Production Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Anticipating lithium extraction in northern Portugal: A Sacrifice Zone in the making?

Despite increasing calls for the development of a circular economy, extractive industries are gaining renewed relevance in Europe. The European Commission's plan to expand domestic sourcing of lithium to scale up the production and use of electric vehicles has been met with social resistance from affected communities who mobilize to protect their livelihoods, and nature. The growing conflicts emerging around global battery supply chains highlight the importance of examining justice-related concerns around current decarbonization strategies. This article takes a political ecology approach that combines the concepts of place and anticipation to examine negotiations around a proposed lithium mine in the Barroso region in northern Portugal. Drawing on 27 qualitative semi-structured interviews and ethnographic research in August 2021, we explore how local residents engage in the politics of anticipation around the mine. The study has two main findings: (1) While local supporters hope to benefit from the project economically, opponents expect it to undermine agricultural traditions, counteract plans for expanding tourism services, and as known from mining areas in the past, drive displacement and rural injustices. (2) As opponents feel restricted in their ability to participate in decision-making around the project, they act upon the future through defensive resistance, connecting across multiple scales and drawing on place-based symbols to mark differences from dominant ideas on extractive development. The study suggests that local activists' experiences of being disregarded in their concerns and demands indicate that plans to expand resource extraction in the name of the green economy are giving rise to new sacrifice zones.

Electric vehicles as a sustainable energy Technology: Observations from travel survey data and evaluation of adoption with Machine learning method

Governments worldwide are promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs) to achieve the energy conservation and emissions reduction goal, but low penetration of EVs means that it still has far to go before stepping into the sustainable energy future. In addition to technological breakthroughs to enhance the appeal of EVs, how to locate demand and make targeted promotions is also vital in increasing the share of EVs. This study explored the household characteristics related to EV adoption with the household travel survey data and proposed a LightGBM-based prediction modelling framework with high accuracy and explainable results. During this process, the details of sampling techniques to overcome data imbalance were discussed with the aim of improving the model performance. Furthermore, through constructing the model with high interpretability, we identified important factors regarding EV adoptions through both statistical significance and feature importance analysis. The research findings can not only assist EV manufacturers in targeting potential buyers but also help policymakers understand families’ EV purchasing decisions and develop more targeted and equitable policies and incentive programs. Such two-pronged efforts have the potential to advance the sustainability transition towards greener transportation systems.

Machine Learning in Lithium‐Ion Battery Cell Production: A Comprehensive Mapping Study

AbstractWith the global quest for improved sustainability, partially realized through the electrification of the transport and energy sectors, battery cell production has gained ever‐increasing attention. An in‐depth understanding of battery production processes and their interdependence is crucial for accelerating the commercialization of material developments, for example, at the volume predicted to underpin future electric vehicle production. Over the last five years, machine learning approaches have shown significant promise in understanding and optimizing the battery production processes. Based on a systematic mapping study, this comprehensive review details the state‐of‐the‐art applications of machine learning within the domain of lithium‐ion battery cell production and highlights the fundamental aspects, such as product and process parameters and adopted algorithms. The compiled findings derived from multi‐perspective comparisons demonstrate the current capabilities and reveal future research opportunities in this field to further accelerate sustainable battery production.

Model Predictive Torque Control-Based Induction Motor Drive with Remote Control and Monitoring Interface for Electric Vehicles

While the increased use of internal combustion engine vehicles raises carbon emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more important for reducing air pollution. EV production costs are decreasing as technology advances since they are typically powered by alternating current induction machines (ACIM). In EV configurations that are propelled with ACIM, an inverter is required to obtain appropriate voltage levels to drive the IM. Multilevel inverters are widely preferred in the industry for DC–AC voltage conversion due to their high-power quality. In this study, the ACIM is supplied with the appropriate voltage using an active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter. The ANPC inverter acting as ACIM driver is controlled with model predictive torque control. The simulation of the proposed ACIM drive has been performed with torque and speed control features to determine the operational features of the experimental test bench. Furthermore, the designed ACIM drive includes remote control and monitoring functions via an Internet of Things-based module. This allows for instant monitoring of the input, output, and current values of the ANPC inverter. The graphical monitoring function is used to track the speed and torque values of ACIM while the speed can be changed remotely via the web interface.

