Electric Train Research Articles

Modelling dynamic pantograph loads with combined numerical analysis

Appropriate interaction between pantograph and catenary is imperative for smooth operation of electric trains. Changing heights of overhead lines to accommodate level crossings, overbridges, and tunnels pose significant challenges in maintaining consistent current collection performance as the pantograph aerodynamic profile, and thus aerodynamic load changes significantly with operational height. This research aims to analyse the global flow characteristics and aerodynamic forces acting on individual components of an HSX pantograph operating in different configurations and orientations, such that the results can be combined with multibody simulations to obtain accurate dynamic insight into contact forces. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to investigate the pantograph component loads in a representative setting, such as that of the recessed cavity on a Class 800 train. From an aerodynamic perspective, this study indicates that the total drag force acting on non-fixed components of the pantograph is larger for the knuckle-leading orientation rather than the knuckle-trailing, although the difference between the two is found to reduce with increasing pantograph extension. Combining the aerodynamic loads acting on individual components with multibody tools allows for realistic dynamic insight into the pantograph behaviour. The results obtained show how considering aerodynamic forces enhance the realism of the models, leading to behaviour of the pantograph–catenary contact forces closely matching that seen in experimental tests.

A comparison of binaural cues transmitted by clinically available cochlear-implant stimulation strategies

Cochlear implants (Cis) effectively restore speech understanding in quiet for many recipients. However, bilateral CI listeners continue to perform poorer than acoustic-hearing listeners on spatial-hearing tasks (e.g., speech understanding in noise and sound localization). One explanation is that current clinically available stimulation strategies and unsynchronized sound processors degrade the fidelity of binaural cues. However, no conclusive comparison of the binaural cues transmitted by different stimulation strategies has been made. Therefore, this study compared binaural cues transmitted by two clinically available cochlear implant stimulation strategies. Two unsynchronized Cochlear Ltd. Nucleus 6 sound processors were placed on a binaural mannequin centered in a horizontal ring of loudspeakers in an anechoic chamber. Acoustic stimuli were presented from the loudspeakers and the resulting electrical pulse trains were recorded for both a peak-picking stimulation strategy and constantly stimulating strategy. Envelope interaural time differences and interaural level differences were extracted from the recordings and compared between stimulation strategies. Compared to the constantly stimulating strategy, results show that the peak-picking strategy led to more variable and less monotonic binaural cues, which could constrain sound-localization abilities. These findings argue for the bilateral synchronization of CIs in multiple domains, including electrode selection in peak-picking stimulation strategies and pulse timing.

Functional electrical stimulation for foot drop syndrome in patients with cerebral stroke

BACKGROUND: The deterioration of walking function as a result of acute cerebrovascular accident manifested by the foot drop syndrome, leading to difficulties in maintaining balance in the standing position and increased substitution strategies, is the most important limiting factor that affects autonomy and independence. The results of short time training with functional electrical stimulation in patients with cerebral stroke in the early and late recovery periods remain unknown.
 AIM: to study the functional and clinical results of a short course of functional electrical stimulation in patients with cerebral stroke and foot drop syndrome.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 20 patients with early and late hemispheric acute cerebrovascular accident who received a course of single-channel 30-minute functional electrical stimulation training of the m. tibialis anterior in conjunction with the main program of motor rehabilitation (60 minutes), consisting of 12 sessions. The biomechanics of walking at a random pace before and after training was investigated. Spatial and temporal parameters of walking, movements in hip, knee and ankle joints and maximum amplitudes of electromyography of the main muscle groups responsible for walking were recorded. Classical clinical scales were also used.
 RESULTS: No negative reaction to training with functional electrical stimulation was obtained. After treatment, there was a significant improvement in the following scales was observed: "Dynamic Gait Index", "Hauser Ambulation Index", "Timed Up and Go Test" test, muscle strength assessment, "Activity and Participation" domains. Spatial and temporal parameters demonstrate a complex syndrome characteristic of post-stroke walking. Walking speed and step cycle length increased significantly after training. The kinematics of movements in the hip and knee joints do not reveal significant dynamics. The difference from the control group of contralateral side indices in knee and hip joints, indicating bilateral functional involvement in the pathologic process, draws attention. Goniograms of the ankle joints of the paretic limb revealed the following parameters characteristic of the sagging foot: increase in the circumduction parameter on the paresis side, total amplitude of hip joint movements, knee joint flexion in the transfer period (Ka3), and ankle joint flexion amplitude in the transfer period (A3). Following functional electrical stimulation training, no changes were observed in these parameters.
 CONCLUSION: All clinical parameters have improved. Objective diagnostic results of the functional electrical stimulation training showed no significant effect on ankle joint function. Taking into account the limitations of this study, a follow-up study is planned.

