Production Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Does lower electric vehicle production cost spur traditional automaker electrification? Spillovers of cost-reduction investments

Does lower electric vehicle production cost spur traditional automaker electrification? Spillovers of cost-reduction investments

Sustainable mobility in India: advancing domestic production in the electric vehicle sector

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption globally underscores the need for sustainable and efficient supply chains, particularly in emerging economies like India. However, India’s EV industry faces critical challenges, including dependency on imported raw materials, limited domestic manufacturing, and inadequate charging infrastructure. This study addresses the gap in understanding how to optimize India’s EV supply chain to reduce import reliance and align with global best practices. The objective of the research is to develop actionable strategies for enhancing domestic EV production capabilities and sustainability. Using data from credible sources, including government and industry reports, statistical analysis was performed via ANOVA to compare India’s EV supply chain metrics with global leaders such as China and Norway. Advanced visualization techniques were also employed to analyze data interactions. The findings reveal that India’s domestic manufacturing meets only 20% of demand, while strategic investments in local mining and recycling could mitigate up to 40% of raw material needs by 2030. Furthermore, policy standardization and infrastructure development are critical for closing the gap with global benchmarks. These results highlight the importance of a cohesive national strategy to enhance India’s EV ecosystem. Future research should expand the comparative scope to other developing nations and explore innovative recycling technologies.

Cybersecurity Challenges in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Technical Overview

The rapid evolution of electric vehicle (EV) technology and charging infrastructure has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity challenges across the automotive sector. This article examines the current state of cybersecurity in the electrification industry, focusing on the challenges faced by EV manufacturers and charging infrastructure operators. The article reveals significant vulnerabilities in charging station security, ranging from hardware security modules to communication protocols and payment systems. The article explores the regulatory landscape, implementation challenges, and the impact on various stakeholders including manufacturers, suppliers, and end users. The article highlights the critical need for standardized security frameworks, improved incident response capabilities, and strategic investments in cybersecurity infrastructure. The article demonstrates that organizations implementing comprehensive security measures achieve substantial improvements in threat detection and incident prevention, while those lacking robust security frameworks face increased risks of breaches and operational disruptions.

The Impacts of the US Inflation Reduction Act on EV Supply Chains

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) passed by the United States in 2022 affected the global layout of electric vehicle (EV) supply chains. This paper explores the impacts of the IRA on the decisions of overseas battery suppliers and domestic EV manufacturers in the US. The main findings are that (1) the suppliers’ and manufacturers’ optimal decisions depend on the local subsidy, tariff, and battery R&D costs: tariffs (subsidies) reduce (increase) the battery R&D level for overseas (local) suppliers, EV prices, and supply chain members’ profits; (2) subsidies and tariffs are key factors in distinguishing manufacturers from overseas procurement and local procurement when R&D cost coefficients are determined; cost coefficients and service fees are the key factors for manufacturers to choose local procurement or R&D cooperation strategies; and (3) when local supply chains compete with overseas supply chains, subsidies will give the local supply chains a sales advantage while giving overseas supply chains a price advantage, and when local supply chains compete with cooperative supply chains, subsidies will give local supply chains a price disadvantage and a sales disadvantage.

Collaborative management of battery manufacturer responsibility in electric vehicle production with ESG due diligence

Collaborative management of battery manufacturer responsibility in electric vehicle production with ESG due diligence

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯМИ И АДАПТАЦИЯ К РЫНОЧНЫМ УСЛОВИЯМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ КОМПАНИИ TESLA

This work is dedicated to studying Tesla’s experience in change management and adaptation to market conditions. It examines the key strategies and approaches employed by Tesla to successfully implement innovations, enhance competitiveness, and strengthen its position in the rapidly evolving electric vehicle market. Special attention is given to analyzing the factors influencing the company’s adaptation processes to changing market conditions, such as technological changes, shifts in consumer preferences, regulatory changes, and the competitive environment. The research aims to identify the key approaches and practices that Tesla uses for effective change management and ensuring sustainable development in a highly dynamic market. The results of this study may be beneficial for other companies striving for successful adaptation and innovation implementation in their industries. The subject of the research is Tesla, as one of the leading electric vehicle manufacturers in the world. The focus of the study is on change management and Tesla’s adaptation to dynamically changing market conditions.

