Electric Vehicles In China Research Articles

Economic Implications of Charging Infrastructure Deployment for Electric Vehicles in China: An Empirical Analysis

Based on the empirical analysis of the economic implications of charging infrastructure deployment for electric vehicles in China, this study highlights the crucial role of charging infrastructure in promoting the growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market. By controlling for key factors such as car sales and fuel prices, the regression analysis results demonstrate that the deployment of charging infrastructure, represented by the number of charging piles, is positively related to EV sales in China. However, the study also reveals that the coverage area and charging speed of charging piles remain areas for improvement. Respondents to a survey questionnaire considered improving charging speed a priority over increasing the number of charging piles. This study emphasizes the significance of government policies and actions in supporting the development of the EV industry and charging infrastructure deployment in China. It highlights the need for further investment in charging infrastructure development to facilitate the growth of the EV market. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the economic implications of charging infrastructure deployment for electric vehicles in China and can guide policymakers in designing and implementing effective policies and initiatives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles.

The optimization of an EV decommissioned battery recycling network: A third-party approach

In this paper, we solve the urgent problem to construct a recycling network of decommissioned batteries of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and clarify the recycling entities that will be responsible for its reverse logistics (RL) process. We consider the third-party recycling entities to develop a recycling network and conduct a case-study of Xi'an, a key industry of EVs in China to provide a reference for the government and enterprises to develop recycling plans. We scientifically optimize our recycling network, which will have a significant impact on the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) in Xi'an in the future. Specifically, we consider the costs of transportation, construction, operation, recycling, packaging, and emission, as well as the profits achieved through sales revenue and subsidy offerings. We collect the actual data of potential facility locations in Xi'an, predict the quantity of decommissioned batteries in the future, and develop a fuzzy-based model to solve the optimal results of battery traveling path and distribution in the recycling process network. Our results show that with the rapid growth of the number of decommissioned batteries, third-party revenues will reach about 53.08 billion by 2035. When the facilities split the recycling process load appropriately, the network has increase in revenue while the utilization rate of facilities will decrease. We expect that splitting will be a major trend in the future development of recycling network in Xi'an. Finally, a sensitivity analysis finds that with the environmentally conscious and safe operation of recycling, the negative impact on the third-party enterprises' revenue will be small. Our proposed methodology can serve as a critical framework for other cities and governments to plan their recycling networks and formulate regulations, reflecting on the realistic projection of the scale of decommissioned batteries of EVs and the potential siting and sizing of the recycling facilities.

Material flow analysis on the critical resources from spent power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policies

With the rapid growth of electric vehicles in China, the number of spent power lithium-ion batteries is dramatically increased. Considering the environmental risk, security risk, and potential resource value, China has issued a series of laws and regulations to manage the spent power lithium-ion batteries. This work employs the material flow analysis method to evaluate the material flows of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn during the life cycle of power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policy system. The results show that the demand for primary Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can achieve 26.9, 68.1, 20.4, and 21.9 kt in 2021, and a lot of primary critical resources will inburst the in-use stage. Moreover, the number of secondary Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can achieve 6.1, 15.4, 4.6, and 5 kt in 2021, accounting for 22.7%, 22.6%, 22.5%, and 22.8% of their corresponding demand. Based on the economic evaluation under the framework of China's recycling policy system, it is found that the potential recycling values of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn are approximately 966, 523, 414, and 43 million RMB yuan, which are 66.4%, 71%, 59.6%, and 66.4% higher than those in the absence of China's recycling policy system. It is implied that China's recycling policy system could markedly improve the collection rate by reducing losses and indirectly enhancing the recycling and reuse of spent power lithium-ion batteries. This work is expected to provide guidance for policymakers to improve the management of spent power lithium-ion batteries in China.

Impact of policy incentives on the adoption of electric vehicle in China

Impact of policy incentives on the adoption of electric vehicle in China

Dynamic consumer preferences for electric vehicles in China: A longitudinal approach

Dynamic consumer preferences for electric vehicles in China: A longitudinal approach

Electric Vehicle Industry in Three Main Regions United States, China, and EU Countries

This paper will mainly focus on exploring the most significant factors affecting the sales of electric vehicles in China, the EU, and the US. After understanding the current situation of the electric vehicle market, the first step is using this information to compare and filter out important influencing factors and study them. Among many factors, electricity price, GDP, carbon dioxide emissions and the number of charging piles are the focus of this paper. Then with the help of R, some intuitive and clear conclusions are drawn during the research to help analyze the entire EV market. These conclusions not only allow people to understand the impact of certain factors on the sales of electric vehicles, but also provide a clearer and more detailed comparison of the three major electric vehicle markets.