Effects of Gastrocnemius Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training on Ankle mobility and Gait in Patients with Stroke

Effects of Gastrocnemius Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training on Ankle mobility and Gait in Patients with Stroke

KAJIAN POLA SIRKULASI MANUSIA TERHADAP KENYAMANAN PENUMPANG KERETA REL LISTRIK PADA STASIUN TANAH TINGGI KOTA TANGERANG

Technological progress develops rapidly from time to time. Railways as a mode of transportation, especially mass transportation, cannot be separated from other modes of transportation used in the national transportation system which have their own characteristics and advantages of mass transportation. Train stations also need to further develop their potential and improve good human circulation patterns so that passengers feel comfortable. As a transit point, Tanah Tinggi Station is a class III/small train station which only has 2 railroad tracks located in Tanah Tinggi, Tangerang City. However, circulation at stations can be very ironic when public facilities at stations do not pay much attention to the use of circulation for users of rail services. The author sees many problems that arise related to human circulation for the comfort of Electric Rail Train passengers at Tanah Tinggi Station, Tangerang City. This study aims to provide an overview of human circulation patterns and spatial planning, especially at the Tanah Tinggi station, so as to obtain the concept of circulation patterns and good spatial planning to increase passenger comfort. On This research uses descriptive analysis methods carried out in 3 ways, namely, literature studies, conducting surveys of research objects, and conducting interviews with users and managers of the highland station. The research was conducted in 5 sections, (1) the main entrance of the building, (2) supporting building corridors, (3) counters, (4) ticketing areas, and (5) platforms. It can be said that the results of the analysis carried out were not good enough for passengers because they have not been able to meet the standards and eligibility according to the regulations so that the ease of circulation for pedestrians to move can be disrupted and uncomfortable.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF OPTIMIZATION DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL RESOURCE FOR TRACTION GEAR TRANSMISSIONS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK

The article highlights the peculiarities of optimization design for traction gear transmissions of railway rolling stock, aimed at determining the main structural parameters of corresponding paired gears and toothed wheels to increase their technical resource. The recommendations provide a formalized description of such investigations in the form of multidimensional optimization problems with constraints. Significant attention is given to the selection peculiarities of main variable parameters, primary criteria (related to reducing wear on tooth contact surfaces), and secondary numerical criteria (corresponding to functional constraints). The displacement coefficients of the gear and toothed wheel are considered as the main variable parameters, with a decisive impact on engagement parameters and characteristics. The main criterion, taking into account the focus on increasing the technical resource, is the minimization of the difference between the maximum coefficients of specific sliding on the feet of the lateral profiles of contacting teeth. Numerical functional constraints correspond to general design conditions for manufacturing and meshing of gear elements. The article elucidates the peculiarities of searching for optimal solutions using available generalized mathematical models that describe changes in the main criterion and existing functional constraints based on selected main variable parameters. It is also recommended to use constructed blocking contours based on these models to define the region of admissible solutions and find the corresponding optimization solution. For each variant of structural parameters of the paired gear and toothed wheel found during optimization design, the article suggests evaluating the respective changes in the technical resource according to the provided recommendations. The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of traction gear transmissions in various series of locomotives and electric trains, including assessments of increased technical resource achieved by using paired gears and toothed wheels with specified design parameters obtained through optimization design.

