Electric Vehicle Charger Research Articles

Review of Building Integrated Photovoltaics System for Electric Vehicle Charging.

The transition to sustainable transportation has fueled the need for innovative electric vehicle (EV) charging solutions. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) systems have emerged as a promising technology that combines renewable energy generation with the infra-structure of buildings. This paper comprehensively reviews the BIPV system for EV charging, focusing on its technology, application, and performance. The review identifies the gaps in the existing literature, emphasizing the need for a thorough examination of BIPV systems in the context of EV charging. A detailed review of BIPV technology and its application in EV charging is presented, covering aspects such as the generation of solar cell technology, BIPV system installation, design options and influencing factors. Furthermore, the review examines the performance of BIPV systems for EV charging, focusing on energy, economic, and environmental parameters and their comparison with previous studies. Additionally, the paper explores current trends in energy management for BIPV and EV charging, highlighting the need for effective integration and recommending strategies to optimize energy utilization. Combining BIPV with EV charging provides a promising approach to power EV chargers, enhances building energy efficiency, optimizes the building space, reduces energy losses, and decreases grid dependence. Utilizing BIPV-generated electricity for EV charging provides electricity and fuel savings, offers financial incentives, and increases the market value of the building infrastructure. It significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions associated with grid and vehicle emissions. It creates a closed-loop circular economic system where energy is produced, consumed, and stored within the building. The paper underscores the importance of effective integration between Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) charging, emphasizing the necessity of innovative grid technologies, energy storage solutions, and demand-response energy management strategies to overcome diverse challenges. Overall, the study contributes to the knowledge of BIPV systems for EV charging by presenting practical energy management, effectiveness and sustainability implications. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working towards sustainable transportation and energy systems.

A 5-kW unidirectional wireless power transfer EV charger with a novel multi-level PFC boost converter on front-end side

The greatest advantages of wireless power transfer (WPT) are its absence of severe environmental hazards, its portability, and its independence from other factors. The wireless charging system for electric vehicles has a serious problem with the amount of misalignment it can tolerate. This study explores the usage of a novel multi-level boost power factor correction (PFC) rectifier with less switch count to improve the efficiency of power conversion of a 5-kW wireless electric vehicle (EV) charger. Especially in the context of wireless charging, which provides convenience and flexibility, there is a pressing need for efficient and dependable charging infrastructure to keep up with the rising demand for electric vehicles. In contrast to wired EV chargers, wireless chargers often have poorer power conversion efficiency because of losses in power semiconductor devices. An innovative multi-level boost PFC rectifier design is offered as a solution to this problem since it uses fewer switches while retaining high-performance levels. The suggested rectifier achieves much higher power conversion efficiency. In addition, power factor correction capabilities are improved, making it comply with global rules. Simpler, cheaper, and more dependable rectifiers improve the whole system.

Hybrid LLC Resonant Converter With Partial-Power Auxiliary Unit for Improved Performance

DC-DC converters used in on-board chargers (OBC) of electric vehicles need to meet the requirements of high efficiency, wide output range, and electrical isolation. In this paper, a partial-power processing topology with a wide output range is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of traditional single-stage and two-stage LLC converters. The LLC resonant converter operates near the resonant frequency to maintain high efficiency. While only the partial power is processed by the Buck converter to offer the wide-range output voltage capability. The triangular current mode (TCM) operation is implemented in the Buck converter to minimize the efficiency sacrifice. In addition, to reduce the adverse effect of the second harmonic voltage ripple (SHVR) generated by the AC port on the LLC resonant converter in OBC. A ripple compensation method is proposed to eliminate the SHVR of the LLC resonance converter. Through the dual predictive control for the Buck converter, the SHVR of the LLC resonant converter is offset by the Buck converter. A 2kW rated experimental prototype is designed to convert 400V wide input to 200-500V output. The prototype demonstrates more than 96% efficiency from 30% load to full load at 60-120V input and a 98.2% peak efficiency.

Empowering hybrid EVS with bidirectional DC - DC converter for seamless V2G and G2V integration

This paper unveils a groundbreaking wide-range DC-DC converter with significant voltage gain and bidirectional capability, engineered explicitly for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) chargers. This converter facilitates both Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations. It aims to revolutionize efficiency, voltage range, and bidirectional power flow capabilities, marking a significant leap forward from existing solutions. A meticulous comparative analysis between established systems and the proposed converter highlights its distinct advantages and evolutionary strides within the HEV charging infrastructure landscape. By enhancing the versatility and performance of HEV chargers, this converter promises to address critical challenges in energy management and integration. Its innovative design not only optimizes energy transfer but also supports future advancements in smart grid technology and sustainable transportation. The results of this study underscore the converter's potential to drive forward the next generation of electric vehicle infrastructure, paving the way for more efficient and resilient energy systems.