Providing implications for electric vehicle applications through experimental exploration on temperature distribution and heat flow for a high Ni content battery module thermal management system under multi-operating scenarios

Recently, there has been an increase in accidents due to thermal runaway issues with the mass adoption of electric vehicles in China. Avoiding thermal runaway incidents has become an essential need for electric vehicle development. Controlling abnormal temperatures is a key scientific study in battery thermal safety research. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of module temperature distribution in the high Ni content commercial lithium-ion battery module for electric vehicles by three experimental groups. The results of the tests show that the wrap-full insulation keeps heat and mitigates the temperature non-uniformity better, but the bottom-only insulation reduces temperature faster. Active cooling can reduce the non-working module temperature from 45 °C to 27 °C in 2160 s, but natural convection keeps the temperature at about 45 °C. Under complex operating, the maximum temperature difference of the module reaches 9–10 °C. After adding active cooling, the maximum temperature difference on the module is reduced by 1 °C, and the cooling speed is accelerated by 35 %. In short, a thermal gap exists between the total positive and negative and other, which is one of the primary causes of the large temperature difference within the module. The heat transfer direction inside the module is from the middle to the sides, but it is the opposite under natural cooling. We hope to provide a useful analysis of module temperature distribution that guides the cooling layout design/application.

Evaluation of the safety standards system of power batteries for electric vehicles in China

In recent years, electric vehicle safety incidents related to batteries have occurred frequently enough to question the adequacy of the current international safety standards. As the world's leading producer of batteries for electric vehicles, China has thus formulated its own national standards, but there are questions as to the unique value of these standards. This review paper analyzes the Chinese safety standards from the perspective of the battery materials, cells, modules, battery systems, battery management systems, and vehicles. The findings from the analysis of the Chinese standards is used to provide suggestions for building better international battery safety standards with recommendations for different battery levels, battery life cycle design and emerging battery technologies.

Effects of incentive policies on the purchase intention of electric vehicles in China: Psychosocial value and family ownership

The effect of various policies on electric vehicle (EV) adoption has garnered increasing interest. However, most existing studies primarily focus on the direct effects, neglecting an in-depth exploration of the underlying mechanisms and their magnitudes. Drawing upon the perspective of social psychology regarding material possessions, this study examines the mediating role of psychosocial value, an individual’s mental mechanism, between three types of incentive policies (financial incentives, information provision, and convenience policies) and consumers’ intentions to purchase EVs. Additionally, we analyse the moderating effect of family EV ownership on the relationship between incentive policies and psychosocial value. Based on a survey of 402 respondents in China, our findings indicate that all three types of incentive policies positively influence consumers’ intention to purchase EVs. Moreover, psychosocial value mediates the relationship between incentive policies and purchase intention. Among the three types of incentives, the financial incentive policy holds the least importance in enhancing psychosocial value and purchase intention, while the convenience policy is deemed the most influential. Furthermore, the relationship between incentive policies and psychosocial value is stronger for families without EV ownership. Finally, we provide implications and suggestions for future research.

탄소중립성 재생에너지의 특성이 정부정책, 기업개발 및 소비자의 구매의도에 미치는 영향

Climate change affects each of us and has significant implications for the global economy. Replacing gasoline-powered vehicles with electric cars is key to reducing carbon emissions in transportation systems around the world. The popularity of electric cars has accelerated in recent years. Since 2012 global sales of electric vehicles have grown 56% year on year. Its sales in 2021 doubled from the previous year to 6.75 million units, a record high. In the coming years, many governments have introduced policies to limit or even ban the production of fuel cars, while reducing or exempting taxes on electric vehicles. Governments and businesses around the world are investing heavily in charging facilities. Compared to fuel vehicles, new generation constuners are more likely to buy electric vehicles. This will continue to drive growth in the supply and demand for electric vehicles. The transition from gasoline vehicles to electric vehicles is a global structural change that will offer enormous potential opportunities for market participants. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of the characteristics of renewable energy under the background of carbon neutrality on government policy, corporate development and consumers' purchasing intentions. The research object is the consumers of electric vehicles in China, and the statistical analysis used SPSS 23.0 and Smatt PLS 4.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, continuity has had a significant impact on government policy. Second, circularity has had a significant impact on government policy. Third, economics has had a significant impact on government policy. Fourth, persistence had a significant effect on enterprise development. Fifth, circularity had a significant impact on enterprise development. Sixth, economicality had a significant impact on enterprise development. Seventh, government policies have had a significant impact on consumers' buying intentions. Eighthly, enterprise development had a significant influence on consumers' buying intention. Through this study, it has been confirmed that if the characteristics of renewable energy are clear, consumers' intention to purchase electric differential vehicles increases.

