Electric Power Transmission Lines Research Articles

Detection of Vegetation Encroachment in Power Transmission Line Corridor from Satellite Imagery Using Support Vector Machine: A Features Analysis Approach

Vegetation encroachment along electric power transmission lines is one of the major environmental challenges that can cause power interruption. Many technologies have been used to detect vegetation encroachment, such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and airborne photogrammetry. These methods are very effective in detecting vegetation encroachment. However, they are expensive with regard to the coverage area. Alternatively, satellite imagery can cover a wide area at a relatively lower cost. In this paper, we describe the statistical moments of the color spaces and the textural features of the satellite imagery to identify the most effective features that can increase the vegetation density classification accuracy of the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. This method aims to distinguish between high- and low-density vegetation regions along the power line corridor right-of-way (ROW). The results of the study showed that the statistical moments of the color spaces contribute positively to the classification accuracy while some of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features contribute negatively to the classification accuracy. Therefore, a combination of the most effective features was used to achieve a recall accuracy of 98.272%.

Effect of high-voltage power lines electromagnetic field on growth and development of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Relevance. High voltage electric power transmission lines (HVEPTL) cover a fairly large area of agricultural land all over the world. Investigations of electromagnetic field effect on growth and development of plants are held in various countries. The reaction of individual plant species and even varieties to the electromagnetic field manifests itself in different ways. The network of HVEPTL is growing steadily in our region as well. Nevertheless, information about the effect of the electromagnetic field on bean plants is rather scares. The aim of the present work was to evaluate HVEPTL effect on the growth and development of vegetable beans, depending on the intensity of the electromagnetic field.Material and Methods. The work was achieved on green beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Sakfit, Pagoda, MBZ 556, Arishka cvs) grown in conditions of different electromagnetic field values under HVEPTL. Biometrical parameters, plant productivity, yield, dry matter, photosynthetic pigments content, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity and total phenolics were determined.Results. In the ranges of electric field values from (5-10) to (400-440) B/m and magnetic field from 0 to 0.53 μT a beneficial effect of electromagnetic field on accumulation of leaves photosynthetic pigments (15-65% increase of chlorophyll а and 6-52% increase of chlorophyll b), polyphenol content (increase up to 17%), antioxidant activity (1-15% increase), and dry matter content (2,5-11% increase) and beans ascorbic acid levels (12-28% increase) were registered. Accordingy, increased plants growth, development and productivity were demonstrated. Peculiarities of beans plants grown under HVEPTL included decrease leaves carotene levels at electric field level of 60-100 B/m (70 m form HVEPTL), and lack of correlation between chlorophyll and carotene in leaves and total antioxidant activity and phenolics content at the stage of technical ripening.

Probabilistic Neural Network-Aided Fast Classification of Transmission Line Faults Using Differencing of Current Signal

Electrical power transmission lines are most vulnerable to different faults due frequent atmospheric hazards. Hence, fault detection and classification are imperative to restrict unwanted power outage by isolation of the faulted line. A probabilistic neural network (PNN)-based fault classification methodology is proposed here. This work uses differencing-based modulated fault signals as input to the PNN architecture to extract fault features in terms of three-phase fault intensity index, which are further analyzed for direct classification of faults aided by a decision tree like study. Simulation of faults has been carried out in practical alike simulation environment with variation of fault location, fault resistance and inherent power line noise, which helps to develop robustness of fault analyzer. Classifier accuracy of 99.33% is achieved here, and more importantly, using only (1/6)th fraction of post fault signals, which is considerably low compared to similar contemporary works. Furthermore, the proposed classifier is equipped with the ability of detecting ground fault without inspecting the neutral current. This method uses only 35.7% of the total fault locations for training, and the rest for validating the model, which is also an above average performance. Finally, the analyzer comprises of simple PNN model as the only classifier, hence possess considerably low computational complexity.

