Introduction Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Design of Eco-Efficient Body Parts for Electric Vehicles Considering Life Cycle Environmental Information

The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of vehicles has become part of the strategic objectives in automotive industry. In this regard, the design of future body parts should be carried out based on information of life cycle GHG emissions. The substitution of steel towards lightweight materials is a major trend, with the industry undergoing a fundamental shift towards the introduction of electric vehicles (EV). The present research aims to support the conceptual design of body parts with a combined perspective on mechanical performance and life cycle GHG emissions. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the GHG impact of EV in the use phase depends on vehicle-specific factors that may not be specified at the conceptual design stage of components, such as the market-specific electricity mix used for vehicle charging. A methodology is proposed that combines a simplified numerical design of concept alternatives and an analytic approach estimating life cycle GHG emissions. It is applied to a case study in body part design based on a set of principal geometries and load cases, a range of materials (aluminum, glass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP, CFRP) as substitution to a steel reference) and different use stage scenarios of EV. A new engineering chart was developed, which helps design engineers to compare life cycle GHG emissions of lightweight material concepts to the reference. For body shells, the replacement of the steel reference with aluminum or GFRP shows reduced lifecycle GHG emissions for most use phase scenarios. This holds as well for structural parts being designed on torsional stiffness. For structural parts designed on tension/compression or bending stiffness CFRP designs show lowest lifecycle GHG emissions. In all cases, a high share of renewable electricity mix and a short lifetime pose the steel reference in favor. It is argued that a further elaboration of the approach could substantially increase transparency between design choices and life cycle GHG emissions.

Calibration Optimization Methodology for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Model for Electric Vehicles in Mining Applications

Large-scale introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the market sets outstanding requirements for battery performance to extend vehicle driving range, prolong battery service life, and reduce battery costs. There is a growing need to accurately and robustly model the performance of both individual cells and their aggregated behavior when integrated into battery packs. This paper presents a novel methodology for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack simulations under actual operating conditions of an electric mining vehicle. The validated electrochemical-thermal models of Li-ion battery cells are scaled up into battery modules to emulate cell-to-cell variations within the battery pack while considering the random variability of battery cells, as well as electrical topology and thermal management of the pack. The performance of the battery pack model is evaluated using transient experimental data for the pack operating conditions within the mining environment. The simulation results show that the relative root mean square error for the voltage prediction is 0.7–1.7% and for the battery pack temperature 2–12%. The proposed methodology is general and it can be applied to other battery chemistries and electric vehicle types to perform multi-objective optimization to predict the performance of large battery packs.

Using System Dynamics to Determine the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Employment in the Component Manufacture Industry

AbstractThe automotive industry is thought to have direct and indirect impacts on national job creation for both the formal and informal sectors. There have been debates around employment impacts and socio‐economics in South Africa with the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs), however, a definite consensus of whether the impact is positive or negative has not been established. Unless all the driving factors affecting automotive employment have been modelled, no resolution can be reached through the various engagements. This study used a system dynamics modelling approach to determine the employment impact of substituting the internal combustion vehicles (ICVs) with hybrids and pure electric cars, specifically in the component manufacture segment of the automotive value chain. Scenarios were also run to determine the impact of localized electric battery manufacture on employment. Results indicate that a 22% substitution of ICVs with electric cars results in a 2.65% decrease in employment, while a 34% increase in hybrids in the electric car mix results in an increase of 1.73% of employment in the component manufacture segment. The simulator also shows that from 2020 until 2027, employment due to localized manufacture of electric car batteries, increases, however, there is a steady decrease from 2028 to 2050, likely due to the reduction in demand for electric batteries because of technology improvements in first life applications, resulting in better durability and shelf life.

Two-Stages Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis for Integrated System of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle

The introduction of electric vehicles to the transportation fleet has merged the power generation and transportation sectors into an integrated system. Rather than fuel sources, electricity is used to charge electric vehicles, so these vehicles play a vital role as an important green technology that could reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector. This study aimed to develop a multi-stage carbon emission pinch analysis for an integrated system to optimise the energy mix for electricity generation. In the first stage, the minimum number of electric vehicles required to reduce transportation emissions was determined. In the second stage, the optimal energy mix for power generation sector was determined while including the electricity demand for the electric vehicle. Four scenarios, namely the business-as-usual scenario (S1); the public transport utilization scenario (S2); the electrification of vehicle scenario (S3); and the Integrated-Policies scenario (S4) were developed based on Peninsular Malaysia as a case study, to analyse the impact of different mitigation strategies on the country’s economy. S1 was set as baseline for all the cases i.e., without any mitigation strategies. The results reveal that S4 was the best scenario, yielding a total cost saving percentage of 51.42 % compared to S1. For the power generation sector, 52 % of renewable energy (solar PV, biomass and biogas) utilisation would be needed in the energy mix to achieve the emission reduction target.