Regionally differentiated promotion of electric vehicles in China considering environmental and human health impacts

Private passenger vehicles, with its high emissions of CO2 and air pollutants, poses a severe threat to global climate and human health, particularly for a large developing country like China. Although both energy efficiency improvement of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and the wide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could contribute to reducing emissions, how they should be jointly implemented in provinces with a heterogeneous context to maximize their net benefits remains insufficiently explored. Here, based on an integrated modeling framework associated with one factual (REF) and four counterfactual scenarios to explore the priority and best-ranked ordering of both EVs’ penetration and high energy-efficient ICEVs in 31 Chinese provinces to achieve the most environmental and human health benefits from 2011 to 2018. The results demonstrate that electrification of the passenger fleet, which is charged by a slightly cleaner power source relative to 2011, yields significant co-benefits of CO2 reduction and air quality improvement. Compared with REF, the fleet electrification scenario would lead to 3167 cases of avoided mortality and attain US$4.269 billion of health benefits in 2018, accounting for 0.03% of China’s gross domestic product. Nonetheless, highly efficient ICEVs are found to harbor decarbonization potential and health benefits in northern China. Based on these results, Sichuan, Hebei and seven other provinces in east China should promote EVs imminently; conversely, eight provinces with a high share of thermal power must continually advance their implementation of ICEVs in the near future. Such prioritization of EVs and ICEV development at the provincial level provides timely insights for devising tailored policies regarding passenger car transition and for maximizing climate and health benefits based on regional heterogeneity.

A blockchain-enabled framework for reverse supply chain management of power batteries

The production and sales of electric vehicles in China are continuously increasing, and a massive wave of scrap batteries is about to emerge. However, there are many challenges in the power battery recycling, such as a disorganized recycling system, a lack of standards, and low efficiency. In addition, the power battery recycling supply chain faces issues such as a lack of transparency, inadequate data management, low trustworthiness, and counterfeit products. Therefore, it's crucial to establish an efficient and sustainable power battery supply chain recycling system. Blockchain technology can provide solutions in decentralized data management, privacy protection, and anti-counterfeiting traceability. It addresses existing problems and improves the Power Batteries Reverse Supply Chain (PBRSC) ecosystem. Thus, this paper proposes a blockchain-based PBRSC management integration framework. Firstly, a four-layer blockchain power battery recycling platform is designed. Secondly, based on the proposed PBRSC framework, this paper studies three key component technologies: double-chain structure and its storage mechanism, information tracing module, and smart contract enabled battery trading management. Then, the validity and feasibility of the double-chain structure was demonstrated experimentally. Finally, the above architecture and key technologies are implemented in the system, the main functional modules are displayed on the interface, and the effectiveness of the framework is explained in cooperation with related enterprises.

Environmental Benefits of Using New Last-Mile Solutions and Using Electric Vehicles in China

Unlike much of the existing research into the environmental impacts of home shopping and delivery activities, which focus on evaluating the operational efficiency of home delivery failures, this paper aims to investigate the CO2 emissions associated with treatments of failed-delivery parcels. The paper considers the potential environmental profits from using some innovative home delivery solutions: 1) the utilization of new home delivery solutions, under which the self-pickup point (SPP)/smart cabinet (SCB) is used as an intermediate address for customer’s collection and 2) upgrading fuel-powered goods vehicles to battery vans to make deliveries. Two sets of vehicle routing problem models for fuel-powered vans and battery vans are established. A sample network comprising of 500 customers and several SPPs/SCBs in Beijing, China, is proposed in the case study, to verify the proposed models and heuristics. The numerical results suggest that: 1) reductions in CO2 per average parcel delivered by new home delivery solutions increase with the ratio of home delivery failures, 2) it is proved that using battery freight vehicles obtains more environmental benefits than using the fuel-powered vans, and 3) customers’ personal trips for collecting their failed-delivery packages from the local depot or SPPs/SCBs share a large proportion of CO2 per parcel. The research has practical implications for both government and industry practitioners. Possible suggestions include: 1) promote a cleaner transportation mode for residents, by encouraging them to either take the bus or drive a battery passenger car, 2) careful design of a combined SPP and SCB network in urban areas, and 3) accelerate the process of vehicle electrification in the logistics industry by issuing allowances for purchasing electric vehicles from the government.