Analysis of distance protection’s operation in cases of deep saturation of current transformers

There is usually no information about permissible error of current transformers in modes succeed by large relative short-circuit current, at which microprocessor-based protections operate stably. By this reason, it is necessary to use data, defined for analog relays. It leads to value appreciation of a project because it is often essential to reduce current transformers’ error in case of a short circuit fault. Therefore, it is necessary to define the value of current transformers’ error, permitted for impedance relays. Conclusions of fundamental and applied sciences (mathematical analysis, theoretical foundations of electrical engineering, theory of simulation), analytical methods of researching nonlinear circuits and digital signal processing were used. A simulation model was created for setting overall tests of the current trans-former (CT) system. It was a relay protection device that reflected all the important properties of studied objects and allowed an analysis of digital distance protection’s operation at high levels of short-circuit currents. The factors influ-encing over digital distance protection’s operation in case of deep saturation of CTs were revealed, and a certain algorithm for definition of the permissible CT errors was proposed. Stable operation of digital distance protection was observed in case of a fault nearby the place of current transformers’ setting in all theoretically possible combinations of electrical system’s power and length of a protected electric power transmission line. It is valid if electric load choice is carried with account for stable protection’s operation in condition of a fault in the computational point and if voltage swell in secondary wirings is infeasible.

Design and Control of a Deformable Trees-Pruning Aerial Robot

Tree branches near the electric power transmission lines are of great threat to the electricity supply. Nowadays, the tasks of clearing threatening tree branches are still mostly operated by hand and simple tools. Traditional structures of the multirotor aerial robot have the problem of fixed structure and limited performance, which affects the stability and efficiency of pruning operation. In this article, in order to obtain better environmental adaptability, an active deformable trees-pruning aerial robot is presented. The deformation of the aerial robot is implemented through two ways, arm telescopic and folding. In order to suppress the influence of internal and external disturbances on the system, Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) technology is adopted to build the flight controller. Firstly, active deformation aerial robot structure is given, followed by system dynamic model establishment under wind disturbance using the Newton–Euler method. Also, the analysis of the gusts influence on the system is considered. Then, the active deformation aerial robot system is decoupled into a combination of six SISO systems, so that a disturbance rejection controller is designed. Finally, the expanded state observer and the nonlinear state error feedback law are used to inspect and compensate the disturbance. Simulation results of attitude and position tracking as well as the antidisturbance capability show that the active deformation aerial robot with the ADRC flight controller designed in this paper has excellent attitude control capabilities during flight and trees-pruning operation.

The Emerging Conflict of Common Ravens Roosting on Electric Power Transmission Line Towers in Montana, USA

The Emerging Conflict of Common Ravens Roosting on Electric Power Transmission Line Towers in Montana, USA

The Value of Inter-Regional Coordination and Transmission in Decarbonizing the US Electricity System

Summary Preventing global warming in excess of 1.5°C–2°C requires a transition to zero-carbon electricity systems by midcentury along with the widespread electrification of other sectors. Current state-level renewable portfolio standards and regional transmission arrangements do not capture the benefits of inter-regional transmission or coordination of planning and dispatch for renewable-energy integration. Here, using a co-optimized capacity-planning and dispatch model over 7 years of hourly operation, we show that inter-state coordination and transmission expansion reduce the system cost of electricity in a 100%-renewable US power system by 46% compared with a state-by-state approach, from 135 $/MWh to 73 $/MWh. Sensitivity analyses show that reductions in the cost of photovoltaics, wind, and lithium-ion batteries lead to the lowest electricity costs for systems in which transmission expansion is allowed, while cost reductions for nuclear power or long-duration energy storage lead to greater electricity cost reductions for isolated systems.

Transporting Biodiversity Using Transmission Power Lines as Stepping-Stones?