A research study on new energy brand users based on principal component analysis (PCA) and fusion target planning model for sustainable environment of smart cities

The preservation of green environment is inevitable in order to reduce the carbon emissions from the atmosphere. The development of infrastructure, vehicle technology and global business opportunities are giving rise to carbon footprints. The production of energy based vehicles is the key for all the nations to reduce the carbon emissions to a great extent and preserve the green environment. The research in the area of energy conservation is promoted world-wide by switching from patrol/diesel based engines to electric vehicles. The consistent efforts are made by many researchers and industries to save energy by consuming minimal electricity to drive the vehicle. There is also a need to create awareness among the users of electric vehicles that their effort to use electric vehicles may help the mother earth from the further deterioration and in reduction of air pollution. Without creating awareness among the users, the initiative of green planet cannot be completed successfully. In order to prove the hypothesis of the research study, the data is collected through a survey which is based on the questionnaire on energy vehicle consumers. This research study analyzes the potential users of energy based vehicles and their expectations from the energy based vehicles. The feature dimensions of the data source are finalized and the size range of the value is determined. Then the feature transformations is devised such as feature reduction and feature merger to make changes in the feature dimension of the original data source to facilitate the solution of the problem statement. Then the statistical analysis is performed with the aid of detection of outliers and missing values, interpretation of data, correlation between the variables and analysis of data. This model can be adopted by the manufacturers of electric vehicles to create awareness in the users about the benefits of using electric vehicles such as reduction in carbon emissions, improvement in air quality index (AQI), saving of natural resources and protection of green environment.

OCPP in the spotlight: threats and countermeasures for electric vehicle charging infrastructures 4.0

Undoubtedly, Industry 4.0 in the energy sector improves the conditions for automation, generation and distribution of energy, increasing the rate of electric vehicle manufacturing in recent years. As a result, more grid-connected charging infrastructures are being installed, whose charging stations (CSs) can follow standardized architectures, such as the one proposed by the open charge point protocol (OCPP). The most recent version of this protocol is v.2.0.1, which includes new security measures at device and communication level to cover those security issues identified in previous versions. Therefore, this paper analyzes OCPP-v2.0.1 to determine whether the new functions may still be susceptible to specific cyber and physical threats, and especially when CSs may be connected to microgrids. To formalize the study, we first adapted the well-known threat analysis methodology, STRIDE, to identify and classify threats in terms of control and energy, and subsequently we combine it with DREAD for risk assessment. The analyses indicate that, although OCPP-v2.0.1 has evolved, potential security risks still remain, requiring greater protection in the future.

A Batteryless Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control

Energy management/control in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is of a prime for many electric vehicle manufacturers and researchers. In our previous work, a control based on the singular perturbation (SP) approach was designed and applied to a series HEV for managing/controlling its power. This power supply, an internal combustion engine (ICE) that was mechanically connected to an electric motor (EM), which is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), through a flywheel. However, the energy losses, which were not taken into account in the system model and the control function design, caused a significant current control error. In this article, we propose improving the control system performance using an observer that estimates the energy losses in a closed loop system with the time delay. Stability of the closed loop system with the observer is analyzed using a SP method. The proposed control strategy that uses the observer of the energy losses is compared to the control approach of our previous work and its efficacy is demonstrated experimentally on a reduced power scale series HEV.

Decoding US investments for future battery and electric vehicle production

Decoding US investments for future battery and electric vehicle production

A Roadmap for Michigan’s EV Future: An Assessment of the Employment Effects and Just Transition Needs

This report discusses the employment effects of Michigan’s auto industry shifting from internal combustion engine vehicle manufacturing to electric vehicle manufacturing, with a focus on supporting a just transition for workers and communities. Using economic modeling from 2024 to 2040, the report highlights the importance of Michigan seizing the opportunities electrification presents. Additionally, it presents policy recommendations to help Michigan attract and retain good jobs, support workers and ensure local communities benefit from the transition.

