Electric Power Distribution Research Articles

Load Balance Forecasting Based on Hybrid Deep Neural Network

Load forecasting is the foundation of utility design, and it is a fundamental business problem in the utility industry. Load forecasting, mainly referring to forecasting electricity demand and energy, is being used throughout all segments of the electric power industry, including generation, transmission, distribution, and retail. In this paper, a long short-term memory network with a hybrid approach is improved with a dense algorithm and proposed for electricity load forecasting. A long short-term memory network is designed to effectively exhibit the dynamic behavior of load time series. The proposed model is tested for Panama study including historical data and weather variables. The prediction accuracy is validated by performance metrics, and the best of the metrics are attained when mean absolute error is 5.262, mean absolute percentage error 0.0000376, and root mean square error 18.243. The experimental results show a high prediction rate for load balance forecasting of electric power consumption.

Surface Structural Changes in Silicone Rubber Due to Electrical Tracking.

There is a growing interest in the use of silicone composite insulators for electrical power transmission and distribution applications. However, such materials are susceptible to degradation as they are exposed to electrical and environmental stresses during operating conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a thorough understanding of the degradation mechanism through changes in the material structure that may provide insight into potential failures in the electrical grid. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were used along with contact angle measurements to characterize changes in silicone rubber samples from actual insulators subjected to tracking wheel testing. The results showed a decrease in absorbance of different infrared bands representing different functional groups, such as Si-O-Si, methyl functional groups, and both Al-O and hydroxyl groups of alumina trihydrate as a function of the number of tracking cycles. The sequence of changes in the functional groups was determined by 2D-COS as Al-O and OH followed by Si-O-Si polymer backbone modes, followed by polymer methyl side chains. An enhancement in the average contact angle with the number of tracking cycles revealed a concomitant increase in surface roughness with electrical tracking.

Protection System of the Electric Power Distribution System of Notre Dame of Marbel University, Koronadal City, South Cotabato

A vital instrument for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of electrical systems is the power system analysis. Protecting people and equipment from errors is part of this. These assessments examine the load, the equipment, and the foreseeable needs. A lack of short-circuit current protection can harm equipment and endanger workers. The main goal of this study is to assess if the various protection devices utilized in the Notre Dame of Marbel University’s Main Campus electrical system comply with the established standards. Through a real survey (opening panel boxes and reviewing the original Electrical Plan), the researcher will ascertain the various protection devices in operation. Two approaches are used to test for short circuits: the MVA method and the per-unit method. When determining fault current, only the three-phase fault is considered in the calculation since it is the one having the largest fault value. Aside from the mentioned, the transformer rating calculations were also done. The resulting data will then be compared to the actual protective devices installed in the building. Short circuit currents must be less than the Kilo Ampere Interrupting Capacity rating of the installed protective devices. In conclusion, after conducting a thorough analysis of the current loading schedule and comparing the results obtained through the MVA and per-unit methods, it is evident that the various installed Overcurrent Protective Devices are operating safely. The calculations revealed a substantial disparity of 35.57% between the two methods. Furthermore, the t-test conducted on paired data confirmed the statistical significance of the differences between these two approaches. With this, the researcher recommends conducting a separate study to verify branch circuit calculations, implementing primary metering, and prioritizing the rehabilitation of the Pantua and Alunan lines to enhance the safety and reliability of the electrical system, particularly in tracing complex branch circuits. Keywords: power system analysis, MVA method, per unit method, comparative analysis, Notre Dame of Marbel University

Reconfiguration of low-voltage distributed power sources within electric power's distribution network based on improved particle swarm-fish swarm fusibility algorithm