The most common ecological response to climate change is the shifts in species distribution ranges. Nevertheless, landscape fragmentation compromises the ability of limited dispersal species to move following these climate changes. Building connected environments that enable species to track climate changes is an ultimate goal for biodiversity conservation. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine if electric power transmission lines could be transformed in a continental network of biodiversity reserves for small animals. We analysed if the management of the habitat located inside the base of the transmission electric towers (providing refuge and planting seedlings of native shrub) allowed to increase local richness of target species (i.e., small mammals and some invertebrates’ groups). Our results confirmed that by modifying the base of the electric transmission towers we were able to increase density and diversity of several species of invertebrates and small mammals as well as number of birds and bird species, increasing local biodiversity. We suggest that modifying the base of the electric towers would potentially facilitate the connection of fragmented populations. This idea would be easily applicable in any transmission line network anywhere around the world, making it possible for the first time to build up continental scale networks of connectivity.

Numerical analysis of the harvester having toroidal structure and examination of the application results

In most places with energy transmission, data of the line can be obtained with sensors. However, in recent years, the energy requirement of sensors has been met through harvesters. The electrical power required for sensor systems can be provided through electromagnetic fields around the line, especially through the electrical power transmission line or energy-carrying cable systems. In this study, numerical analysis of the harvester with toroidal coil, which was intended to be used for sensor feeds, was performed using Ansys Maxwell. In addition, experimental studies of the harvesters with toroidal core were carried out. The results were compared with some studies in the literature. Considering line current and saturation effects, it was seen that the studied toroid models were appropriate for home sensor applications.

Estimation and Analysis of Costs for Electrical Power Transmission Lines in Iraqi Projects

With the increased demand for energy and lack of organised strategies in the generation sector, the challenges in this sector in Iraq still negatively affect macro-economic aspects. It is necessary to support the infrastructure of the electrical industry to cover any rising energy demands and the required related transfer process to reliably meet consumer demands. In this paper, the cost of energy-line transfer elements was considered with the aim to optimise the cost of capital. As the majority of economic energy studies have found, power transmission lines that use project management methodologies and scientific predictions for cost achieved reasonable financial savings in capital costs. Improving the process of designing and planning electrical power transmission lines is a complex issue due to diverse factors affecting the established costs. The primary goal of this study is to prepare a cost model of electrical Iraqi projects, including the local required factors related to the implementation costs based on the intensive review of the design areas of power transmission lines and the challenges of erecting and operating these lines. The possible steps and computation model are established to overcome the calculation challenges, where procedures are suitable to the terrain and the local requirements for economic transportation lines.

Research on Controlling Limits for Electromagnetic Environment in China

With the remarkable growth of power demand, power transmission and transformation facilities are gradually developing towards the direction of large capacity and ultra high voltage. In China, 500kV EHV AC power grid is mainly used for long-distance power transmission. However, people have panic and psychological pressure for the electromagnetic environment problems caused by high-voltage transmission lines. This paper concentrates on electromagnetic environment control limits around 500kV EHV AC electric power transmission lines in China. The power frequency electric field and power frequency magnetic field of two buildings under the transmission lines are monitored. With the support of objective scientific data, reducing or even eliminating public excessive panic about the electromagnetic environment caused by 500kV EHV AC transmission system.

Changes in the exposure of California’s levee-protected critical infrastructure to flooding hazard in a warming climate

Levee systems are an important part of California’s water infrastructure, engineered to provide resilience against flooding and reduce flood losses. The growth in California is partly associated with costly infrastructure developments that led to population expansion in the levee protected areas. Therefore, potential changes in the flood hazard could have significant socioeconomic consequences over levee protected areas, especially in the face of a changing climate. In this study, we examine the possible impacts of a warming climate on flood hazard over levee protected land in California. We use gridded maximum daily runoff from global circulation models (GCMs) that represent a wide range of variability among the climate projections, and are recommended by the California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment Report, to investigate possible climate-induced changes. We also quantify the exposure of several critical infrastructure protected by the levee systems (e.g. roads, electric power transmission lines, natural gas pipelines, petroleum pipelines, and railroads) to flooding. Our results provide a detailed picture of change in flood risk for different levees and the potential societal consequences (e.g. exposure of people and critical infrastructure). Levee systems in the northern part of the Central Valley and coastal counties of Southern California are likely to observe the highest increase in flood hazard relative to the past. The most evident change is projected for the northern region of the Central Valley, including Butte, Glenn, Yuba, Sutter, Sacramento, and San Joaquin counties. In the leveed regions of these counties, based on the model simulations of the future, the historical 100-year runoff can potentially increase up to threefold under RCP8.5. We argue that levee operation and maintenance along with emergency preparation plans should take into account the changes in frequencies and intensities of flood hazard in a changing climate to ensure safety of levee systems and their protected infrastructure.