Solar Off-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Abstract: Nowadays, there is a great development in electric vehicle production and utilization. It has no pollution, high efficiency, low noise, and low maintenance. However, the charging stations, required to charge the electric vehicle batteries, impose high energy demand on the utility grid. One way to overcome the stress on the grid is the utilization of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic energy. The utilization of standalone charging stations represents good support to the utility grid. Nevertheless, the electrical design of these systems has different techniques and is sometimes complex. This paper introduces a new simple analysis and design of a standalone charging station powered by photovoltaic energy. Simple closed-form design equations are derived, for all the system components. Case-study design calculations are presented for the proposed charging station. Other important features of an off-grid solar EV charging station might include the use of smart charging technology to optimize charging speed and efficiency, as well as the ability to monitor and control the system remotely. Safety features such as overcharge protection and grounding would also be important considerations. We can visualize the expected results using a Cayenne Software, we can also control the street lighting by Internet of Things. The results show that the charging process of the electric vehicle battery is precisely steady for all the PV insolation disturbances. In addition, the charging/discharging of the energy storage battery responds perfectly to store and compensate for PV energy variations.

Manufacturer and Consumer’s Perceptions Towards Electric Vehicle Market in Thailand

Electric vehicle (EV) market in Thailand is still limited due to lack of government support, lack of charging infrastructure, lack of EV knowledge and skills, high vehicle prices, and limited battery capacities. This research examines and ranks factors influencing EV manufacturing and purchasing in Thailand utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Six factors with 14 sub-factors form the manufacturers’ hierarchy model. Four factors with 25 sub-factors are, on the other hand, in the consumers’ hierarchy model. The data used in the analysis are gathered through interviews of EV experts and consumers. The results demonstrate that the Government Support factor is the most significant factor perceived by manufacturers, especially in terms of taxes and subsidies. Battery cost is also found an important concern in EV production. On the other hand, Individual Judgment and EV Performance factors are the two most significant factors from consumers’ perspectives. The focus should be on the vehicle price and battery issues, with specific consideration to driving range and charging time. Consumers also request the government to provide adequate charging stations to facilitate the use of EVs. The government may promote the EV market through a number of subsidies and tax reduction campaigns. Engineering and production managers may, on the other hand, focus on technical issues of battery performance to increase driving ranges and decrease charging time to attract more EV consumers.

Women Will Drive the Demand for EVs in the Middle East over the Next 10 Years—Lessons from Today’s Kuwait and 1960s USA

The Middle East, Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC), and Kuwait, in particular, are currently experiencing a similar transition as the USA in the 1970s regarding the empowerment and independence of women, fueled by a declining birth rate from four per women to less than two. In addition, the percentage of women with university degrees has been increasing at a logarithmic rate every decade since the 1960s in the USA and since 1990 in Kuwait, resulting in women comprising well over half of all university graduates. This has led to women obtaining better jobs and enjoying greater independence to make their own decisions. In the 1960s, Toyota and other Japanese car manufactures used this phenomenon to penetrate the US market, with significant success. Their selling points were lower maintenance requirements, higher reliability, safety, better environment friendliness and slicker interior designs, the last being especially adapted to women’s tastes. We believe that Chinese and Korean electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers will employ the same playbook with similar success, as the Middle East accelerates its readiness for the EV mainstream market. In this study, this prediction was supported by a quantitative questionnaire of 234 educated female Kuwaiti drivers from the ages of 18 to 40 in Kuwait regarding their preferences regarding EVs. The findings indicate that potential female buyers favor EVs for their environmental benefits, regardless of their demographics. Moreover, potential female consumers are highly willing to purchase EVs in the future under three conditions: infrastructure availability, environmental development, and affordability. We believe that this group, in particular, will present the greatest opportunity to EV manufacturers over the next 10 years.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Chinese Consumers Purchase of New Energy Electric Vehicles

According to the public data of each country, the production and sales of electric vehicles have grown rapidly, especially after 2018. As for China, in 2014 the government polished some policies to let pure electric vehicles appear on the market as a commodity, and now China has the biggest potential market for electric vehicles. Therefore, this article aims to explore the causal factors that may influence the willingness of Chinese people to buy electric vehicles based on existing literature and data. Case comparison and analysis were chosen as the research methods. This study analyzed the sales data and prices of two chief electric car brands: Tesla and BYD, all around the world in 2021 and 2022. The results of the data analysis show that the factors influencing Chinese consumers to purchase new energy electric vehicles include basic factors such as price and sales. In addition, national policy support is also at play.

