Introduction Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

The role of state regulation in ensuring the "green" transformation of the national economy

Green transformation of the state’s economy is an important aspect of modern economic policy aimed at ensuring sustainable development and minimizing the negative impact on the environment. This process involves a transition from traditional economic models based on fossil fuels and significant consumption of natural resources to more environmentally friendly and energy efficient technologies. Such a transformation helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce environmental pollution, and preserve natural resources for future generations. The use of energy-efficient sources helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and ensures the stability of energy supply in the long term. In addition, the introduction of energy-efficient technologies in various sectors of the economy allows to significantly reduce energy consumption and costs of its production, which has a positive effect on economic indicators and the ecological situation in the country. The transition to more ecologically clean production processes and technologies, as well as the introduction of electric vehicles and other environmentally safe types of transport, allows to significantly reduce the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. This helps to improve air quality, reduce the level of diseases associated with environmental pollution, and increase the general standard of living of the population. The green transformation of the economy also involves the active participation of the state in the formation of the appropriate regulatory and legal framework and the creation of economic incentives for enterprises and citizens. Tax breaks, subsidies, public investment in green technologies and infrastructure are important tools to support this process. At the same time, increasing public awareness of the importance of environmental responsibility and involving the public in decision-making contributes to the formation of an environmentally conscious society. Thus, the green transformation of the economy is a complex process that requires the efforts of the state, business and civil society. It ensures not only environmental safety, but also sustainable economic development, improving the quality of life of the population, and preserving natural resources for future generations.

«GREEN» GASOLINE: REALITY OR MYTH?

Considering climate change and global warming, the transition from gasoline-powered cars to electric vehicles contributes to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and improving air quality. Therefore, electric vehicles, powered by renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels, represent one of the solutions for implementing the concept of sustainable development. Nevertheless, the authors identified adverse socio-environmental consequences associated with the extraction of resources for the production of electric vehicles, a number of problems related to their operation, and analyzed the impact of automakers and the electric power industry on the process of introducing electric vehicles in the world. As a result, three hypotheses of the study were put forward and proved. In this paper, it is proved that the creation of an interconnection of the studied elements is a manifestation of power that can support the environmental violence of «green» capitalism, which means that the introduction of electric vehicles is not the most favorable solution to overcome climate change, therefore, it is necessary to take into account all aspects related to the environmental and social consequences of their radical introduction. Despite some negative aspects, electric vehicles still have great potential for sustainability, therefore, it is necessary to continue research in this area and develop new technologies that minimize the negative impact of the production and operation of electric vehicles on the environment, as well as society as a whole.

Progress, Challenges and Opportunities of Electromobility in Mexico

This paper highlights the attempts made by the government to integrate electromobility in Mexico, despite not having a well-defined National Electric Mobility Strategy, and compares the advances, challenges and future opportunities of electromobility with other countries with similar conditions in terms of the public policy, the evolution of the electric vehicles market, the charging infrastructure, incentives and legal framework, and diffusion channels. The results showed that Mexico has made partial advances in the infrastructure, production and exportation of electric vehicles, consumer incentives and project implementation. However, the country requires strengthening strategies on the economic incentives for the user and industry, homologation of chargers, training of personnel specialised in electric vehicles, handling and destination of batteries, and defining its National Electric Mobility Strategy. As a way forward, our study suggests comparing the electromobility strategies of other countries and understanding the key aspects that might enable the successful introduction of electric vehicles.

Public Transport Decarbonization: An Exploratory Approach to Bus Electrification

In 2020, only 0.9% of buses running in European Union countries were electric, with 93.5% still being diesel-powered. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy set out by the European Commission targets a reduction of at least 55% in greenhouse gas emissions by 2023 and the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. These targets will only be met by a shift to sustainable mobility, which comprises the introduction of electric vehicles in cities and the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEV) for urban public transport. Thus, a literature review on “electrification of bus fleets” was conducted, focusing on the practices adopted for the replacement of polluting buses with electric-powered ones. A total of 62 documents were included in the final investigation, and their results were used to conduct a SWOT analysis. It is possible to conclude that BEBs are an important asset for cities to decarbonize the transport sector and that they are more cost-effective than diesel buses. On the other hand, some attention needs to be given to the generation of energy that will feed the charging of batteries because the use of fossil fuel energy sources can jeopardize the environmental benefits of BEBs.