Optimizing electric vehicle charging strategies using multi-layer perception-based spatio-temporal prediction of charging station load

The production and sales of electric vehicles have been increasing in line with the gradual adaptation of consumers to electric vehicles, driven by various government policies and subsidies over the past decade. As a result, the deployment of charging facilities, which are essential for supporting electric vehicles, has also been extensive. However, despite the rapid development in scale, charging facilities face challenges such as low utilization during off-peak hours and excessive congestion during peak hours, leading to resource wastage and a diminished user charging experience. To address these issues, this study proposes a spatio-temporal prediction model for charging station load. The model introduces a global spatial enhancement module to simultaneously learn short-range and long-range spatial dependencies in the data, resulting in improved prediction accuracy. The aim of this research is to provide practical guidance in terms of conserving charging resources and enhancing user charging experience based on spatio-temporal prediction effectiveness.

REMAINING USEFUL LIFE PREDICTOR FOR EV BATTERIES USING MACHINE LEARNING

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a key solution to combat rising carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In India, the government has implemented policies such as the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme to promote EV adoption Predicting the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of EV batteries using machine learning ensures better battery health management and enhances operational efficiency. Applications include EV fleet management, battery recycling, and cost-effective maintenance. To develop a machine learning model that accurately predicts the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of EV batteries to improve operational reliability, reduce maintenance costs, and support sustainable energy practices. Before the advent of machine learning, traditional methods for estimating EV battery life relied on rule-based approaches, where predefined thresholds such as voltage drops or charge cycles were used to predict battery health. Empirical models, often linear, were developed based on historical performance data but lacked the ability to adapt to dynamic usage patterns. Additionally, manual battery testing was a common practice to measure degradation, though it was time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often prone to inaccuracies in capturing the complex nature of battery aging. Traditional systems for predicting EV battery life are largely empirical and rely on static models that fail to capture dynamic battery behavior. These methods often lack precision, are labor-intensive, and provide limited adaptability to varying usage conditions, leading to inefficiencies in battery management. The increasing demand for EVs and their critical dependence on battery performance drives the need for accurate RUL prediction systems. Traditional methods are insufficient in addressing the complex, non-linear nature of battery degradation. The proposed machine learning-based system leverages real-time battery performance data, including metrics like voltage, current, temperature, and charge-discharge cycles, to train predictive models capable of estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of EV batteries. This approach significantly enhances accuracy by capturing complex patterns in battery degradation, enables real-time predictions for immediate insights, optimizes costs by minimizing unnecessary replacements and maximizing resource utilization, and promotes sustainability through efficient recycling and reduced battery waste.

Features of Indonesia’s Low-Carbon Development Strategy

The purpose of the article is to identify trends and features of the development of a low-carbon economy and climate control tools in Indonesia using methods of content analysis, quantitative and comparative assessment. Climate goals declared for the period up to 2030 and 2050 are analyzed and there has been a rise in climate ambitions, based largely on measures to decarbonise the land and forestry sector. The peculiarity of Indonesia's climate goals is that they are defined relative to a business-as-usual scenario, which assumes the current rate of growth in greenhouse gas emissions and are calculated subject to the provision of international financial assistance. The long-term strategy for low-carbon development until 2050 is considered and government priorities in the field of climate regulation are identified. While forced to maintain coal generation as its long-term energy backbone, Indonesia is seeking to pursue other avenues: introducing carbon pricing, incentivizing renewable energy, increasing production of electric vehicles, and developing and deploying carbon capture technology. By providing state support to priority areas, Indonesia actively takes advantage of the opportunities provided by international financial organizations to finance climate projects. It is concluded that the long-term low-carbon development strategy and associated climate goals in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and the time frame for achieving carbon neutrality are quite moderate, since they are based on a comparison with the business-as-usual scenario. With this approach to strategic planning, it will be possible to achieve the set goals by implementing measures only in the land and forestry sector, while the volume of greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors may not decrease, but increase in absolute terms. This approach is explained by national interests and the desire to preserve coal generation in the energy sector.

Risk and return analysis of selected stocks in the Indian automobile industry on the national stock exchange

The Indian automobile industry has experienced substantial growth, driven by rising domestic demand, urbanization, and technological advancements, positioning India as a significant global manufacturing hub. The industry has also embraced the shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), particularly in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, spurred by government initiatives like the Faster Adoption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes. This study explores the risk-return dynamics of selected publicly listed Indian automobile companies, analyzing their equity performance between 2017 and 2023. By evaluating market, financial, operational, and regulatory risks, the research aims to offer insights into the investment potential of these companies. The study investigates how systematic and unsystematic risks influence investment decisions, with a focus on prominent companies such as Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Hindustan Motors, and Ashok Leyland. Using statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, variance, and beta, the analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the volatility, return potential, and overall risk profile of the companies. Results suggest a direct correlation between higher risk and higher returns, with Ashok Leyland emerging as a top performer, while Maruti Suzuki demonstrated more stable returns. The study also provides recommendations for investors, emphasizing the importance of diversification and long-term analysis. Despite its limitations, the research contributes valuable insights for investors looking to navigate the evolving Indian automobile sector.