Renewable Energy Powered Charging Stations - A Brief Review

Vehicular pollution is one of the major sources of pollution. To facilitate the green mobility initiative in India the Government is putting lots of effort. The increase in the number of cars on roads increased the need for more fuel. After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cars slowly started becoming a necessity. More people started buying cars. Recent studies showed that the use of conventional fuels leads to global warming and also increased stress on non-renewable resources. The introduction of electric vehicles and subsidies provided is a good welcome. These measures would be useful when one of the factors ie. the power for these e-vehicles is provided form clean sources. The authors in this paper have tried to review and explore the various clean options available for the charging stations. How to cite this article: Sharma S. Renewable Energy Powered Charging Stations -A Brief Review. J Adv Res Alt Energ Env Eco 2020; 7(1): 28-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.202005

Greenhouse gas emissions and production cost footprints in Australian gold mines

Australia has a globally significant gold mining sector for which both greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data and production cost data are often available on an individual mine basis. Establishing relationships between GHG emissions and production costs has the potential to shape the future of the gold industry in Australia through greater focus upon cleaner, efficient production. GHG emissions data from Australian gold mines reveal consistent, significant relationships between gold grade and GHG emissions intensity per ounce. Higher gold grades are associated with lower GHG emission intensity per ounce. Differences in both emissions intensity and gold grades exist between open pit mines, underground mines and those operations which source ore from both open pit and underground. Open pit gold mines have the highest GHG emissions intensity but lowest costs. Underground mines have the lowest GHG emissions intensity but costs that are above open pit mines. Australian gold mines exhibit declining gold grades that are predicted to continue over the coming decade. These projected lower gold grades will lead to higher GHG emissions intensities in the absence of other GHG abatement interventions. Significant opportunities exist, to materially reduce GHG emissions at Australian gold mines with interventions underway. Broader adoption of solar and wind energy, changing how underground mines are cooled and the introduction of electric vehicles and mining fleet, especially in underground mines, are key impact areas.

Light electric vehicle charging strategy for low impact on the grid.

The alarming increase in the average temperature of the planet due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases has stimulated the introduction of electric vehicles (EV), given transport sector is responsible for more than 25% of the total global CO2 emissions. EV penetration will substantially increase electricity demand and, therefore, an optimization of the EV recharging scenario is needed to make full use of the existing electricity generation system without upgrading requirements. In this paper, a methodology based on the use of the temporal valleys in the daily electricity demand is developed for EV recharge, avoiding the peak demand hours to minimize the impact on the grid. The methodology assumes three different strategies for the recharge activities: home, public buildings, and electrical stations. It has been applied to the case of Spain in the year 2030, assuming three different scenarios for the growth of the total fleet: low, medium, and high. For each of them, three different levels for the EV penetration by the year 2030 are considered: 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively. Only light electric vehicles (LEV), cars and motorcycles, are taken into account given the fact that batteries are not yet able to provide the full autonomy desired by heavy vehicles. Moreover, heavy vehicles have different travel uses that should be separately considered. Results for the fraction of the total recharge to be made in each of the different recharge modes are deduced with indication of the time intervals to be used in each of them. For the higher penetration scenario, 75% of the total park, an almost flat electricity demand curve is obtained. Studies are made for working days and for non-working days.

Development of Electrical Equipment Classification for Electric Vehicles in Order to Increase the Range

At the present time, there is an increase in environmentally friendly vehicles, in particular it is introduction of electric vehicles. The variable operating conditions of these vehicles, which are characteristic of the Russian Federation territory, cause a decrease in the power reserve and an increase in the energy consumption. The use of existing methods to increase the power reserve of electric vehicles, which consist in the improvement of traction motors and energy storage systems, is impossible when it is in operation. However, the solution to this problem can be achieved by changing the modes of operation of electrical energy consumers, who receive it from a high-voltage battery. The article presents an analysis of previously performed work in the field of increasing the power reserve and reducing the electric energy consumption of an electric vehicle. The need to develop a classification of electric energy consumers, which will be one of the method stages for increasing the range of electric vehicles by controlling the power from electric energy consumers, has been identified. Experimental studies and highly specialized marketing questionnaires, which revealed the amount of energy required for the operation of consumers of electrical energy in an electric vehicle, were carried out.