The Analysis of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) of Electric Train Stations in Bangkok and Metropolitan Region: The Case Study of Chaleom Ratchamongkon Line and Chalong Ratchadham Line

This research studies transit oriented development (TOD) of two Metropolitan Rapid Transit (MRT) lines, Chaloem Ratchamongkon Line (Blue line) and Chalong Ratchatham line (Purple line), total 53 stations in total, in Bangkok and Nonthaburi Province. The researcher analyze four factors of built environment around mass transit station, 1) Density 2) Diversity 3) Design and Distance 4) Destination and Connectivity. For the density factors, including population density, number of points of interest (POI) and total building area to land area ratio (FAR). For the diversity factors, including the diversity of land use and number of shops around the station. For design and distance factors, including road density, number of parking spaces, Open Space Ratio (OSR). As for the factors related to destinations and connectivity, including the number of bus lines, number of entrances and exits of the train station, number of schools, Number of condominiums and number of villages. The researchers have considered the weight of each variable by using the Information entropy weight method (IEW) and calculated the transit oriented development score (TOD SCORE). From the TOD SCORE calculations of all 53 stations, the researchers find the strengths and weaknesses of each station. The average TOD score of the Purple Line stations is higher than that of the Blue Line stations. The station with the highest total TOD SCORE on the Blue Line is Tha Phra Station and the station with the highest total TOD SCORE on the Purple Line is Sai Ma Station. The station with the lowest total TOD SCORE on the Blue Line is Bang Sue Station and the station with the lowest total TOD SCORE on the Purple Line is Bang Rak Noi Tha It Station. In addition, the researchers analyzed the maximum and minimum values of TOD SCORE for each factor. and described in this research. The results of TOD SCORE analysis can analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each station and determine the development guidelines of mass transit stations in the future using a station with a high TOD SCORE as a model for development of the mass transit system in the future.

Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial.

To examine the combined effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training (NMES-RT) and functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) compared to passive movement training (PMT) and FES-LEC in adults with SCI on (1) oxygen uptake (VO2), insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal in adults with SCI; (2) Metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers; (3) skeletal muscle, intramuscular fat (IMF) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) cross-sectional areas (CSAs). Thirty-three participants with chronic SCI (AIS A-C) were randomized to 24 weeks of NMES-RT + FES or PMT + FES. The NMES-RT + FES group underwent 12 weeks of evoked surface NMES-RT using ankle weights followed by an additional 12 weeks of progressive FES-LEC. The control group, PMT + FES performed 12 weeks of passive leg extension movements followed by an additional 12 weeks of FES-LEC. Measurements were performed at baseline (BL; week 0), post-intervention 1 (P1; week 13) and post-intervention 2 (P2; week 25) and included FES-VO2 measurements, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness using the intravenous glucose tolerance test; anthropometrics and whole and regional body composition assessment using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging to measure muscle, IMF and VAT CSAs. Twenty-seven participants completed both phases of the study. NMES-RT + FES group showed a trend of a greater VO2 peak in P1 [p = 0.08; but not in P2 (p = 0.25)] compared to PMT + FES. There was a time effect of both groups in leg VO2 peak. Neither intervention elicited significant changes in insulin, glucose, or inflammatory biomarkers. There were modest changes in leg lean mass following PMT + FES group. Robust hypertrophy of whole thigh muscle CSA, absolute thigh muscle CSA and knee extensor CSA were noted in the NMES-RT + FES group compared to PMT + FES at P1. PMT + FES resulted in muscle hypertrophy at P2. NMES-RT + FES resulted in a decrease in total VAT CSA at P1. NMES-RT yielded a greater peak leg VO2 and decrease in total VAT compared to PMT. The addition of 12 weeks of FES-LEC in both groups modestly impacted leg VO2 peak. The addition of FES-LEC to NMES-RT did not yield additional increases in muscle CSA, suggesting a ceiling effect on signaling pathways following NMES-RT. identifier NCT02660073.

Key Accessibilities Issues (KAIs) for People with Disabilities (PwDs) at Electric Train Service (ETS) Station