Loss Assessment and Experimentation of Gallium Nitride based Integrated Charger for Electric Vehicles

Loss Assessment and Experimentation of Gallium Nitride based Integrated Charger for Electric Vehicles

Soft-switching dual Active Bridge Converter-based Bidirectional On-Board Charger for Electric Vehicles under Vehicle-to-Grid and Grid-to-Vehicle Control Optimization

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly replacing conventional fuel vehicles, offering powerful, emission-free performance. This paper introduces an innovative three-phase bidirectional charger for Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, strengthening the connection between EVs and the power grid. The charger employs a two-stage power conversion approach with advanced converters and a simplified dq-based charging control strategy. An efficient AC-DC converter facilitates smooth transitions between modes, responding to grid directives for active and reactive power. A Soft Switching Dual Active Bridge (SS-DAB) DC-DC converter optimally interfaces with the EV battery pack, while dual active LCL filters suppress harmonics, enhancing system performance. Simulated results confirm the charger’s effectiveness in a 3.5kW prototype using MATLAB/Simulink.

Bidirectional Onboard Chargers for Electric Vehicles: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends

Bidirectional Onboard Chargers for Electric Vehicles: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends

Full Integration of On-Board Charger, Auxiliary Power Module, and Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles Using Multipurpose Magnetic Couplers

Full Integration of On-Board Charger, Auxiliary Power Module, and Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles Using Multipurpose Magnetic Couplers

Loss assessment and experimentation of gallium nitride-based integrated charger for electric vehicles

Loss assessment and experimentation of gallium nitride-based integrated charger for electric vehicles

Generalized Extended State Observer-Based Model Predictive Control of on-Board Electric Vehicle Charger

Generalized Extended State Observer-Based Model Predictive Control of on-Board Electric Vehicle Charger

A CLCLC-Type Immittance Resonant DAB Converter with Dual Unbalanced Modulation for Electric Vehicle Charger

A CLCLC-Type Immittance Resonant DAB Converter with Dual Unbalanced Modulation for Electric Vehicle Charger

Design of a Lithium Battery Level Detection System for Electric Vehicle Chargers

Design of a Lithium Battery Level Detection System for Electric Vehicle Chargers

PV-Assisted grid connected multi output electric vehicle charger with PV2V, G2V and PV2G functions.

The demand for renewable energy-based Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is increasing in recent years. Solar PV based EV charging method is preferred as it has simple energy harvesting technique. The PV system is an uncertain power source, where the power generation is varied with respect to the availability of sunlight. So, that the charging station requires a backup power supply for the uninterrupted charging. For the integrated power sources, the charging station requires a simple and efficient conversion unit for the DC/AC/DC conversion. In this work, a modified Z-source inverter (MZSI) is developed for the multiport EV charger using PV and grid. The proposed MZSI is connected between the input and output sides to boost the voltage as per the demand at the battery side. In order to connect many battery units with the charger, the capacitors used in the MZSI are split as per the required number of charging ports. This developed converter topology operates the systems in four different modes like PV-Grid, PV-battery, grid-battery, and battery-grid. The performance of this proposed work has been validated in MATLAB/Simulink® and in the experimental setup. The experimental setup has been developed with two charging ports for obtaining 250W at each charger end which cumulatively produces 500W output across both chargers with an efficiency of 90.18%.

Frequency Adaptive Discrete Repetitive Controller Design for Electric Vehicle Charger

Frequency Adaptive Discrete Repetitive Controller Design for Electric Vehicle Charger

Real-time simulation of a new design of a smart and fast electric vehicle charger

Due to the growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), there is a pressing demand for the development of charging infrastructure that offers enhanced performance while reducing the charging time of EVs. Combining innovative fast and smart charging technologies can result in cost-efficient charging solutions, optimized energy exploitation, and reduced charging time for EVs. This paper proposes a new design of a smart and fast charger for EV batteries. The charger is made of a PFC-based Vienna Rectifier (VR) and an isolated Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter. The proposed charger enables intelligent data flow between the battery and the charger thanks to the Controller Area Network (CAN) communication employed by the CHAdeMO charging protocol. To validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed charger, the results of real-time simulations performed on RT-LAB platform, from OPAL-RT are presented and discussed.