Coping with a growing number of e-taxis in Greater Stockholm: A stated adaptation approach

The introduction of electric vehicles in taxi companies has shown that operating electric taxis can be profitable and useful already under current circumstances. However, a significant future increase of electric taxis within relatively short time could impose severe challenges to the system. In this paper, current charging patterns and demand for electric taxi rides were analysed to design future scenarios with a significantly higher number of electric taxis and changes in fast charging technology and pricing. A qualitative stated adaptation experiment was carried out among taxi drivers and carriers in order to explore important human factors for coping with changing driving and charging conditions in scenarios with significantly more electric taxis or potential policy changes. The main findings are that hired drivers and carriers react differently to temporal price differentiation. Hired drivers make more use of faster but more expensive charging infrastructure than carriers do. Speed and convenience of charging events seems to be more important for hired drivers than for carriers. An increasing number of electric taxis is likely to increase the strains on urban public charging infrastructure, thereby stimulating charging at home or at currently less popular charging infrastructure. Moreover, there is a risk that the already existing imbalance between carriers and hired drivers could escalate in the future.

Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

The transportation sector has been reported as a key contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Hence, the need for the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation sector. However, the competitiveness of the EVs with the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles has been a bone of contention. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an important tool that can be employed to determine the competitiveness of a product in its early stage of production. This review examines different published articles on LCCA of EVs using Scopus and Web of Science databases. The time trend of the published articles from 2001 to 2019 was examined. Moreover, the LCC obtained from the different models of EVs were compared. There was a growing interest in research on the LCC of EVs as indicated by the upward increase in the number of published articles. A variation in the LCC of the different EVs studied was observed to depend on several factors. Based on the LCC, EVs were found not yet competitive with conventional internal combustion engine cars due to the high cost of batteries. However, advancement in technologies with incentives could bring down the cost of EV batteries to make it competitive in the future.

What do people think about electric vehicles? An initial study of the opinions of car purchasers in Poland

Road transport causes one fifth of the EU’s total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which are especially high in cities. A suggested solution to this situation is the introduction of electric vehicles (EV). However, evidence from European countries shows that, without any governmental support, the sales of EVs are low in comparison to other vehicles. Our pilot study, conducted in Wrocław (Poland), shows that car purchasers in Poland are aware of the difference between pure electric and hybrid vehicles (HEVs). As most car purchasers buy on the second-hand market, the potential for sales of EVs and HEVs still seems limited. Our study confirmed that consumers have a generally positive opinion about EVs. However, they expect that the purchase of EVs should be subsidized.

Speed Control of Fuel Cell Driven PMSM using Sliding Mode Control Based IDDB Converter

The concern over greenhouse gas emissions and their relation to global warming is one of the main reasons for the introduction of electric vehicles into the market. This paper discusses the design and simulation of the fuel cell-based electric vehicle. These FCEVs are "Rechargeable Energy Storage System" (RESS) and provide better acceleration along with regenerative braking as well. The output voltage of the fuel cell's stack is significantly low, then expanded by using the sliding mode control Interleaved Double Boost converter. The boost converter's increased output is given to the inverter to get AC to run PMSM. Using the Space Vector PWM process, gating pulses are given to the inverter and the inverter output is provided to the PMSM drive through the LC filter to minimize ripples in the inverter output. Simulation approaches use MATLAB / Simulink to determine the results

Designing of Electric Vehicle Using MATLAB and Simulink

With the advancing technology, it has taken a drift in the automobile industry with the introduction of Electric Vehicles. Electric Vehicles provide to humanity as a sustainable mode of transport, by not deteriorating the environment. This paper describes the procedure for modeling of an Electric Vehicle in MATLAB and Simulink, by explaining various- Motor Model, Battery Model, Power Model, and Regenerative System. Through Simulink, the designed Electric Vehicle is simulated and various factors like- Motor Torque, Vehicle Speed, State of Charge of Battery were calculated by providing Driving Cycle. The various observed factors were analysed for improving the model.