The establishment of various acts and legislation for PwDs rights signify a strong ethical value and positive support from the government to ensure equal rights for all citizens. It also serves as guidelines for the professional to plan and design their projects. The Malaysian Standard (MS) 1184:2014 for instance contains six KAIs to be considered by the project team during the early planning stage to ensure continuous movement of the PwDs. On the contrary, many researchers reported that Malaysia is still lacking in considering and providing equal accessibility and facilities for this group. This paper aims to investigate whether the provision of KAIs for the PwDs provided at ETS station complies with the MS1184:2014. Three ETS stations in Perak were chosen for the case study. Document analysis of the MS1184:2014 was conducted to identify the KAIs dimensions to be provided for the PwDs at the stations. From the document analysis conducted, an observation checklist was developed to assess the availability and compliance of the KAIs dimensions with the MS1184:2014. The observation was recorded in a tabular method. From the tabulated information, the types and frequency of the availability and compliance of the facilities were determined. The research revealed that although majority of the sub-dimensions/facilities were available at the stations, they do not all comply with the MS. Some of the sub-dimensions/facilities do not function properly and cannot be used by PwDs. The physical barrier or incompliance facilities that were identified throughout the observations could be minimized to give the PwDs accessibility to use the ETS services. Besides, the ETS stations need to provide a more inclusive environment so that the PwDs can be independent and are capable to actively participate with the community. The research also suggested that when it comes to developing or creating better public transportation stations, customer feedback is crucial. The designer or the local authority should be more inventive in designing a barrier-free environment and infrastructure.

Energy-Efficient Train Driving Based on Optimal Control Theory

Efficient train driving plays a vital role in reducing the overall energy consumption in the railway sector. An energy minimising control strategy can be computed using the framework given by optimal control theory; in particular, the Pontryagin maximum principle can be used. Our optimisation approach is based on an algorithm presented by Khmelnitsky that considers electric trains equipped with regenerative braking. A derivation of Khmelnitsky’s theory from a more general formulation of the maximum principle is given in this article, and a complete list of switching cases between different driving regimes is included that is essential for practical application. A number of numerical examples are added to visualise the various switching cases. Energy consumption data from real-life operation of passenger trains are compared to the calculated energy minimum. In the presented study, the optimised strategy was able to save 37 percent of the average energy demand of the train in operation. The sensitivity of the energy consumption to deviations of the train speed from the optimum speed profile is studied in an example. Another example illustrates that the efficiency of regenerative braking has an effect on the optimum speed profile.

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION TO IMPROVE LOCAL CONTENT OF RAILWAY INDUSTRY

To fulfill the demand for a number of railroad products, the national railroad industry, in this case PT. INKA as a train integrator industry in Indonesia still has to import components. TKDN electric train is still low. For this reason, it is time to prepare the industrial development of the national railway propulsion system components and even have a very urgent nature. Railway propulsion systems can be classified into three groups, namely: Electric propulsion systems, Diesel Electric propulsion systems and Diesel Hydraulic propulsion systems. Import dependence, of course, cannot be allowed to continue because it will weaken the competitiveness of the national railroad industry. From the results of the analysis using the "Porter Diamond Condition" method various internal and external factors were identified through the SWOT method to formulate alternative policy formulations for the development of the railroad electric propulsion system industry in Indonesia. Qualitative SWOT data are developed quantitatively through the calculation of SWOT Analysis so that the exact position of the organization is known. From the results of the analysis, and calculations using the SWOT Method, the position of the railway propulation system industry is in the Quadrant IV position, so it is best to use a Defensive Strategy. In this position the Company faces a very unfavorable situation, the company faces various threats and internal weaknesses. For this reason, it is necessary to prioritize strengthening strategies in the Matrix (W-T).

DETERMINATION OF THE FREQUENCY OF NATURAL OSCILLATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF THE MOTOR CARRIAGE ROLLING STOCK

The article is devoted to highlighting the peculiarities of determining the frequencies of natural oscillations of the elements of the mechanical system of modern rolling stock. A significant volume of passenger transportation in suburban traffic on railway networks of Ukraine is carried out by the operating fleet of rolling stock, most of which are operated overtime. Taking into account the relatively slow pace of renewal of Ukrzaliznytsia's rolling stock fleet, scientific research aimed at maintaining a high level of technical and economic indicators of electric trains in operation becomes especially important. Therefore, research aimed at improving performance indicators of structural elements of rolling stock should be considered relevant. As one of the most responsible units of the mechanical system of modern rolling stock, the crew part can be singled out, which includes a traction electric drive, during the operation of which the phenomenon of jolts is observed in some modes of operation. Such a phenomenon is observed in resonant modes of operation, that is, the coincidence of the frequencies of natural and forced oscillations, which negatively affects the reliability and durability of the mechanical system as a whole. Therefore, the task of identifying resonant frequencies and eliminating the manifestation of the negative phenomenon of resonance arises. One of the possible ways to solve the given problem is to adjust the operation of the traction drive mechanism in non-resonant modes, which in turn requires research on the torsional oscillations of the mechanical drive system. The article presents an approach using geometric models of the design elements of the traction drive of electric trains, the corresponding mathematical model, and the results of modeling the shape of the frequency of natural oscillations of the traction drive of an electric train. Based on the results of the calculations, it was determined that the form of natural oscillation frequencies of the considered mechanical system has a two-node character. The proposed approach is based on the use of a tabular form of calculation of recurrent formulas. Based on the results of the research, recommendations are given for the further use of the obtained results. Keywords: motor-wagon rolling stock, electric train, traction drive, self-oscillations.