Mitigation of electric vehicles impact on grid current harmonics using DERs

ABSTRACT The power quality (PQ) variations due to the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) into the power system network is the foremost limitation which is holding back the push for a complete overhaul of fossil fuel-based internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles by EVs. With the emergence of EVs into the mainstream in the automobile sector, this research article proposes a system wherein distributed energy resources (DERs) like Fuel-Cells (FCs) are integrated to grid in order to supply for the additional power demand created by the EVs such that the current injected from FC compensates the grid current harmonics maintain the grid current THD ≤ 5% as per IEEE519 standards. A Particle Swarm Optimized (PSO) based PI current controller and a Fuzzy-logic-based controller are proposed for a grid connected fuel cell so as to mitigate the grid current deterioration caused due to the presence of existing nonlinear loads as well as EVCS. In addition, the parameters like grid voltage distortion and frequency variance are considered simultaneously to ascertain the capability of proposed controllers. This work is carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

Large Decreases in Tailpipe Criteria Pollutant Emissions from the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet Expected in 2020-2040.

The U.S. EPA MOVES3 model was used to assess the impact of the large-scale introduction of electric vehicles on emissions of criteria pollutants (CO, hydrocarbons [HC], NOx, and particulate matter [PM]) and CO2 from the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet. Large reductions in emissions of these criteria pollutants occurred in 2000-2020. These trends are expected to continue through 2040 driven by turnover of the conventional fleet with old vehicles being replaced by battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and by new internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) with modern emission control systems. Without the introduction of BEVs, the absolute emissions of CO, NOx, HC, and PM2.5 from the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet are expected to decrease by approximately 61, 88, 55, and 20% from 2020 to 2040. Introduction of BEVs with market share increasing linearly to 100% in 2040 provides additional benefits, which, combined with ICEV fleet turnover, would lead to decreases of absolute emissions of CO, NOx, HC, and PM2.5 of approximately 77, 94, 71, and 37% from 2020 to 2040. Reductions in CO2 emissions follow a similar pattern. Large decreases in criteria pollutant and CO2 emissions from light duty vehicles lie ahead.

Optimal dispatch of distributed renewable energy and energy storage systems via optimal configuration of mobile edge computing

AbstractThe access of distributed units leads to the rapid increase of power network information services, which brings great problems to the centralized dispatch of power system. To improve the efficiency of data processing and the flexibility of each unit dispatching, first, the areas are divided according to the load characteristics. An operating framework of distributed power system is presented based on offload strategy of mobile edge computing (MEC) and optimal allocation of computational quantity. Second, a novel hierarchical dispatching model is established based on the optimal configuration of MEC. In each area, the upper model takes the total energy consumption of the MEC server and the operating cost of the power system as the objective to calculate the output of each distributed unit and the computational quantity under the optimal offload strategy. The lower model ensures the complete accommodation of renewable energy and the optimal economic operation of the whole area through the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and secondary operation of energy storage systems under the constraint of MEC server computing delay. Third, the screening rules of the MEC system computing mode and the simulation strategies of EVs in different areas are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the model are verified by simulation experiments.

Waste from Electric Vehicle: A Bibliometric Analysis from 1995 to 2023

The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) represents a promising solution for addressing urban air pollution, particularly CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. Numerous countries are actively promoting EV adoption and the electrification of transportation systems, leading to a surge in research on EV-related topics. This study employs bibliometrics as a valuable tool to investigate the research landscape in electric vehicle waste management. Drawing from a dataset of 593 documents retrieved from SCOPUS from 1995 to 20 September 2023, this research employs descriptive analysis and bibliometric mapping techniques. Notably, China stands out as the leading contributor to publications, with Tsinghua University being a prominent research institution in this field. An examination of keyword trends reveals dynamic shifts in research focus. In 2023, the most frequently occurring topic is “closed loop”. “Recycling” is the dominant keyword, appearing 681 times. Additionally, TreeMaps and VOSviewer results indicate that the most commonly used keywords are “electronic waste” and “recycling”. Projections suggest that “recycling materials” will gain prominence in mid-2023, further highlighting the evolving nature of this research field. Researchers in recycling materials disciplines can leverage these insights to explore new research avenues and contribute to sustainable waste management practices in the context of electric vehicles.