USO DO SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA E DADOS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO NO PROCESSO DE MODELAGEM ESPACIAL MULTICRITÉRIO PARA A DEFINIÇÃO DE DIRETRIZES DE LINHAS DE TRANSMISSÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA

No Brasil. devido ao crescimento econômico e populacional a construção de novas linhas de transmissão (LT) de energia elétrica é essencial. Este processo é complexo visto que é necessário o equacionamento de fatores conflitantes (fatores ambientais, sociais e econômicos) para a definição do traçado de uma diretriz que minimize os impactos gerados pelo empreendimento. Neste contexto, este artigo apresenta uma metodologia para a definição do traçado de uma diretriz de LT de energia elétrica baseado na utilização de ferramentas do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), dados de Sensoriamento Remoto, a lógica Fuzzy e o Método de Análise Multicritério (MAM) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Os resultados demonstraram que a técnica emprega é eficiente e adequada para a determinação automática de diretrizes de LT, facilitando o processo de planejamento de um novo empreendimento, minimizando erros de planejamento e possíveis retrabalhos.

Assessing Brazilian electric power transmission auctions

PurposeThis paper aims to assess all the Brazilian electric power transmission line auctions occurred between 1999 and 2017.Design/methodology/approachA copula-based Roy/endogenous switching regression model is used. The suitability of this model is twofold: it takes into account the selection bias problem involving auctions data and it allows more flexibility in modeling the joint distribution between the unobserved components of the selection and outcome equations; thus, normal distribution assumptions are not needed.FindingsThe main results suggest that stated-owned companies have the highest probability of winning an auction, and there is a non-competitive behavior among the players in the auction. The results also suggest some departure from joint normality in the data.Originality/valueThe copula-based sample selection approach used in this paper is consistent under non-normality and allows one to address different types of nonlinearities in the data such as asymmetry and heavy tails.

The Controversy over Energy Takings: A Tale of Pipelines and Eminent Domain

This article examines the controversy over the exercise of eminent by private enterprise to acquire property for oil and natural gas pipelines. Although opposition to pipelines is largely driven by broad environmental concerns to curb reliance on fossil fuels, this article focuses on whether energy takings by non-governmental entities satisfy the “public use” requirement in state condemnation statutes or as a constitutional norm. It traces the history of eminent domain in the United States from the mill acts of the eighteenth century, emphasizing that legislators frequently delegated eminent domain power to canals, turnpikes and railroads in order to improve transportation. Courts regularly sustained these laws as effectuating a “public use.” In other words, “public use” was never confined to public ownership. In the late nineteenth century courts readily upheld legislation conferring eminent domain authority on private pipeline companies, comparing pipelines to other modes of transportation. With the Natural Gas Act of 1938 Congress asserted federal authority over the transportation of natural gas, and in 1947 granted federal eminent domain authority for interstate natural gas pipelines. Oil pipelines, on the other hand, continue to rely on a patchwork of state laws to exercise eminent domain power. For decades after World War II the acquisition of land for pipelines was not particularly controversial. With new technology, however, oil and gas production soared as did the need for expanded pipeline infrastructure. Critics now maintained that taking for pipelines were not for “public use,” and therefore failed to satisfy state eminent domain statutes or were unconstitutional. This article notes the erosion of the “public use” norm as a meaningful restraint on eminent domain, especially at the federal level. It then considers the checkered pattern of recent state legislative actions and judicial decisions, arguing that most state courts are likely to uphold the use of eminent domain for pipelines. It also points out that the same legal arguments used against pipeline construction are being employed to challenge new electric power transmission lines. The article concludes by questioning whether affected landowners and environmental advocates have much in common with respect to the rights of property owners and predicting that any alliance will prove fleeting and tactical.