With the development of distributed power sources in the distribution network, the algorithm of distribution network reconfiguration is gaining attention from experts and scholars. Its goal is to reduce the power loss during power transmission, so as to reduce the power grid loss during power transmission. And weaken the electric heating effect in the process of electric energy transmission, thus maintaining the safety of the surrounding residents. Due to the wire impedance effect, a lot of electric energy of the circuit is lost to electric heating, which is easy to cause local overheating and lead to fire. This will not only cause power loss, but also endanger the safety of surrounding residents. To address the issue, experiments on distribution grid reconstruction are performed using the enhanced particle swarm-fish swarm algorithm with the Elecgrid self-constructed dataset. Initially, low-voltage distributed power sources in parallel are connected to the circuit, thereby decreasing internal resistance and electrical heat. Then, by controlling the circuit in the system, the double separation relay adjusts the inductance and capacitance of the conductor, thus reducing the reactance length. Additionally, particle swarm particles are mutated to enable them to jump out of the local optimum, and elite fish approach is used to expand the search area. Finally, the proposed fusion algorithm is applied to the self-built data set of Elecgrid and compared with the other three algorithms. The fusion algorithm serves as the standard test system for this comparison. The active power loss of the hybrid algorithm is 63 kW at an operating voltage of 0.74 V. The loss work of the other three algorithms is 74 kW, 97 kW and 109 kW respectively. The mixed algorithm has the lowest loss among the four algorithms. The experiments are repeated for six times, and the linear fitting degrees of the four algorithms are 0.9804, 0.9527, 0.9612 and 0.9503, respectively. The experimental results show that the application of this algorithm can effectively reduce the active loss in the process of distribution network reconfiguration, thus reducing energy consumption; At the same time, it can reduce the electric heating in the process of electric energy transmission, and then prevent the occurrence of fire. There are three main contributions of this study. Firstly, the resistance in the transmission path is reduced by using this algorithm, so that the power transmission efficiency can be analyzed more accurately. Secondly, the new algorithm enriches the power safety maintenance method; Finally, the fire caused by local overheating of the line is reduced by fusion algorithm.

External Multi-Gap Lightning Arrester Modeling Using the Integration Method

Electric power distribution networks are exposed to both internal and external disturbances. Lightning strikes are among the latter and are responsible for a significant percentage of damage in distribution transformers, especially in rural areas. Electric utilities must pay special attention to prevent damage and service interruption due to these unforeseeable events. In this context, Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) combined with a series of external air gaps are designed to safeguard electric equipment and systems from transient over-voltages. There are several well-known models of SPDs in the specialized literature; nonetheless, few studies have been carried out with external gaps and multi-gaps. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology to model the disruptive effect in an external air gap by determining the parameters of Kind’s and Chowdhuri’s models using the integration method. The adjustment of the model parameters is carried out by a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed model was tested and validated using experimental measurements, and its capability to predict the time-to-breakdown under different impulse voltages was verified.

Sympathetic Trip Analysis in Distribution System of PLTU and PLTA Nagan Raya

At the PT unit, PLN (Persero), there is an issue with the 20 kV electric power distribution system, such as feeder disruption. As a result, many felt sorry for the feeders of PLTA Krueng Isep and PLTU Nagan Raya, whose consumers were without power for extended periods of time. Of course, it can impact how well a business performs, particularly in terms of service and electrical revenue. In order to examine the causes of Sympathetic, study is required. In order to conduct the research, data on disturbances are gathered, tests are run, simulation results are analyzed using the ETAP application, non-directional relays are swapped out for directional relays, protection coordination is reset, and evaluation is done. The findings of this study have the potential to improve performance at PT. PLN (Persero) and decrease or even completely eradicate the incidence of sympathy in the 20 kV distribution network.

A new deformable self-clinching fastener

This work proposes a novel deformable self-clinching fastener for producing hidden lap joints suitable for both structural and electric power distribution applications. The fastener, characterized by an axisymmetric concave shape, is employed to fabricate hybrid busbar joints between electrically conductive strips of different materials and thicknesses. The self-clinching process with the new deformable fastener involves machining dovetail holes in both conductors and applying a squeezing force to the fastener to create a form-closed mechanical joint. The work encompasses both experimental investigations and numerical modeling using finite element analysis and is carried out on unit cells made from aluminum and copper conductors, which are representative of the joining process. The investigation evaluates force requirements, conducts destructive testing, and performs thermo-electric characterization of the new joints to conclude on the suitability of the new deformable self-clinching fastener for electric power distribution applications. Results indicate that while copper fasteners necessitate greater squeezing forces, they offer superior mechanical and thermo-electrical performance compared to aluminum fasteners in hybrid busbar joints.

Sustainability of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Roadway for In-Motion Electric Vehicle Charging

Numerous articles have been written regarding the potential affects that electric vehicle (EV) charging stations can have on power distribution systems. With the advent to adopt a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) roadway charging infrastructure, there lies a potential for hazardous effects to occur. Therefore, this paper presents a novel methodology to analyze the sustainability and the potential effects that a DWPT roadway can have on electric power distribution grid. Historical traffic flow (HTF) data is converted using a Monte Carlo method to develop an EV traffic flow (EV-TF). Then, a full DWPT simulation of a 1-mile and 10-mile roadway is performed to determine the power fluctuations that can occur as different densities of EVs traverse the roadway. This method creates simulations using an IEEE 33-Bus power distribution system to evaluate if a DWPT roadway for in-motion EV charging causes voltage magnitudes to fluctuate beyond operational standards.