Construction of an Intelligent System for Computer Interactive Electric Piano Training Based on a High-Resolution Camera Positioning Algorithm

Construction of an Intelligent System for Computer Interactive Electric Piano Training Based on a High-Resolution Camera Positioning Algorithm

Quantitative Harmonic Amplification Analysis in Electric Railway Traction Power Supply Systems

Background: Harmonic resonance is one of the apprehensive power quality problems in electric railway traction power supply systems. Harmonic resonances result in big harmonic voltage distortions or harmonic currents. Different harmonic resonance frequencies existing in a power system possess varying propagation areas and amplification levels. The frequency scan analysis technique and the resonance mode analysis technique are the two most commonly used methods. The frequency scan analysis technique can reveal whether resonance exists and determine the resonance frequency. Resonance mode analysis technique can further identify the location where a resonance can be most easily initiatedand observed. However, there are still few studies on the quantitative analysis of harmonic propagation and resonance amplification in traction power supply systems. Methods: The model of the all-parallel autotransformer-fed system in the high-speed railway is built accurately, then a quantitative analysis method based on harmonic electrical distance is used to study the harmonic propagation characteristics and propagation severities caused by electric trains, and analyses in detail the influence of the number of lines, the number of trains, and the location of the train on the severity of resonance amplification. Results: The results of case studies reveal the traction power supply system harmonic propagation characteristics and amplification severities and system parameter sensitivities in a quantitative way, validating the effectiveness and superiority of the quantitative analysis method. Conclusion: Compared with the resonance mode analysis method and the frequency scan analysis method, at a harmonic resonance frequency point, the quantitative analysis method can quantitatively reveal the harmonic propagation area and amplification level at each bus of the traction power supply system. Meanwhile, it is simple and practical.

Impacts of Dynamic Frequency Feedback Loop in SOGI-PLL on Low-Frequency Oscillation in an Electric Railway System

The low-frequency oscillation (LFO) issue has occurred frequently in single-phase electric train and traction network interactive systems (hereinafter train-network systems). On a single-phase electric train, the second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) based phase-locked loops (PLLs) have been widely used and also have significant impacts on the LFO. In the SOGI-PLL, the frequency signal is dynamically feedback from PLL to SOGI for adapting frequency variety, which causes complex nonlinearity and may deteriorate the small-signal stability of train-network systems. In previous works, the small-signal impedance model of train supposes that the feedback frequency is quasi-steady-state, which ignores impacts of dynamic frequency feedback loop (DFFL) on system-level stability and causes inaccurate analysis results. Therefore, this article builds an improved impedance model of train in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dq</i> frame with considering the DFFL. Compared with fixed frequency feedback loop (FFFL) based SOGI-PLL, the DFFL-based SOGI-PLL results in an additional negative resistance behavior, which is more likely to induce the LFO. Moreover, based on proposed impedance model of train, three FFFL-based SOGI-PLLs are compared among the filtering capability, phase-locked error and negative resistance range. Finally, experiment results by hardware in the loop (HIL) platform and real low-power experimental platform are employed to verity the correctness of theoretical analysis results.