Внедрение электромобилей в России: тенденции, основные проблемы и пути их решения

Внедрение электромобилей в России: тенденции, основные проблемы и пути их решения

The location routing problem using electric vehicles with constrained distance

The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in modern fleets facilitates a shift towards greener road transportation practices. However, the driving ranges of EVs are limited by the duration of their batteries, which raises some operational challenges. This paper discusses the Location Routing Problem with a Constrained Distance (LRPCD), which is a natural extension of the Location Routing Problem when EVs are utilized. A fast multi-start heuristic and a metaheuristic are proposed to solve the LRPCD. The former combines biased-randomization techniques with the well-known Tillman’s heuristic for the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem. The latter incorporates the biased-randomized approach into the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) framework. A series of computational experiments show that the multi-start heuristic is able to generate good-quality solutions in just a few seconds, while the biased-rendomized VNS metaheuristic provides higher-quality solutions by employing more computational time.

Impact of emerging technologies on the electricity load profile of residential areas

Technological progress and the ambition to de-carbonise the energy sector are changing the way electricity is generated and used. In the residential sector, more efficient electric devices, electrification of mobility and heating systems, as well as on-site PV and battery systems are the main technologies driving this change. These changes will impact the characteristics of the electric demand. A comprehensive understanding of these changes is essential to efficiently design the energy system of tomorrow.The target of this research is to explore the possible changes of the electric load profiles with the current technological development, both at an individual household level and at an aggregate level. An inner-city area of 1550 houses is simulated with a time resolution of 1 minute using a stochastic bottom-up approach. Three scenarios considering refurbishment of buildings, efficiency increase in devices and emerging technologies are simulated. Differences in the load profiles are then analysed.Results show that future load profiles will change significantly. A strong seasonality will appear due to the increased penetration of PV, μ-CHP and heat pumps. Intra-day fluctuations will also increase, mainly due to the introduction of electric vehicles and PV. Annual peak load will rise significantly mainly due to the electric back-up heaters of air-source heat pumps. Increased electrification increases annual electricity demand, but results show that this will be partly compensated by better insulated buildings, more energy efficient household devices, and on-site production from PV-Battery systems and μ-CHP.

Impact of Electric Vehicles on Indirect Carbon Emissions and the Role of Engine Posttreatment Emission Control Strategies.

Electricity generation in developing countries is dependent on fossil fuel-based thermal power plants, and the introduction of electric vehicles will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation stage to the energy generation stage. India is one of the developing countries in South Asia where fossil fuel-based power plants make major contributions to electricity generation. In this paper, a detailed review of the challenges faced by electric vehicles is discussed, and an analysis was conducted on the equivalent C emissions from electric vehicles by considering 3 scenarios in India: 1) current electricity generation, 2) power generation considering the installed capacity, and 3) Vision 2022. Based on these 3 scenarios, the main objectives of this work are to understand the potential of electric vehicles to reduce the overall C emissions after considering the indirect C emissions from electricity generation and to highlight the importance of emission control techniques. Experimental investigations of the conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) systems have been conducted for comparative studies. The results of the analysis showed that the indirect C emissions from electric vehicles are higher than the C emissions from internal combustion engines for scenarios 1 and 2. In scenario 3, the C emissions from electric and fossil fuel-powered vehicles are found to be in the same range. The DOC system had an average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions. The posttreatment emission control systems in internal combustion engines will be the best possible solution, compared to electric vehicles, for reducing overall vehicular emissions until renewable energy sources have a major share in electricity generation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:234-244. © 2019 SETAC.

Does air pollution stimulate electric vehicle sales? Empirical evidence from twenty major cities in China

Introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) is regarded as an effective measure to mitigate air pollution. Although intensive efforts have been invested on examining the factors affect the adoption of EVs, the potential impact of air pollution on EV sales is severely underexamined. In this study, we pioneer to examine the relation of air pollution (measured in terms of the concentrations of PM2.5) to the sales of EVs. Our empirical analysis is based on a unique panel data comprises of the monthly sales volumes of EVs and the monthly average PM2.5 concentration levels from 20 major cities in China. The data spans from 1st May 2014 to 30th April 2018. Additionally, we employ the urban population, industrial output and disposable income per capita as controls. The results show that the PM2.5 concentrations are significantly positively correlated to the sales volumes of EVs as well as those of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), while no significant relationship between the PM2.5 concentrations and the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) sales is observed. The significant and positive effect of the PM2.5 concentrations on the EVs sales persists, in EVs with different brand popularities and in cities of different average income levels. Amongst the selected controls, only disposable income is significantly and positively related to the sales volumes of EVs, while the others only impart insignificant effects on the EV sales. Further, we confirm the robustness of the results by using the different sectors of the panel data. Our findings contribute to the growing body of EV adoption literature, and policy implications are provided.