Implementation of Early Warning System on SMART VU SCADA PT PLN (Persero) With LED Warning Lights

Electric power distribution is a crucial element in meeting the needs of the community, especially in the workshop and electronic equipment repair sector. The transmission process aims to optimize efficiency and reduce power losses. PT PLN (Persero) UP2D SUMBAR has a high commitment in responding to the needs of the community, related to the distribution of electricity, especially in the 20 KV distribution network. Although it already uses two Early Warning Systems connected to SMART VU SCADA, the DCC room alarm sound is disabled to minimize noise. Therefore, this research focuses on implementing an additional Early Warning System with LED warning lights. The research methodology includes literature study, initial testing (Experimental Method), system design, hardware design, second testing (successful/unsuccessful), direct testing in the DCC room, and analysis of results. It is expected that this research can improve alarm notifications, speed up dispatcher response time, and increase vigilance in handling disturbances in the 20 KV distribution network.

Impact of EV charging on electrical distribution network and mitigating solutions – A review

AbstractRapidly increasing uptake of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is expected to have a significant impact on electrical power distribution networks. Considerable work has been carried out to understand this impact and quantify the distribution networks hosting capacity, with and without network management solutions. However, the current body of knowledge does not have a comprehensive review of the research done to‐date on this topic which is vital to understand the scope of the existing studies, the data used in analysing the impact, and, most importantly, the findings. A comprehensive yet focused review of impact of EV charging on distribution networks is presented by delving into the main factors restricting EV hosting capacity and the strategies used to maximise EV hosting capacity by managing the aforementioned impacts. The authors comprehensively summarise the approaches used to quantify the impact, network and data types, and the proposed solutions to increase network hosting capacity. Moreover, the shortcomings in the existing work are identified and recommendations for future research are provided to help stakeholders understand the current state‐of‐the‐art, make informed decisions, and to be considered by future researchers.

Metaheuristic‐based graded objective function strategy for optimal thyristor‐controlled series capacitors estimation in weak distribution systems with uncertain distributed generation

AbstractThis study proposes an optimal approach for enhancing the quality of a weak electrical power distribution system by utilizing thyristor‐controlled series capacitors (TCSC). The proposed approach considers various system components, including shunt capacitors and distributed generators that rely on renewable energy sources, which are characterized by uncertainty due to changing weather conditions. The proposed system maximizes the benefits of these components by updating its parameters to improve the distribution power system's quality under all operating conditions, which change due to the varying energy generated by the distributed generators and load changes. The optimal TCSC values are calculated for all operating conditions using the Hyper‐Spherical Search with graded objective functions management strategy (HSSA‐GOFMS) algorithm. The GOFMS converts all restrictions into objective functions with limits and prioritizes the search for objectives according to a sequential system of priorities. This strategy prevents the possibility of non‐convergence. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving the performance quality of a weak electrical distribution system. The proposed strategy achieves the target voltage level limits within nominal values, even with the interference of the system with generators distributed at variable power levels. Furthermore, the proposed approach enhances the performance quality of the system under a wide range of load changes.

Design of 3-Phase Load Dividing Automatic System with Naive Bayes Method

The electric power distribution system is a process for distributing electricity from a 150 kV electric power transmission system to consumers, both 20 kV consumers and 380/220 V consumers. The problem that often occurs in the electric power distribution system at PT.X is load imbalance due to the different consumption power on each phase, so a neutral current appears. The current flowing in the neutral phase will cause power losses. Based on these problems, a load balancing device was made for a three-phase network with the standard SPLN No. 17 of 2014, namely the magnitude of the value of the current imbalance between the phases may not exceed 25%. This tool is also equipped with an overcurrent protection system and a tapping phase limitation system to support the performance of the load-balancing device on a three-phase network. The method used is the Naive Bayes method. The naïve Bayes method calculates the current parameters in the R, S, T, and N phases. The classification results will be used as a reference for activating the tapping phase system and the protection system. This system uses Internet of Things technology to monitor neutral current, current and voltage values in phases R, S and T, and power loss values. Based on the test results, when there is an imbalance of 30.20%, a neutral current of 1.20A appears, causing a power loss of 0.17W. After the tapping phase is carried out, the percentage of unbalance is reduced to 12.20%, the neutral current is 0.45A, and the power losses are 0.02W.