Inter-provincial emissions transfer embodied in electric vehicles in China

The electrification of transportation is necessary to reduce emissions, especially in China. However, it remains unclear whether, and where, promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce emissions. This study uses a network model to track the transfer of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutant emissions from EVs in each province of China. Provinces that export large amounts of electricity and have high emission intensities bear the burden of emissions due to electricity consumption by EVs in other provinces. Promoting the use of EVs helps reduce NOx nationwide as well as the volumes of GHG and PM2.5 emissions in most provinces of China. Emissions transfer due to EVs clarifies the disadvantages of reducing emissions in provinces that export a large amount of electricity. Therefore, the environmental pressure imposed on electricity exporting regions due to emissions transfer from EVs should be considered when designing related incentive policies.

Multisectoral drivers of decarbonizing battery electric vehicles in China.

China has made great progress in the electrification of passenger cars, and the sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have exceeded 10%. We applied a life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the past (2015), present (2020), and future (2030) BEVs, incorporating China's carbon peaking and neutrality policies, which would substantially reduce emissions from the electricity, operation efficiency, metallurgy, and battery manufacturing industries. BEVs can reduce cradle-to-grave (C2G) CO2 emissions by ∼40% compared with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) on the national-average level in 2020, far more significant than the benefit in 2015. Improved BEV operating efficiency was the largest factor driving emission reductions from 2015 to 2020. Looking forward to 2030, China's BEVs equipped with nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries can achieve a further 43% of CO2 emissions reductions, among which 51 g km-1 of reduction is from the well-to-wheels (WTW) stage majorly owing to the further cleaner electricity mix, while other vehicle-cycle benefits are mainly from the advancement of battery (12 g km-1) and related metal materials (5 g km-1). We highlight the importance of better material efficiency and synchronized decarbonization through the automotive industrial chain in promoting climate mitigation from transport activities.

Bridging electricity market and carbon emission market through electric vehicles: Optimal bidding strategy for distribution system operators to explore economic feasibility in China's low-carbon transitions

China, as the world's largest emitter of carbon emissions, has implemented carbon markets to reduce carbon emissions, but the economic feasibility of integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into these markets remains uncertain. To address this challenge, we propose a novel methodology for grid integration of EVs based on the Shenzhen carbon inclusive management measures. Our proposed methodology can optimize EV charging schedules based on carbon emission prices and improve the economic feasibility of low-carbon transitions through EVs in China. We incorporate the Black-Scholes model to measure carbon emission option pricing and develop an optimal bidding strategy that considers spatiotemporal uncertainties of EVs and electricity markets. We use numerical simulations with real-world data from Shenzhen carbon emission market and Guangdong electricity market to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology. Results reveal that scheduling 100 EVs' charging/discharging behavior properly can generate a revenue of 2379.4 yuan for the distribution system operator, while the revenue for carbon emission reduction (CER) is only 9.35 yuan. This paper demonstrates that the potential revenue of CER may be substantially based on the future scenario for the carbon emission market. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to reduce carbon emissions in China's electricity sector.

Exploring the Future of Electric Vehicles in China: Market Trends, Government Policies, Carbon Emissions and Technology Development

China is a leader in the production and adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), with a rapidly growing market and supportive government policies. With a goal to reduce air pollution and dependence on oil, China has set a target of having 5 million EVs on the road by 2020 and is taking various steps to encourage the development and use of electric vehicles. The Chinese government has established a number of policies to support the development of EVs, including tax incentives, subsidies, and the development of charging infrastructure. In this paper, market trends, government policies, carbon emissions and technology development have been systematic analysed, China's strong commitment to the development of EVs is expected to play a key role in shaping the future of the automotive industry. Design students can play a role in reducing carbon emission by designing lightweight, aerodynamic, and sustainable materials cars. EVs have the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions from the transportation sector and will continue to gain market share in the coming years, but it is unlikely that ICEVs will be completely replaced in the near future.