Challenges and perspectives for the use of electric vehicles for last mile logistics of grocery e-commerce – Findings from case studies in Germany

PurposeMore and more cities struggle to provide acceptable air quality and noise levels for their inhabitants. At the same time, urbanization is continuing, as is the need for supply with groceries in cities. Another ongoing trend is the growth of online shopping of groceries.Increase of online shopping in other areas, e.g. clothing, has resulted in augmented transport demand due to deliveries and returns. Therefore, an approach is needed to uncouple grocery supply related transport demand from emissions augmentation. This is only possible though, if transportation efficiency is further improved and if lower emission technologies (noise and fumes) are applied, e.g. electric vehicles.With limited data available on urban commercial transport as well as on e-mobility, it is difficult for both logistics providers and politics to prepare for these developments and understand their implications.Focusing on the German market and using the test case of a renowned logistics service provider who trialed e-vehicles for commercial transport, this paper discusses potential shifts in grocery shopping habits, maps out perspectives, prerequisites and challenges for a shift to electric vehicles for their distribution and derives recommendations for industry and politics based on the findings. Research approachThe data basis of the research is as follows: Whereas the analysis of online grocery shopping had to be based mainly on secondary data, analysis of the potential and prerequisites for the use of electric vehicles for their distribution are based on real-life test cases. This is due to the fact that primary data on commercial transport and on logistics structures of groceries in particular is difficult to obtain in general, and especially in Germany. This is due to the tight data protection in Germany, not allowing to trace employees unless union representatives and employees have agreed. Furthermore, businesses do not want to disclose their logistics structures. The real-life test cases of electric vehicles for grocery deliveries were piloted by Hellmann Worldwide Logistics in Germany and were accompanied by the researchers. The synthesis of the insights gained build the basis for a discussion, whether e-mobility is the right approach to cope with the impact of the trends of urbanization and online grocery shopping and which further developments are needed for reducing grocery-logistics related emissions. FindingsThe analysis reflects the following aspects and findings:status-quo and trends of online groceries sales in Germanymotivation for and experiences made within a real-life test case of use of electric vehicles by a renown logistics service provider in Germanyimplications from the findings of the test cases and their relation to online grocery salesidentification of perspectives, prerequisites and challenges for the successful introduction of electric vehicles for the distribution of online sales, in particular online grocery sales Research impactLimitations experienced during the research and challenges encountered build the basis for the identification of further research fields needed in order to be able to develop and conceive sustainable urban logistics concepts. Practical impactFindings are included in the logistics service provider's involved endeavors to further reduce their emissions. In particular, in the context of an upcoming trial phase for innovative urban distribution structures in Bremen, Germany.

A methodology to determine reliability issues in automotive SiC power modules combining 1D and 3D thermal simulations under driving cycle profiles

Current environmental concerns and fuel scarcity are leading to the progressive introduction of Electric Vehicles (EV) in the global fleet vehicle population. This requires significant design and research efforts from scientific community and industry to provide reliable automotive electric propulsion systems. The power modules used for automotive traction inverters can be considered as central elements of such systems. As they are subject to high electro-thermal stress during operation, Design-for-Reliability (DfR) approaches should be adopted. Thus, accurate models for electro-thermal simulations are relevant since the early design stages. However, such simulations become highly time consuming and complex when accurate thermal characterization through standardized or real driving conditions needs to be provided. In this context, this work proposes a simulation methodology that combines real-time simulation for electro-thermal characterization of the whole EV propulsion system, using a 1D equivalent thermal impedance circuit, in conjunction with 3D FEM thermal simulation. In this way, an accurate thermal characterization of the power module under driving cycles with long duration (of hundreds of seconds) can be obtained without computing heavy 3D FEM simulations. The proposed procedure allows to simplify and speed up the early design stages while maintaining high accuracy in the results.