIDDLE. The analysis of the data that the FIDDLE is intended to collect relies heavily on the accurate and well-understood timing of each sensor. We report camera-to-camera timing jitter of less than 100ps rms and sensor integration times of 2.2ns FWHM in 2-2 timing mode. Additionally, diffraction experiments on the NIF produce electric fields (EMI) on the order of 1 kV/m, which have been observed to negatively impact the performance of some electrical components of the FIDDLE. We report on the results of testing hCMOS camera electronics in a similar EMI environment generated in an offline lab. We also summarize the use of a novel approach to using a vector network analyzer as an EMI leak detector to understand and reduce the negative impacts of EMI on the FIDDLE.

Investigation of Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity of a Geological Material (Clay) in Some Parts of Ilorin West Local Government, Kwara State

The cost and availability of electrical components have been a major challenge to Nigerian scientists and engineers. Thus, this study aimed at investigating geological material (clay) to alleviate the challenge facing the field of science and engineering. The study determined the electrical resistivity and conductivity of a geological material from three different locations in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State: Egbejila, Oko-Erin and Baboko. The samples were sieved, molded into cylindrical form and dried. Thereafter, their electrical properties were determined using electrical method. The resistance of the samples was determined from the voltage-current (V-I) graph. Consequently, the resistivity was determined by using sample’s resistance, area and length. The conductivity was calculated from the reciprocal of resistivity. The electrical resistivity and conductivity of the samples from Egbejila, Oko-Erin and Baboko were 0.0850 Wm and 11.7647 (Wm)-1, 0.0924 Wm and 10.822 (Wm)-1, and 0.0251Wm and 39.841 (Wm)-1 respectively. The result obtained from the study showed that the geological material (clay) can be used as alternative material for industrial (based) resistor, the study further reduced the stress, cost, and non-availability of resistors’ importation and thereby our locally made geological material can be used as a substitute.

Sandwich structures with TPMS core and printed circuit board faces

Sandwich structures are widely used in the aerospace industries due to their mechanical properties that give them high energy absorption, low density, and high mechanical strength. These structures are composed of two faces interspersed by a core that can have various geometric configurations. One of the most widely used geometric cells are honeycomb structures, highly used in structural applications since the early 20th century. However, new geometric core configurations, as well as alternative materials and manufacturing processes, are being studied for space applications. Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are lattice structures composed of periodic surface structures in three independent directions. Among the available models, the most notable TPMS structures are Schwartz-type, Diamond-type, and Gyroid-type. Since the structures are too complex to be manufactured by subtractive manufacturing, additive manufacturing is excellent, being able to produce complex structures much faster and easier. One of the most common types of 3D printing is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), which is based on the fusion and deposition of various materials, such as thermoplastic materials. To save space and improve the mechanical strength of Cubesats, sandwich structures are being produced using printed circuit boards (PCB) of electrical and electronic components as outer faces. These faces are called laminates and are made of thermosetting materials such as fiberglass and epoxy resin, composites, or ceramic materials. The objective of this paper is to produce sandwich panels, with a core based on the TPMS architecture. They will be printed in thermoplastic material with laminated faces used in printed circuit boards. A numerical analysis using the finite element method was performed and its testing according to ASTM C393, furthermore, this paper aims to realize an optimized TPMS core with mass distribution based on the stress profile and compare them.

Water Condenser Bed to Reduce Trichloroethylene Gas Emission and Air Quality

Purpose: The purpose of this research is how to reduce trichloroethylene emissions using a condenser and the efficiency of reducing trichloroethylene emissions before and after using a condenser. Theoretical Framework: Air quality is influenced by trichloroethylene emissions, condenser and efficiency, trichloroethylene emissions, and condenser. Method: The research carried out was quantitative descriptive research. Data Source: Literature Study; Field observation; Trichlorethylene gas recovery process in existing systems in the field such as dryer units, carbon bed units and added condenser units. Sampling method with Trichlorethylene, Gas Emission, Concentration Measurement. Results and Discussion: The efficiency value of reducing the trichloroethylene gas emission load before and after adding the condenser reached 68.16%. The emission load on the chimney before adding the condenser was an average of 223 kg/day and after adding the condenser an average of 71 kg/day. Research Implications: The efficiency of reducing the trichloroethylene gas emission load is influenced by several supporting factors, namely the temperature of the condenser cooling water and the surface area of the cooling water tube pipe. Originality/Value: The Electric Accumulator Component Industry with products in the form of sheet-shaped Electric Accumulator Separators made from polymer powder, silica powder, oil, and other supporting materials with the production capacity will affect the formation of the solution.

Design and additive manufacturing of a lightweight aerospace electric actuator

Background The ambitious electrification targets set for the aeronautical sector are leading to a thorough research into improving the performance of different electromechanical components. In this regard, Additive Manufacturing is gaining strength due to the positive physical properties of the processed parts and the freedom in manufacturable geometries. Methods Thus, this article presents the design of an electric actuator for an aerospace active sidestick in which Additive Manufacturing is used with the aim of minimising the weight and power consumption of the device. The electromagnetic design of the actuator is detailed, considering 8 different permanent magnet machine topologies, and a mechanical design applying Topology Optimisation to reduce the overall weight of the component is carried out. Results Three prototypes involving the rotor, the stator and the casing are manufactured via Laser Powder Bed Fusion in stainless steel and Permendur (Fe49Co49V2) and the corresponding actuators are experimentally tested, showing a great agreement between tests and simulations and excellent repeatability in the electromagnetic behaviour of the prototypes. Conclusions The research results highlight the great potential of Additive Manufacturing to manufacture functional electrical machine components.