Analysis of fault current contributions from small‐scale single‐phase photovoltaic inverters and their impacts on the protection of electric power distribution systems

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the fault current contributions of small‐scale single‐phase photovoltaic inverters under grid‐connected operation and their potential impact on the protection of distribution systems. To conduct this analysis, an autotransformer‐based voltage dip generator is proposed as a means to test the photovoltaic inverters' contribution to short‐circuit currents. Laboratory tests are then performed to obtain the short‐circuit current contribution of eight single‐phase photovoltaic inverters. Using the short‐circuit current data obtained, a behaviour model is developed and simulated on Matlab‐Simulink. The model is then applied to a real distribution system and case studies are conducted to simulate the potential impacts on the protection system. Results indicate that while the massive penetration of small‐scale single‐phase photovoltaic inverters can alter the protection system's operating time, the impacts are not significant. Only in very specific scenarios, such as events related to high impedance faults, some impact can be observed. In these situations, the presence of photovoltaic inverters further complicates the already difficult task of identifying high impedance faults through conventional overcurrent protections. This study provides valuable insights into the integration of photovoltaic inverters into distribution systems, and can aid in the development of effective protection measures for future grid designs.

Arrangement for reliable power supply to emergency commercial customers with techno-economic performance improvement of PV enhanced distribution systems

Accelerating engagement of distributed energy resources unleashed the dependency on traditional electric power generation. To reduce the craving for traditional power dependency and unplanned outages the power distribution sectors are gradually adopting cleaner and reliable electrification. However, the unscheduled and unorganized engagement of stochastic generation from renewable energy sources (RES) makes the distribution system operation more vulnerable. For reliable and continuous power supply with RES, scheduled operation of BSSs and power capacitor (CAP) units can be integrated to provide emergency power supply support to consumers. In this paper, the supply of continuous and reliable power to commercial and emergency customers has been investigated subject to complete reliability (CR). The benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) has been maximized to give reliable power to consumers by the minimum investment cost by utility, which can benefit both electric customers and power distribution operators in a single platform. The maximization of BCR has been evaluated by optimal S-CDS of the BSSs and S-S of CAP units’ operation through the PSO technique in the considered 28-bus active distribution network in different seasons. The techno-economic benefit of integrating only BSSs and BSSs with CAP units in the prospective locations has been analyzed. The improvement in battery life and decrease in SAENS, SADPL, and SADD have been obtained, which shows the efficacy of the proposed work.

Real-Time Data Acquisition and Monitoring of Three Phase Load Balance in Electricity Distribution

A real-time monitoring mechanism for three-phase electrical power distribution panels is essentially needed to ensure that the power is evenly distributed across all phases, so that the efficiency of energy usage could be maintained. This paper presents monitoring and data acquisition system for three-phase balance distribution. The system ensures balanced distribution of electrical power in order to enhance the efficiency and reliability of power systems. It leverages advanced technologies to collect, analyze, and report data, providing valuable insights into the performance of the power distribution network. Data acquisition is established by using sensor PZEM004T to measure the electricity parameters which is integrated with Arduino microcontroller. In addition, real-time monitoring system is visualized through dashboard data management for more informative data acquisition and analytic purposes. The performance is evaluated by testing the instrument and application at a distribution panel within a span of five days to monitor electrical parameters. The results show that real-time monitoring system for three phase balance works perfectly to provide actual data and phase balance condition. The phase imbalance values are higher during the peak working hours where the loads are dynamics and extensively used.

Multi-objective optimization of planning single-tuned harmonic filter utilizing interactive forest algorithm

This paper proposes an interactive forest algorithm for planning single-tuned harmonic filters for electric power distribution systems. The planning of harmonic filters is a complex problem that must consider multiple objectives, including minimizing the total cost of installed filters and the individual and total harmonic distortion while adhering to operational constraints, such as the voltage drop, the current loading and the harmonic limits. Moreover, system perturbations must be considered, such as frequency variations. This paper proposes a new method for multi-objective optimization of planning single-tuned harmonic filters utilizing the proposed interactive forest algorithm with a non-differentiable multi-objective function involving continuous and discrete variables. A multi-objective optimization technique based on the proposed interactive forest algorithm is proposed. In the interactive approach, planners set expectations for each objective and use the forest algorithm to figure out the optimization problems. The results of the Pareto Front are analyzed and the answers are searched through the interactive process to identify a solution that meets the planner’s expectations, allowing for practical compromise or satisfactory solutions. A case study is reported to show the superiority of the proposed method.