Express Electric Trains in Egypt and Their Impact on Development

Express Electric Trains in Egypt and Their Impact on Development

ANALYSIS OF THE CHOICE OF COMMUTER LINE ELECTRIC RAIL TRAIN (KRL) MODES AND TRANSJAKARTA BUSES FOR THE BEKASI CITY - EAST JAKARTA ROUTE

Transportation is one of the problems that becomes a measure of the success of a city. Bekasi City, as the gateway and buffer for the capital city of Jakarta, has high mobility due to the density of the city of Jakarta. This study aims to determine the characteristics and factors that influence mode selection, mode selection models that can explain probabilities, as well as people's preferences in choosing the Commuter Line Electric Train (KRL) and Transjakarta Bus transportation modes used by the people of Bekasi City to East Jakarta. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey using the Stated Preference method, distributed offline and online. Furthermore, the data from the survey were processed using regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the response variable, namely the choice of travelers on a numerical scale (Y), with changes in the analyzed attributes, namely the difference in travel costs (X1), travel time (X2), and the departure time of each mode (X3). The results of the linear regression analysis using the SPSS version 28 program obtained the mode selection model, namely (UMRT – UTJ) = 0.662 + 0.044.X1 - 0.014.X2 + 0.025.X3. The conclusion obtained from the results of this study is that the KRL Commuter Line is the preferred mode of transportation compared to the Transjakarta Bus with the Bekasi - East Jakarta route, and the travel cost attribute is the most influential in the transportation mode selection model.

PERAMALAN JUMLAH PENUMPANG KERETA REL LISTRIK JABODETABEK MENGGUNAKAN PROSES POISSON NONHOMOGEN

The train is one of the alternative transportations for the community to carry out their activities in terms of work and tourism for long distances. One of the public transportation companies, namely, PT. Indonesian Commuter Train (KCI) is trusted as a provider of Electric Rail Trains (ERT) in order to optimally meet the needs of the community. The number of ERT passengers has an influence in planning the capacity of the train. For this reason, it is necessary to know the number of KRL passengers for the future. In this study we have forecasted the number of KRL passengers using the Nonhomogeneous Poisson process, where the intensity function is determined by a simple linear regression method. The results of forecasting the number of Jabodetabek ERT passengers using the Nonhomogeneous Poisson process, show that the number of Jabodetabek ERT passengers in November 2021 to April 2022 has decreased. The results of this forecasting fall into the fairly accurate category with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value of 28%.

PENGENALAN SARANA PERKERETAAPIAN PADA SISWA DAN GURU SMPN 1 NGRAHO BOJONEGORO

At this time, transportation and mobility of people in Indonesia have used many modes of rail transportation. This choice is influenced by the various advantages offered by rail transportation modes such as its large and efficient transport capacity, on time and good accessibility. Railway technology has undergone very significant developments in recent times. Starting from conventional trains, electric trains and even fast trains (High-speed Train). One of the things that influence the development of railways is the application of science and technology, one of which is science and engineering. Therefore, strengthening the basis of science and introducing technology must be carried out, including at the primary and secondary education levels as an effort to prepare quality human resources for the development of railroad technology in the future. The introduction of rolling stock to students and teachers at SMPN 1 Ngraho Bojonegoro aims to enable students and teachers to have a deeper understanding of railway technology, especially the types of railway facilities in the hope that it will become one of the tools in learning science and technology. The method used in this activity is counseling with several stages such as preparation, implementation and evaluation. The core activity is to provide a presentation regarding the development of railway technology in general, followed by an understanding of railway facilities and types of rolling stock. The results of the evaluation showed that there was an increase in knowledge and understanding regarding railways and rolling stock among the participants. The average percentage increase in understanding of grades pre-test and post-test is equal to 76.5%. In addition, 80% of respondents stated that this activity was very useful.

PELATIHAN PENGGUNAAN MESIN LAS LISTRIK DI DESA KARANGPATRI

The availability of quality human resources is a major problem at this time, so that skilled workers are needed who have the knowledge and ability to handle welding. For this reason, training is needed for productive people in the field of welding techniques. This electric welding training activity was held in Karang Patri Village. Activities in the form of training for community participants and youth youth organizations aiming to provide knowledge and skills in welding techniques. Training is carried out by debriefing methods, demonstrations and exercises. The debriefing method is used to explain basic techniques and knowledge in electric welding. The demonstration method is used to demonstrate electric welding techniques according to procedures, while the training method is used to gather participants' abilities in welding techniques. The benefit of this service program is that it makes it easier to be able to build infrastructure with welding skills. With this training activity, it is possible to form a community that is skilled, creative, innovative and independent in the field of welding techniques and is able to carry out and develop skills independently