Correction to: Electric vehicle manufacturers' decisions on investing in carbon-reduction technology under government subsidy: a Cournot game model

Correction to: Electric vehicle manufacturers' decisions on investing in carbon-reduction technology under government subsidy: a Cournot game model

Electric Vehicle Investment Analysis Based on Indicators: Evidence from NIO, BYD and, TSLA

The electric vehicle industry has been operated for plenty of decades, but it has gained very little popularity worldwide. However, research has shown that several countries are gaining interest in this industry. Therefore, electric vehicles will likely gain popularity within the next decade. Investors are interested in this industry since it is unique and has yet to be explored fully. It is necessary for potential investors to conduct electric vehicle investment analysis, hence they get to make informed decisions. Indicators are the best metrics to carry out investment analysis, which give insight into the behavior of finances, thus determining whether the investment is favorable. This paper is a case study of three automotive companies (i.e., NIO, BYD and TESLA) that have ventured into electric vehicle production. Conducting investment analysis concerning electric vehicles is necessary before venturing into the business. This study encourages evaluating a firm and, thus, predicting its future performance. Investment analysis enables one to reduce losses and increase returns by making informed decisions. A general financial strategy can be obtained from conducting an investment analysis. Data obtained from the record will be utilized to calculate various indicators. The corresponding results are critically analyzed and discussed to explain all the factors that should be considered before investing. These results also capture areas on which research still needs to be carried out, which shed light on guiding further exploration in this field.

The Impact of Electric Vehicles in Indian Market

Electric vehicle are increasing their market share day by day and many brands like Tata, MG, Hyundai etc, presenting discounts on expenses of mobility. Many companies are switching their R&D higher from gasoline to electric segment. how automobile industry is changing the specific business modal which is used in order to acquire the market and sustain the differential between electric vehicle and carbon emission manufacturing assembly lines. Type of vehicle must be specific before getting one as they have different properties among them the positive approach towards the future of automobile market.it will become a necessity to have one. a lot of upgrade is required to make bit more efficient.

Research of Regenerative Braking Strategy for Electric Vehicles

In the context of global energy instability caused by the transformation of global demand for energy and energy resources, one of the most important areas in the automotive industry is the development of electric vehicles. Serial production of high-tech electric vehicles with a long range contributes to the stabilization of the energy market and the sustainable development of the whole fuel-energy sector. To evaluate the possibility of optimizing the electric vehicles energy consumption, various regenerative braking strategies are discussed in the article based on the Nissan Leaf electric vehicle, which simulation model includes submodules of the traction electric motor, hybrid braking system, traction rechargeable battery and tires. In order to test the adequacy of the simulation model to reproduce the relationship between the operating parameters of electric vehicles various systems and evaluate their ability to regenerate energy during braking the simulation results were compared with the actual experimental data published by the Lab Avt research laboratory (USA). The relative error of the mathematical modeling results of the braking energy regeneration processes is 4.5 %, which indicates the adequacy of the electric vehicle simulation model and the possibility of its using as a base for research and comparison of the energy efficiency of various regenerative braking strategies. As the results of experiments have shown, the usage of the proposed control strategy of the regenerative braking maximum force allows increasing 2.14 times the energy recharging traffic to the battery as compared with the basic control strategy of fixed coefficient braking forces distribution with an increase in braking distance by 10 m. An alternative control strategy of regenerative braking optimal efficiency as compared to the basic control strategy provides a reduction in braking distance by 13.2 % at increasing by 84.4 % the amount of energy generated by the electric motor for recharging the batteries. The carried out investigations confirm the available significant potential for improving the efficiency of the electric vehicles usage by developing the control strategy and algorithms of the braking energy regeneration.