Spatiotemporal Inequalities and Causal Relationship Between the Adoption of Electric Vehicle Chargers and Heat Pumps

Spatiotemporal Inequalities and Causal Relationship Between the Adoption of Electric Vehicle Chargers and Heat Pumps

A Bidirectional Grid-Friendly Charger Design for Electric Vehicle Operated under Pulse-Current Heating and Variable-Current Charging

Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging can cause high-frequency power fluctuations at the grid side. Therefore, it is necessary to design a bidirectional grid-friendly charger for EVs operated under pulse-current heating and variable-current charging. The DC bus, which serves as the medium connecting the bidirectional DC–DC and bidirectional DC–AC, typically employs capacitors. This paper analyzes the reasons why the use of capacitors in the DC bus cannot satisfy the grid and EV requirements, and it proposes a new DC bus configuration that utilizes energy storage batteries instead of capacitors. Due to the voltage-source characteristics of the energy storage batteries, EV instructions and grid instructions can be flexibly and smoothly scheduled by using phase-shift control and adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, respectively. In addition, the stability of the control strategy is demonstrated using small signal modeling. Finally, typical operating conditions (such as EV pulse preheating, fast charging with variable current, and grid peak shaving and valley filling) are selected for validation. The results show that in the proposed charger, the grid scheduling instructions and EV charging/discharging instructions do not interfere with each other, and different commands between EVs also do not interfere with each other under a charging pile with dual guns. Without affecting the requirements of EVs, the grid can change the proportion of energy supply based on actual scenarios and can also obtain energy from either EVs or energy storage batteries. For the novel charger, the pulse modulation time for EVs consistently achieves a steady state within 0.1 s; thus, the pulse modulation speed is as much as two times faster than that of conventional chargers with identical parameters.

An exact algorithm for maximum electric vehicle flow coverage problem with heterogeneous chargers, nonlinear charging time and route deviations

Typical electric vehicles (EVs) should be recharged multiple times to reach a long distance due to the limited travel ranges. The EV flow covering problem determines the locations of charging stations to maximize the “covered” OD flows, respecting a given budget for the new charging stations. This paper proposes an exact algorithm for solving the problem by considering the heterogeneous EV chargers, nonlinear charging time, and route deviations from the shortest distance paths. We develop an exact Benders decomposition-based algorithm, in which the Benders subproblem utilizes a nested cut-generation via a customized labeling algorithm. Two methods for solving the Benders subproblem are developed, which are combined to accelerate the Benders cut generation. In addition, we present a heuristic algorithm based on the proposed exact algorithm for the larger-sized problems. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm could solve real-life problems. Especially, the heuristic algorithm could solve problems up to 339 nodes and 500 km of the EV’s travel range. The extensive computational study shows that addressing the multiple charger types, the charging time, and the deviation routes can be crucial to provide realistic charging infrastructure for EVs.

Bi-Directional Power Flow Rapid Charging System Using a Carrier Wave Modulated Self-Commutated Voltage Source Converter for Electric Vehicle

This paper examines a high-performance battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs). Active power line filtering capabilities in the battery charger can be used to develop a fast-charging infrastructure that is advantageous for EV users as well as power distributors. This article discusses battery charger modeling and design difficulties in depth using a carrier wave modulated self-commutated voltage source converter architecture. A full study of the controller's features is also provided using model-based controller synthesis. The battery charger's active filtering performance is emphasized. In active filter applications, the model-based control system's intrinsic phase deviation and sensitivity to system factors decrease the active filter's performance, which is disclosed in this study. Based on numerous integrators in diverse reference frames, we provide an improved control structure for active filters to offset the model-based controller's degradation. The suggested controller demonstrates minimal sensitivity to system factors and fully compensates for the intrinsic phase deviation, as shown both theoretically and empirically. The suggested active filter controller has outstanding steady-state conditioning performance.

Design and Simulation of DC Fast Charger for Electric Vehicle

Elektrikli araçlar geleneksel fosil yakıtlı araçlarla kıyasla sıfır emisyon, azaltılmış bakım maliyetleri, daha yüksek motor verimliliği, gelişmiş sürüş konforu gibi önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Ancak, sınırlı menzil kapasitesi, şarj altyapısının eksikliği ve uzun şarj süreleri gibi zorluklar, elektrikli araçların yaygın olarak benimsenmesinin önünde önemli engeller oluşturmaktadır. Elektrikli araçların geliştirilmesi sürecinde, büyük bir öneme sahip olan kritik bileşenler arasında, batarya ve şarj sistemleri dikkate değer bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışma, 45kWh pil kapasitesiyle donatılmış bir elektrikli araç için 90kW DA hızlı şarj cihazının tasarımı ve simülasyonuna odaklanmaktadır. Önerilen sistem ile bataryanın %20’den %80’e doluluk oranına ulaşması için gereken toplam şarj süresinin 30 dakikanın altına indirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Tasarlanan DA hızlı şarj cihazı; aktif güç faktörü düzeltici işlevini gerçekleştiren bir AA/DA dönüştürücü ve şarj işlevini gerçekleştiren bir DA/DA dönüştürücüden oluşmaktadır. Önerilen hızlı şarj sisteminin geçerliliği ve etkinliği simülasyon sonuçları ile doğrulanmıştır.