Electric Vehicle Traction Battery Recycling Decision-Making Considering Blockchain Technology in the Context of Capacitance Level Differential Demand

In recent years, the rapid growth in electric vehicle ownership has resulted in a significant number of decommissioned traction batteries that will require recycling in the future. As consumer expectations for electric vehicle range continue to rise, the turnover of traction batteries has accelerated substantially. Consequently, there is an urgent need for electric vehicle manufacturers to establish an efficient, recyclable supply chain for the return of end-of-life (EOL) electric vehicle (EV) traction batteries. In this paper, we investigate the closed-loop recycling supply chain for retired power batteries in electric vehicle manufacturers, taking into account blockchain technology and the high range preferences in the electric vehicle market, which are influenced by varying demand for different levels of electric vehicle capacitance. Blockchain, as a distributed and decentralized technology, offers features such as consensus mechanisms, traceability, and security, which have been effectively applied across various fields. In this study, we construct four models involving EV battery manufacturers, EV retailers, and battery comprehensive utilization (BCU) enterprises participating in the recycling process. Through the analysis of a Stackelberg response model, we find that (1) single-channel recycling is less efficient than dual-channel recycling models, a difference driven by the diversity of recycling channels and the variability in recycling markets; (2) Recycling models incorporating blockchain technology demonstrate superior performance compared to those that do not utilize blockchain technology, particularly when the intensity of recycling competition is below 0.76; (3) Traction batteries integrated with blockchain technology exhibit higher recycling rates when the optimization index is below 0.96. Electric vehicle battery manufacturers must evaluate the benefits and costs of adopting blockchain technology; (4) With lower recycling incentive levels and EV range preferences, the single-channel recycling model yields better returns than the other three recycling models. EV manufacturers can enhance overall battery supply chain revenues by establishing varying incentive levels based on market demand for different capacitance levels.

A Study on Electric Vehicle Footprint in South Africa

There has been a progressive global increase in the usage of electric vehicles in this dispensation. This is mostly due to the need to decarbonise the transport sector and mitigate the concerns of climate change and depleting oil reserves of which South Africa is not an exception. In fact, South Africa is the country with the highest CO2 emissions in Africa and can reduce its carbon footprint by embracing green mobility. Compared to the internal combustion engine (ICE) market, the electric vehicle (EV) market in South Africa is still in its early stages, with limited local production and usage since its introduction to the country’s automotive sector in 2013. Therefore, in this study, the usage of EVs in South Africa, along with adoption rates and challenges were carried out to make a stronger case that would offer a better pathway for increased EV adoption in the country. It has been discovered that the slow adoption rate of EVs is due to factors such as EV procurement, ownership costs, vehicle parts, safety issues, battery technology, tax and import duties, load shedding, and availability of charging stations. This paper also provides insights into government policies, funding, and other efforts that can support EV adoption in the country through the analyses of primary and secondary data. The proposed strategies include the introduction of tax rebates on imported EVs, local production of EVs and their vehicle parts, retrofitting ICE vehicles to EVs, and science-informed strategies to transition from ICE to electric vehicles. Furthermore, more renewable energy grid integration and renewable energy-powered EV charging stations would also provide support for the energy required to power EVs even during load shedding. Preliminary findings from the survey also suggest that the local production of EV components and government-sponsored training programmes on various EV skills are crucial for increasing the adoption rate of EVs in the country.

Lightweight metals and alloys in electric vehicle manufacturing: enhancing performance and efficiency

Lightweight materials have become a key focus in the manufacturing of electric vehicles (EVs) due to their numerous advantages, including corrosion resistance, excellent formability, and high specific strength. In addition to enhancing performance, these materials contribute to a reduced environmental impact, as they are highly recyclable. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the properties, fabrication methods, and applications of lightweight metals and their alloys in the automotive industry. It also provides a comparative analysis of various lightweight materials, highlighting their relative benefits and limitations. By consolidating scientific knowledge and industry insights, this review aims to guide both the automotive industry and the scientific community in advancing the use of lightweight alloys in EVs, contributing to the development of more sustainable and efficient vehicles.

Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Strategy Considering Brand Spillover Effect

Electric vehicle manufacturers ensure power battery supply through either direct sourcing or technology cooperation. This paper examines the battery supply strategy of an entrant manufacturer(m2), in a two-tier supply chain that includes a battery supplier (s), an incumbent manufacturer (m1), and the aforementioned entrant. It investigates these strategies under the influence of the brand spillover effect. It reveals that when m1 opts for direct battery procurement, if m2 boasts higher after-sales service standards, adopting a technology cooperation strategy becomes more advantageous. A sweet spot exists wherein, given m2's brand power and after-sales service level fall within a certain range, all supply chain participants can achieve mutual benefits. In scenarios where m1 depends on technology cooperation for its battery supply, it is advisable for m2 to mirror this approach by also engaging in technology cooperation.

Multiobjective optimization for sizing and placing electric vehicle charging stations considering comprehensive uncertainties

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) demands a robust and efficient charging infrastructure. To address this, we propose a particle swarm optimization algorithm designed for optimal placement and sizing of EV charging stations. This study hypothesizes that comprehensive consideration of uncertainties in vehicle types, user behaviors, road dynamics, and environmental impacts will enhance infrastructure effectiveness. Our method integrates data from road networks, driver patterns, station owners, and EV manufacturers to meet diverse charging requirements. Results indicate that 14 fast charging stations are needed along the studied freeway, with a total installation cost of $289,820 and annual operational costs of $4,223,050, leading to annual CO2 emissions of 1,843,572.57 kg. This strategic approach balances technical, environmental, and economic criteria, providing an essential tool for policymakers and urban planners in establishing sustainable EV charging networks.

(Invited) Advancing and Manufacturing Materials for Next Generation Li-Ion Batteries

As conventional intercalation-type Li-ion battery electrode materials approach their theoretical limits, substantial gains in battery energy density only come as a trade-off in safety or performance. Supply chain limitations additionally constrain the use of many conventional materials. This talk will discuss how novel, industry-relevant active and inactive materials may significantly improve performance, reduce the cost of Li-ion batteries, overcome existing and expected supply chain challenges and pave the way for renewable energy technologies. For example, Sila's innovative drop-in-replacement nanocomposite silicon anode powder offers 6 times higher gravimetric capacity than graphite, permits both fast charging and over 20% more energy density today over state-of-the-art lithium-ion, and enables radical product innovation - all without compromising performance. This material has been shipping in millions of devices for three years and is scaling up for massive electric vehicle (EV) use by mid-decade. With Sila’s industrialized and scaled scientific innovation, wearables, portable electronics, and EV manufacturers can create breakthrough products today that will minimize our environmental impact tomorrow. This talk will provide multiple examples of flexible ceramic separators and other technologies that may become instrumental for the transition to a clean and energy-sustainable economy.

Synthetic Graphites as the Cathode Material for Aluminium-Carbon Batteries

Developments such as growth in electric vehicle production and increased use of renewable energy sources, has caused an exponential increase in the demand for batteries [1,2], with Li-ion batteries as the dominating technology. Various issues are associated with the materials of Li-ion batteries, like an uncertainty about the future access, environmental footprint and social impact related to raw materials extraction and production, as well as the challenge of recycling [3]. For this reason, there is a renewed interest in alternative battery chemistries, and one candidate technology is the Aluminium-Carbon (Al-C) battery. This is a so-called dual-ion concept, with an Al anode, a carbon (mostly graphite) cathode, and an electrolyte based on Al salts. During charging, anions intercalate into the graphite, while Al deposits on the anode [4]. Al has a high theoretical volumetric and gravimetric capacity, in addition to being abundant [5]. Like graphite, it is also a low-cost material [4,5], so using these together can provide an affordable battery technology. In addition, these batteries would be very convenient to recycle due to the mature, worldwide recycling infrastructure of Al [6] combined with the fact that graphite can withstand high temperature treatment [7]. The most commonly used electrolyte is AlCl3 in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl), which is a thermally stable ionic liquid [8]. It also has a high ionic conductivity [8], allowing high currents and subsequently high-power batteries, but it has the drawback of being highly corrosive [9]. Alternative electrolytes are aluminium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Al(OTF)3) or aluminium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Al(TFSI)3) and LiAlH4 in tetrahydrofuran (THF), which eliminates the corrosion issue. With Al(OTF)3 as the main salt, it has been shown to reversibly plate Al [10]. However, to the best of our knowledge such electrolytes are not used in Al-C batteries to this date.Work on Al-C batteries have been conducted with a wide range of carbons (e.g. natural and synthetic graphites or fibrous carbon materials), and it has been shown that a high degree of crystalline perfection and flake-shaped particles are preferred for high capacity [4,11]. Capacities obtained when using graphite powders are in the range between 60 and 142 mAh/g, depending on their characteristics [4]. Al-C batteries can also have excellent rate capabilities, as observed in the work of Wu et al. [12] where a 3D graphitic foam gave a stable capacity around 60 mAh/g for 4000 cycles at the high rate of 12 A/g. However, carbon materials for which outstanding results are reported, are not always commercially available. Al-C batteries are still at an early stage of development, and knowledge related to graphite properties and how these affect stability at high voltages, and intercalation of anions from the relevant electrolytes is still limited.In this work, we have studied industrially relevant synthetic graphites as cathodes for Al-C batteries, with the purpose of investigating the anion intercalation and oxidation stability with respect to graphite properties, like surface area, surface structure (edge, basal and defect sites), and surface chemistry. Graphite powders have been investigated by nitrogen adsorption, LECO oxygen analysis and XRD measurements in order to determine the relevant properties. The electrolytes used are AlCl3 in EMIMCl, and Al(OTF)3 as well as Al(TFSI)3 with LiAlH4 in THF. To provide further information about the reactions happening during cycling, post-mortem characterization of cycled electrodes with SEM, AFM, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy is carried out. In this manner it can be investigated if the reactions occurring is the wanted reversible intercalation, or if irreversible reactions at the electrode surface also take place.This project has received funding from The Research Council of Norway: Contract number 331964. Partners in the project are NTNU, SINTEF Industry, Vianode, Beyonder and Equinor ASA.