Development of a reversible top-hat forming approach for reducing flange wrinkling in flexible roll forming

Flexible roll forming (FRF) addresses the need for flexible manufacturing and light-weighting in electric vehicle production, but its widespread implementation is prevented by severe wrinkling in the flange. Wrinkling in sheet metal forming depends on the tool support and material deformation. In FRF the tool effects on wrinkling are complex, given that the sheet undergoes unsupported deformation when it enters and exits the forming roll and there is no fundamental understanding of material deformation in the critical forming regions where wrinkling occurs. This prevents an effective tool and process design. This work develops a new model to analyse the stability of the flange by combining plastic bifurcation analysis with thin-shell assumptions. The model defines a stress ratio parameter that can be used to determine when in the process, deformation becomes unstable considering the tool support conditions and material deformation. Based on this a new approach for wrinkling reduction is developed that includes the forming and bending back of a top-hat shape to provide additional flange stiffness when wrinkling is likely to initiate. The top-hat shape is optimised using a series of linear perturbation ‘buckle’ analyses to provide the highest possible stiffness increase in the flange. This is followed by experimental manufacturing trials to test and prove the new concept for wrinkling reduction and to validate the model. It is shown that the new top-hat forming approach can eliminate wrinkling in the flange even when flexible roll forming Ultra High Strength Steels. The analytical model results suggest that this is due to the stiffening effect of the top-hat and the reduction of the effective flange length which decreases the stress ratio. The new model in combination with the new forming approach to eliminate flange wrinkling represents a vital step towards a more effective process and tool design that will enable the widespread application of FRF in automotive manufacturing.

Long term lithium availability and electric mobility: What can we learn from resource assessment?

A more sustainable global mobility system in which Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles are replaced by electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), taking into account the existing, or inferred, resource, is still possible? The present study aims at providing an answer to this question, through the design of an innovative compartmental model. Model scenarios have been considered accounting for three different estimates of the resource, i.e. the declared reserves, the hypothesized resources, and the full beneficiation of dissolved Li in the oceans. Input data were provided from the historical data of Li primary production, EVs production and recycling rates.The replacement of the ICE vehicles fleet appears possible only under extreme, unrealistic situations, unless the Li “stored” in the oceans is considered exploitable. The main viable policies, i.e. the optimisation of the resource share (almost entirely devoted to mobility issues) and of recycling strategies (pushed up to >90 %) have a modest effect on the achievement of fleet replacement. The total amount of geological lithium resources results as the main limiting factor for the complete transition to EVs. According to the developed model, the peak of production would occur between 2078 and 2130, unless seawater Li is accounted for.The future of the global mobility in a resource-constrained world should be driven toward a model based on the service rather than the individual property of vehicles. Planning a total number of electric vehicles able to assure long term sustainability will be also highly relevant.

“I earned the right to build the next American car”: How autoworkers and communities confront electric vehicles

Recent climate and infrastructure legislation in the United States emphasizes the accelerated manufacture and deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) as a major decarbonization strategy. The implications of this transition toward EVs on those who have traditionally worked within the automotive industry and surrounding communities have yet to be evaluated in the literature. It is unclear whether the move to EVs will create non-union positions that are hourly, temporary, and lower-paid. Through 67 focus groups across six deindustrializing cities in the American Midwest, we bring analytical tools from cultural sociology into the Just Transitions literature to examine how autoworkers, former autoworkers, managers, and community members imagine the future of the EV transition. Our findings underscore a marked divergence between the people who assemble cars and the people who manage workers or are part of communities that may benefit from new technologies. Managers and community members expressed confidence in the automobile industry's history of agility and ability to “bounce back” from challenges that confront it. In contrast, autoworkers held deep skepticism about the transition to EVs, on issues ranging from access, usefulness, and infrastructure, with many believing that the technology itself is over-hyped, not appropriate for consumers' needs, and merely a political charade. Workers suspect that their past contributions will be forgotten and express suspicion about the green energy transition. Our findings underscore the need to consider how differently situated groups imagine the future costs and benefits of energy transitions in order to effectively build coalitions across civil society, workers, and government.