Study of the Dynamic Behavior of a DSTATCOM Installed in a Distribution Network in Case of Single and Multiphase Short Circuit

This paper investigated the behavior of a DSTATCOM in the face of contingencies that may arise in an electrical power distribution network. It shows that DSTATCOM is an effective attenuator to limit the impacts of perturbations on the distribution network. The model equations are simulated in a MATLAB environment and have shown that the exactitude of the network parameters is a key determinant of the resilience of a disrupted distribution network in the presence of an optimally positioned DSTATCOM at a node. The capacitive current of the DSTATCOM increases inversely with a bad power factor and a critical voltage drop. The DSTATCOM in a network is therefore more solicited when the operating parameters of this network degrade as a result of single-phase or multiphase short circuits. Distribution system operators must therefore design protection plans that truly and sustainably limit the impacts of short circuits on distribution systems.

Discernment of transformer oil stray gassing anomalies using machine learning classification techniques

This work examines the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to evaluate dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data to quickly identify incipient faults in oil-immersed transformers (OITs). Transformers are pivotal equipment in the transmission and distribution of electrical power. The failure of a particular unit during service may interrupt a massive number of consumers and disrupt commercial activities in that area. Therefore, several monitoring techniques are proposed to ensure that the unit maintains an adequate level of functionality in addition to an extended useful lifespan. DGA is a technique commonly employed for monitoring the state of OITs. The understanding of DGA samples is conversely unsatisfactory from the perspective of evaluating incipient faults and relies mainly on the proficiency of test engineers. In the current work, a multi-classification model that is centered on ML algorithms is demonstrated to have a logical, precise, and perfect understanding of DGA. The proposed model is used to analyze 138 transformer oil (TO) samples that exhibited different stray gassing characteristics in various South African substations. The proposed model combines the design of four ML classifiers and enhances diagnosis accuracy and trust between the transformer manufacturer and power utility. Furthermore, case reports on transformer failure analysis using the proposed model, IEC 60599:2022, and Eskom (Specification—Ref: 240-75661431) standards are presented. In addition, a comparison analysis is conducted in this work against the conventional DGA approaches to validate the proposed model. The proposed model demonstrates the highest degree of accuracy of 87.7%, which was produced by Bagged Trees, followed by Fine KNN with 86.2%, and the third in rank is Quadratic SVM with 84.1%.

Pengaruh Pembebanan Terhadap Efisiensi Transformator Distribusi Di PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut

Transformer efficiency is defined as the ratio of the incoming power to the outgoing electric power. Even so the ideal transformer has 100% efficiency, this ideal transformer does not exist, because the energy that goes out is always less than the energy that goes in, meaning that there is energy loss. Load imbalance in an electric power distribution system always occurs and the imbalance is in single-phase loads in low-voltage network subscribers. Due to the load imbalance, a current appears in the neutral of the transformer. Perform analysis and compare efficiency. Analysis of used load capacity is not efficient. Analysis of the results of current and voltage measurements at the substation to obtain efficiency, and transformer losses in day and night conditions using LWBP and WBP methods. In this study, observations were made regarding the transformer efficiency analysis using the Outside Peak Load Time (LWBP) and Peak Load Time (WBP) methods. The LWBP method is carried out during the day for 20 hours, while the WBP method is carried out at night for 4 hours, from 18.00 to 22.00. Then measurements were made at PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut. For the highest percentage of loading which is close to the standard of 80%, namely the afternoon loading at the PDDK substation, which is 50.93%, the load used is 50.93 kVA. The night load at the CITL substation is 77.49%, the load used is 77.49 kVA. For the lowest percentage of loading that deviates from the standard 80%, namely the daytime loading at the SJRK substation, which is 16.32%, the load used is 16.32 kVA. The night load at the SJRK substation is 21.52%, the load used is 21.52 kVA. Based on observations, it is not efficient because the unused load is very large, it is recommended to use a smaller transformer capacity. The highest efficiency in the LWBP method is at the CITK substation 97.87%, the lowest at the PDDK substation 94.55%. The highest efficiency in the WBP method is at SJRK substations 95.5%, the lowest at PDDK substations is 92.1%.

Efficient cloud-based digital-physical testing method for feeder automation system in electrical power distribution network

Efficient cloud-based digital-physical testing method for feeder automation system in electrical power distribution network