Experimental assessment on the thermal control performance of composite phase change material for fast charging power module

The broader introduction of electric vehicles requires an improvement of battery technology or a more extensive charging infrastructure setup. In order to solve the thermal control problem of high power fast charging piles, the novel thermal control method combining liquid cooling and a small amount of composite phase change materials covered on the upper surface of the charging power module is proposed. An experimental study on the temperature rise and temperature uniformity of the power module surface is compared with single liquid cooling. Results show that adding a small amount of composite phase change material can keep its maximum temperature in the allowable operating range and make temperature uniform around the power module surface compared to the reference solution. The addition of composite phase change materials with a filling thickness of 3 mm gives an overall temperature decrease of 15.531 °C. Compared to the single liquid cooling, increasing the liquid flow rate or decreasing the liquid initial temperature will weaken the further thermal control improvement on the power module. The addition of composite phase change material can effectively keep its maximum temperature in the operating range for the fast charging pile under the larger heat generation power. The phase transition temperature of 52 °C is recommended because of the minimal temperature peak of the power module is obtained. Increasing the composite phase change material thermal conductivity from 6.05 W·m−1·K−1 to 8.99 W·m−1·K−1 will reduce the maximum temperature of the power module by 5.88 %. However, the temperature rise process of the power module suggests that the heat dissipation is mainly determined by the liquid cooling, and very low heat dissipation through the conduction and radiation of composite phase change materials. A slower temperature rise in the latent heat absorption process is observed as increasing the composite phase change material filling thickness, but no significant reduction in the temperature rise is found in the operating time of 15 min. The benefit of using the composite phase change material is reduced by 7.71 % as the cycle times are given as 100. Developing the more effective and stable composite phase change material or replacing the composite phase change materials at regular intervals is needed to ensure its effectiveness for the thermal control performance of the fast charging power module. The present research works show very promising results on the limited researches on the cooling scheme of power devices in higher current fast charging piles.

Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of a Hybrid Energy Storage System for an Electric Vehicle

The large-scale introduction of electric vehicles into traffic has appeared as an immediate necessity to reduce the pollution caused by the transport sector. The major problem of replacing propulsion systems based on internal combustion engines with electric ones is the energy storage capacity of batteries, which defines the autonomy of the electric vehicle. Furthermore, considering the high cost of the battery, it is necessary to consider the implementation of command-and-control systems that extend the life of a battery for as long as possible. The topic covered in this article refers to the analysis by modeling and simulation of the efficiency of a hybrid energy storage system (battery–supercapacitor) adapted for an electric vehicle (e-Golf). Based on the simulations carried out, considering that the operating mode corresponds to the WLTP test cycle, the major conclusion was reached that the use of such a system leads to a decrease in energy consumption by 2.95% per 100 km. Simulations of the model were also carried out to obtain the variation in electricity consumption and vehicle autonomy depending on the number of passengers. Electricity consumption if the vehicle is equipped with a hybrid energy storage system increases by 0.67% on average for each passenger (of 75 kg) added and by 0.73% on average if the vehicle is not equipped with supercapacitors. Moreover, the use of the supercapacitor’s properties leads to the reduction in the peaks in energy taken/given by the battery with a direct effect on extending its life.

Electrification of Transport Service Applied to Massawa–Asmara

Considering the proposed strict new constraints of public authorities, decarbonization has become a key trend in recent years. Although several countries have started the process of decarbonization through the introduction of electric vehicles in their public services, for many countries, especially developing countries, transportation is still a hard sector to decarbonize. The presence of obsolete and polluting vehicles discourages citizens from using public transport and thus incentivizes the use of private vehicles, which create traffic congestion and increase emissions. Based on these considerations, this paper aimed to implement a simulation for a public service in Eritrea, evaluating whether it is possible to take a long trip using an electric minibus. A case study is implemented highlighting the barriers of electrifying transportation in this area, producing results on fuel consumption and service reliability. In the case study, four scenarios are presented to estimate the service. The scenarios evaluate the possibility to perform from three to five recharges. Fewer charges mean longer charging time, leading to a 2 h charging phase in Scenario 1, while recharging more than twice along the route will lead to shorter 30 min charges, as in Scenario 3. The case study also highlights the relevance of the slope in electric vehicle performance, as reported for the case of Asmara–Massawa travel (Econs= 6.688 kWh). Finally, an environmentally sustainable solution, such as a 92 kWh/day photovoltaic plant, is proposed to power the service.