Opportunities and Scope of Electric Vehicle in India

The vehicle industry has advanced due to the introduction of new technology. Alternatives to internal combustion engines include electric automobiles. Demand for electric vehicles is rising globally due to their lower CO2 emissions. The Indian government also intends to boost the production of electric vehicles in the automotive sector. This essay discusses the commercial prospects and difficulties for electric automobiles in India. This study discusses the economic, social, technological, and environmental variables influencing the electric car industry in India. The development of the infrastructure and batteries is influenced by the aforementioned economic and technological considerations. Over the past ten years, the global market for electric vehicles has grown at an unparalleled rate. In this essay, we first go over the potential and reach of electric vehicles in India. We also talk about the many frameworks and policies that the Indian government has put in place. Then, we research different adoption case studies for electric vehicles from throughout the globe. Finally, we discuss how India could put these tactics into practise and profit from them both locally and nationally. The India Electric Vehicle Market has a market size of USD 5 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow at an astounding CAGR of over 44% to reach USD 47 billion by 2026. (2021 – 2026). The market for electric cars (EVs) is expanding quickly on a global scale. The EV market has now experienced tremendous growth in India as well. As the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises implemented the FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) initiative in 2015, the market is expanding further. Sales of all electric vehicles reached 365,920 units in 2018 and are projected to increase by 36% CAGR through 2026. In India, the market for EV batteries is anticipated to reach US$ 520 million in 2018 and increase at a CAGR of 30% through 2026.Electric cars provide ways to be self-sufficient and independent of foreign energy sources. One of the biggest producers of crude oil in the world is India. India might undergo a significant transformation towards self-sustainability thanks to electric automobiles. Alternatives to reduce carbon dioxide gas include electric vehicles (EV). Air pollution is a serious issue in large cities like Delhi and Mumbai. One of the sources of air pollution is the carbon dioxide produced by cars. Electric cars operate smoothly, emit little pollutants, and are highly efficient. According to research on the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in China, they consume 37.5% less energy and emit 35% fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline vehicles . Government financial policies to promote EV adoption have already been established, but for them to be effectively implemented, decision-makers must have a long-term perspective. India's history of EV has been disappointing so far. Lack of loading infrastructure, inconsistent government support and early product failures have all led to the stagnant growth in recent years.

Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles in China: Towards a Carbon-Neutral Future

Vehicle electrification is considered a pathway for on-road transportation decarbonization in China. Different from the conventional gasoline vehicles whose emissions are mainly released from vehicle tailpipes, emissions of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are from the upstream processes of electricity generation and vehicle manufacturing, thus a comprehensive lifecycle analysis and comparison of BEVs with gasoline vehicles is required to quantify the emission mitigation benefit of vehicle electrification and determine the path to a carbon-neutral future. In the study, we compare the cradle-to-grave (C2G) lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of gasoline and electric vehicles in China and analyze the greenhouse gas emission reduction of vehicle electrification in different provinces. Results show that under the current technologies, the national average C2G GHG emissions for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) of 100 miles (i.e., 160 km) and 300 miles (i.e., 480 km) all-electric range (AER) are 231 and 279 g CO2eq/km, respectively, 22% and 5% lower than those for gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Improving vehicle fuel efficiency by hybridizing gasoline ICEVs can effectively reduce C2G emissions to 212 g CO2eq/km. At the provincial level, C2G GHG emissions of BEVs vary according to the provincial electricity mix. In eight provinces, C2G GHG emissions of BEVs with 300 miles AER (BEV300s) are higher than those of gasoline ICEVs due to the GHG-intensive coal-based electricity mix. In the future scenario, with low carbon fuels (such as high-level bioethanol blending gasoline) and electricity decarbonization, the national average C2G emissions of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and BEV300s can be reduced to 55 and 73 g CO2eq/km, respectively. Further decrease of C2G GHG emissions relies on reducing vehicle-cycle emissions from material processing and vehicle component manufacturing.

Mapping the governing entities and their interactions in designing policy mixes for sustainability transitions: The case of electric vehicles in China

Mapping the governing entities and their interactions in designing policy mixes for sustainability transitions: The case of electric vehicles in China