Review on solar disturbance studies and electric power transmission line fault in Malaysia

<span lang="EN-GB">This work is a review on previous research and studies on the solar disturbance activities and faults that occur on the electric power transmission line. Research has shown that low latitude regions could also be affected by solar disturbance events. The effects of these events on earth are considerable and may cause electric power transmission failure. Geomagnetically induced current is one of the ground impacts to the transmission line, which may cause fault or disturbance and consequently power system failure. Solar disturbance data from magnetometers and electric power transmission line fault data from a digital fault recorder are reviewed in this work. These data would be valuable in determining the characteristics and effects of solar disturbances on Malaysia’s electric power transmission lines.</span>

Modeling of highly structured electromagnetic fields occurring in places of intersection of traction networks and electric power transmission lines

Modeling of highly structured electromagnetic fields occurring in places of intersection of traction networks and electric power transmission lines

Recloser system technology on middle voltage transmission of electric energy

The Needed of Power Electricity in Indonesia always increase every year to year. The demand of development power electricity is needed to be balance with increasing of electric power plant, transmission and distribution line, and infrastructure capabilities, so that distribution of power electricity to consumer go in good manner. One problem that often in distribution and transmission of power electricity is occurred faults in transmission and distribution line system. Our research method is doing observation and interview in collect data, and handling electricity the faults in the fields. the faults occurred in work area of PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Tegal divided by internal and external faults. Internal fault is the occurred faults in equipment of supporting power electricity transmission system like electricity components, electricity equipment, electricity substations, and electricity poles. Meanwhile, external faults divided faults by tree, faults by nature, faults by third party, and faults by kite. The faults are handled by PLN using work procedure (SOP). The contribution of the results of this study to science in the field of energy transmission is an analysis technique to minimize faults of middle voltage transmission of electric energy.

Design of rescue equipment for high altitude electrical operation

In view of the fact that there are few kinds of robots can cross over obstacles in high-altitude electric power operation. Meanwhile, the existing robots are difficult to rescue falling workers, therefore, a robot that can walk over obstacles on the power transmission line is developed to solve the difficulty of high-altitude electric power transmission line rescue. The operating environment of the rescue robot for high-altitude transmission line is analyzed, and the obstacle jumping movement and rescue mode of the rescue robot are planned. The mechanical mechanism of rescue robot is designed. The robot is simple in structure, and can bear 500kg weight. It has strong mobility and wide range of application.

The impact of power lines on phytocenoses of the regional reserve “Uporovsky”, Tyumen Region, Russia

The article reflects the results of anthropogenic impact on phytocenoses of the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region, Russia). On the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region) there is a 110 kV electrical power transmission line (power line) which has the length of 8 kilometers and the right-of-way width of about 30 meters. This power line is undoubtedly the main source of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation in this area. The degree of participation of individual species in the herbage was determined by taking into account their relative abundance. When exposed to the power lines in the right-of-way area, flora biodiversity decreases due to the loss of a number of species. The effect of electromagnetic fields causes transformation of the vegetation cover, synanthropization and the subsequent complete destruction of natural vegetation. To determine the degree of anthropogenic load on the studied phytocenoses, the synanthropization index is determined. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 30 species belonging to 12 families were identified. The synanthropization index of the studied phytocenoses ranges from 6.6% to 81.2%. The largest number of synanthropic species is observed in the anthropogenic area.