An approach for energy management of renewable energy sources using electric vehicles and heat pumps in an integrated electricity grid system

The demand for electricity has been increasing worldwide and it is predicted that this trend will be particularly reinforced in developing countries by the gradual electrification of the transport sector and heat generation in buildings. The energy supply infrastructure required to meet the additional electricity demand should be carefully managed in light of the climate change carbon emission targets and commitments. A large proportion of the new electricity loads will be met from renewable sources. Therefore, means of power storage become vital to smooth out the intermittent nature of these energy supplies. The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) could provide a viable and dynamic power storage solution through the concept of Vehicle-to-everything (V2X). This involves the storage of renewable energy (RE) in EV batteries during the charging cycle and restitution to the grid (V2G) or homes (V2H) when needed. In this context, this paper presents a methodology involving several strategies to stabilise the grid system and examines the impact of various types of EVs and heat pumps (HPs) for supplying heat in buildings. The results of this research approach show that the synergy of using V2H could reduce the carbon footprint of a typical domestic building in the United Kingdom (UK) by up to 87% and potentially recover up to 21.9 kWh/day of surplus renewable energy.

Public charging infrastructure for EVs: A comprehensive analysis of charging patterns & real-world insights—Case study of Rabat City, Morocco

The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) will contribute to decarbonizing our cities and make them more sustainable, which will help mitigate climate change. To ensure a successful transition to e-mobility, charging infrastructure development is considered an essential pillar. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) usage. It aims to understand charging patterns in urban environments and retrieve some real-world insights. By collecting a 2-years historical dataset (from 2019 to 2021) of a public EVSE based in Rabat, the methodology presented in this study covers time evolution assessment, energy delivery analysis, and users’ behavior characterization. The analysis of about 2835 events showed that the average energy delivery is 12 kWh corresponding to an average charging duration of 48 min. Also, more than 95% of charging sessions consumed less than 25 kWh, which corresponds on average to 60km. The performed analyses resulted in various findings that led to a set of recommendations that could be insightful for different types of stakeholders (policymakers, grid operators, charging operators, EV drivers, etc.). Furthermore, the methodology followed in this work is reproducible and may be used as a reference for other EVSE usage analyses.

Integration of EVs through RES with Controlled Interfacing

Abstract Electric cars have a lot of promise in future energy markets as a manageable load. A popular vehicle-to-grid control interface, which enables the aggregation of the charging mechanism for energy management in the distribution grid, is one of the most significant road blocks to realize this opportunity. Understanding the ecology of electric transportation and integrating it in local communities to alleviate the energy shortage at peak hours is very complicated. In this research paper, recent standardization initiatives aimed at overcoming obstacles such as the integration of electric cars into smart grids are discussed. A charge control scheme focused on vehicle-to-grid connectivity is implemented. It is observed that the rise of environmentally sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is straining the power network and their infrequent power generation is causing problems in power system operation, regulation and planning. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid has been proposed to overcome grid load variations. Finally, the article discusses the incorporation of renewable energy sources and latest potential solutions involving electric vehicles.

Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Traffic Load for Smart Cities

The massive introduction of electric vehicles as a mobility alternative requires deploying an infrastructure of charging stations for electric cars (ICSEC). This new mobility concept will mitigate the environmental harm caused by the emission of CO2 generated by conventional internal combustion mobility methods. The sustainability of the ICSEC depends not only on the capacity to meet the demand for charging batteries for electric vehicles (EV) but also on an adequate number of public/private charging stations (CS) distributed in a geolocalized area. It is noted that the distribution of CS must respond to a set of real mobility constraints, such as vehicular flow capacity, road capacity, and trajectories. The planning, intelligent location of public charging stations (PCS), and contingency analysis will enable us to study the increase in demand for electrical distribution substations (EDS). Therefore, the present model explains the need to plan the massive introduction of EVs by observing the user’s conditions at the trajectory level through finite resource allocation processes, segmentation, and minimum spanning trees, by observing heterogeneous vehicular flow criteria through microscopic analysis, to understand the space–time relationship of vehicular flow in georeferenced scenarios. Consequently, the computational complexity of the model is of the combinatorial type, and it is defined as NP-Hard given the multiple variables and constraints within the transportation problem.