Quantifying Volume Change in Porous Electrodes Via the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction Model

Automotive manufacturers are working to improve individual cell and overall pack design by increasing their performance, durability, and range, while reducing cost; and active material volume change1–7 is one of the more complex aspects that needs to be considered during this process. As the time from initial design to manufacture of electric vehicles is decreased, design work that used to rely solely on testing needs to be supplemented or replaced by virtual methods. As electrochemical engineers drive battery and system design using model-based methods8, the need for coupled electrochemical/mechanical9 models that take into account the active material change utilizing physics based or semi-empirical approaches is necessary. In this study, we illustrated the applicability of a mechano-electrochemical coupled modeling method considering the multi-species, multi-reaction model as popularized by Verbrugge10,11 and Baker. To do this, validation tests were conducted using a computer-controlled press apparatus that can control the press displacement and press force with precision. The coupled MSMR volume change model was developed and its applicability to graphite and NMC cells was illustrated. The increased accuracy of the model considering the coupled MSMR volume change approach shows in the importance of accounting for individual gallery volume change behavior on cell level predictions.

Analisis Hubungan Citra Merk dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pengguna Kendaraan Listrik di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of brand image and product quality on customer satisfaction in the electric vehicle industry in Indonesia. A strong brand image and high-quality products are critical factors for electric vehicle manufacturers to build consumer trust and increase sales. In the context of the growth of electric vehicles as an environmentally friendly alternative, this research is grounded in the concepts of customer satisfaction, brand image, and product quality. The study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey involving 154 respondents who are users of two- and four-wheeled electric vehicles. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to examine the partial and simultaneous effects of the two independent variables on the dependent variable. The results show that brand image and product quality have a significant positive influence, both partially and simultaneously, on customer satisfaction. These findings contribute theoretically to the marketing literature by reinforcing the role of brand image and product quality in enhancing customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the results can be useful for the electric vehicle industry in Indonesia in efforts to improve customer satisfaction through the optimization of brand image and the quality of products offered.

Closing The Productivity Gap In Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: Challenges And Solutions

This study provides a systematic review of the challenges and solutions in electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, addressing key areas such as technological advancements, workforce readiness, supply chain optimization, sustainability practices, and lean manufacturing principles. A total of 86 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2023 were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure rigor and transparency. The findings reveal that technological innovations, including automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital twin technologies, significantly improve production efficiency and resource optimization, though their adoption remains hindered by high implementation costs and infrastructural incompatibilities. Workforce challenges, including skill mismatches and labor shortages, were identified as critical barriers, particularly in emerging economies where education and training initiatives remain insufficient. Supply chain inefficiencies, driven by raw material dependency and geopolitical risks, continue to disrupt production, despite the potential of predictive analytics and digitalization to enhance resilience. Sustainability practices, such as circular economy strategies and energy-efficient manufacturing processes, were found to reduce environmental impacts and operational costs, though scalability remains a challenge. Finally, lean manufacturing principles emerged as effective solutions for improving productivity and reducing waste, though their success depends on organizational commitment and workforce adaptability.