Environmental impact assessment of the electric vehicles: A case study

ABSTRACT Most of the air pollution originates from combustion processes, where traffic is one of the most important sources. Thus, road traffic’s contribution to pollution and overall emissions is very important. One of the popular methods for reducing pollution in urban areas is the introduction of electric vehicles (EV), and this is the main reason why fully electric vehicles, as an alternative to conventional fossil fuel vehicles, are becoming more popular. Although EVs emit no tailpipe pollutants, the power plants in national grid systems may emit them. This is the case with coal-based energy systems, like the one in the Republic of Serbia. In this study, the analysis of direct and indirect emissions of CO2 and NOX from ICE and EV is presented. The analysis has shown that the average specific emission factor for EVs, if charged in Serbia, is almost the same in terms of CO2 with 194.7 g/km in comparison with 159.6 g/km, while in the case of NOX, the specific emissions factors for EV almost doubles, from 0.71 to 1.30 g/km. Further analyses have shown that decarbonizing the national power grid to reduce the complete replacement of the fleet with EVs for achieving net zero emissions requires all the available solar, wind, and hydropower resources of the Republic of Serbia. On the other hand, EVs could be used as battery storage for discontinuous energy sources covering the needs of over 25% of a personal vehicle fleet.

Emerging Trends & Technologies in Automotive Sector in India (With Special Focus on Electric Vehicles)

In this research paper we will discuss the latest technologies that the automobile sector introduces in India but main focus will be on electric vehicles or e-vehicles. Now a days automotive sector lays special emphases electric vehicles which is very challenging role for this sector as well as for the economy also. No doubt with the introduction of electric vehicles, environment will be saved a lot. It is eco-friendly as well as the cost of batteries of these vehicles will be very less as compared to the cost of fuel importing from foreign countries. Not only this but the automotive sector has introduced other technical changes also like digital marketing and sales, Biometric Seat Technology, In-vehicle Infotainment and Telematics, Road Condition Analytics and Navigation, Smart Parking, etc.

Impact of Larger Capacity of EV Batteries and Higher Output of Quick Chargers on Charging Peak Load

Large-scale introduction of electric vehicles puts an electric load to the power system. Recently, the capacities of on-board batteries and the outputs of quick chargers have been increasing. Increase in battery capacity allows EV owners to charge more freely; however, the charging may concentrate at a certain time such as on Friday afternoon before a weekend, because EVs travel relatively long distance on weekend. Therefore, we evaluate the impact on the peak load, under large capacity batteries, high power quick chargers, and simultaneous charging. Charging threshold is defined as follows: when a state of charge (SOC) of an EV falls below the charging threshold, the EV goes to a quick charging station to charge. We set up cases that the charging thresholds are raised on Friday afternoon to prepare for EV use on a weekend.

Impact of electric cars deployment on the Italian energy system

Electric vehicles are supposed to play a leading role in the transition towards a low carbon society since they allow to substitute oil products with electricity as the main energy source for transportation. On the other hand, the diffusion of electric vehicles determines an increase in power demand with a consequent variation in the power supply mix. In accordance with this, it is mandatory to analyse how the supply mix changes, since the introduction of electric vehicles is significant from the sustainability point of view only if there is a reduction in emissions. To assess this condition for the Italian energy system, the present paper proposes a model developed in EnergyPLAN. Three different scenarios are tested in terms of the penetration of electric vehicles to understand which is the optimal trajectory for their diffusion. The analysis demonstrates that the Italian energy system can accommodate 7 million electric cars, namely about 25% of the total in 2040. A higher amount would determine an increase in carbon emissions.

Electric Vehicle Aggregator as an Automatic Reserves Provider Under Uncertain Balancing Energy Procurement

Shift of the power system generation from the fossil to the variable renewables prompted the system operators to search for new sources of flexibility, i.e., new reserve providers. With the introduction of electric vehicles, smart charging emerged as one of the promising solutions. However, electric vehicle aggregators face the uncertainty both on the reserve activation and the electric vehicle availability. These uncertainties can have a detrimental effect on both the aggregators’ profitability and users’ comfort. State-of-the art literature mostly neglects the reserve activation or it’s uncertainty. On top of that, they rarely model European markets which are different that those commonly addressed in the literature. This paper introduces a new method for modeling the reserve activation uncertainty, also termed as balancing energy procurement in the European context, based on the real historic data from the European power system. Three electric vehicle scheduling models were designed and tested: the deterministic, the stochastic and the robust. The results demonstrate that the current deterministic approaches inaccurately represent the activation uncertainty and that the proposed models that consider uncertainty, both the stochastic and the robust, substantially improve the results. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis for the robust model was performed and it demonstrates how a decision-maker can choose its level of conservativeness, portraying its risk-awareness.