Electrical Machinery Industry Research Articles

중국과 미국의 첨단산업 국제경쟁력 분석에 관한 연구

Purpose - With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and globalization, the competition in high-tech industry has become increasingly fierce, and China and the United States, as the world's two largest economies, have attracted much attention in the field of high-tech industry. This study analyzes the international competitiveness of high-tech industries targeting China and the United States. Design/Methodology/Approach - MS (Market Share) index, RSCA (Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage) index, and TSI (Trade Specialization Index) were calculated for nine high-tech industries in China and the United States. The analysis period was 2010, 2015, and 2020, and the analysis data used data from UN Comtrade and WDI industry statistics. Findings - The analysis shows that China has an advantage over the United States in the computer office machinery, telecommunications, electrical machinery, and chemical industries, while the United States has an advantage in the pharmaceutical, scientific instruments, non-electrical machinery, and military industries. In the aerospace industry, both the United States and China are inferior, but the United States appears to have an advantage over China. Research Implications - The competitive relationship between China and the United States in the field of high-tech industries not only affects the economies of the two countries, it also profoundly influences the world industrial structure and innovation. Therefore, an in-depth study of the international competitiveness of China and the United States in the field of high-tech industries is of great significance.

Qualitative-environmental aspects of products improvement in SMEs from V4 countries

Abstract Sustainable development has caused companies to try to adapt their activities to changing customer expectations, but also to climate change. This poses a particular challenge for SMEs from developing countries. Therefore, the objective of the investigation was to analyse the qualitative-environmental aspects of the improvement of the products in SMEs from the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4). The results analysed constituted a research sample of 379 companies in the electrical machinery industry (machine processing industry), which were obtained in the period from March to September 2023 through a targeted survey. The area of analysis included, e.g.: (i) environmental issues of selected areas of activity, (ii) measures of environmental activity, and (iii) selected qualitative-environmental aspects. Analyses of the research results were carried out using quantitative and qualitative analyses, including comparative analyses, e.g. regarding the implementation status of ISO 14001, EMAS, and ISO 9001. These techniques were used: word cloud, ANOVA test and Mann Whitney U test at the significance level of α=0.05. It has been shown that SMEs in V4 countries focus their activities on improving products to improve their quality rather than limiting their negative environmental impact. Originality of the research is the identification of significant differences in the qualitative-environmental aspects undertaken when SMEs from V4 countries. Research results may contribute to the development activities more effective and coherent in the V4 countries, to achieve a stable and competitive advantage on the market as part of the qualitative and environmental improvement of the products. The research results and the conclusions drawn from them can be used by scientists and practitioners to shape the target states of enterprises in the period of increasing involvement in proecological ideas.

Factors Determining the Choice of Pro-Ecological Products among Generation Z

(1) Background: This article aims to present the factors influencing purchasing decisions by Generation Z respondents (from Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) relating to pro-ecological products from the electrical machinery industry. Additionally, a model was created allowing us to determine whether the pro-environmental approach is associated with other purchase determinants identified in the factor analysis. (2) Methods: Verification of the objective was carried out using, i.a., a survey method, Delphi and factor analysis, econometric modeling, and the Kruskal–Wallis test. (3) Results: The most significant factors declared by respondents from Generation Z of the V4 countries influencing pro-quality and pro-environmental purchasing decisions from this industry were product price (3.959), previous personal experience with the product (3.959), expected product life (durability) (3.809), and individual customer needs (3.615). The least important determinants were the period for which the product was on the market (2.843) then, surprisingly, product packaging (2.902), and ecolabel (2.921). (4) Conclusions: Interpreting the resulting model, it can be concluded that as the assessment of knowledge and experience as well as the assessment of the brand and image increased, the assessment of the importance of pro-ecological factors also increased. Branding and image are more linked to environmental activities.

Comparison analysis of pro-quality and pro-environmental approaches to products improving in SMEs from the Visegrad Group Countries

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to perform an in-depth comparative analysis of pro-quality and pro-environmental approaches to the products improvement in SMEs (belonging to the electrical machinery industry industry) from V4 countries. Design/methodology/approach: An in-depth comparative analysis of pro-quality and pro-environmental approaches to product improvement was carried out in SMEs from V4 countries. Based on previous research (survey research conducted from March to September 2023 including 379 SMEs from V4 countries), two benchmarks for these approaches were developed and further analysed. Statistical analyses were used, i.e. Box-and-whisker chart and Wilcoxon paired test in STATISTICA 13.3. on the level of significance p<0.05. Findings: It was shown that SME entrepreneurs from V4 countries have a relatively similar approach to the improvement of pro-quality and pro-environmental products. The pro-quality approach is more important than pro-environmental in case of product improvement. Practical implications: Research results can be the basis for defining more precise directions for the development of SMEs in V4 countries and increasing cooperation between consortium regions in the development of product production in line with the idea of sustainable development and current customer expectations. Social implications: The results can have a positive impact on public attitudes, mainly entrepreneurs from SMEs, but not only in making further efforts to improve the quality of products while reducing the negative impact on the environment. This behavior may contribute to increased customer satisfaction with purchased products, but also to the development of the economies of the V4 countries and to meeting the requirements of sustainable development. Originality/value: Originality of the research includes determining the current approach of SMEs in the electrical machinery industry in V4 countries to meeting customer expectations regarding product quality, while striving to achieve environmentally friendly products. Keywords: V4, Visegrad Group, product quality, environmental impact, sustainable development, SMEs, production engineering. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Pro-environmental improving products Qualityin SMEs from the Visegrad Group Countries (V4)

Purpose: The aim of the article was to analyse the pro-environmental approach to products improvement by SMEs from the Visegrad Group (V4) countries. Design/methodology/approach: The research was survey. The survey research was carried out in traditional (paper) and electronic form (MS FORMS). The survey was directed at electronic industries (machinery processing) belonging to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from V4 countries. The results presented in the article refer to sample size of 379 SMEs, obtained between March and September 2023. Results were analysed in statistical way, i.e.: ANOVA test and Mann Whitney U test by significance level equal to α = 0.05. Findings: SMEs in V4 countries have a similar approach to pro-environmental improving of products. It was shown that pro-environmental activities of SMEs from the V4 countries, the lowest consistency of assessments occurs in the following countries: Poland and Slovakia, Poland and Hungary, Slovakia and Hungary. Practical implications: The research results may contribute to more effective and coherent development activities of SMEs in the V4 countries as part of their sustainable development, and also to take appropriate actions that will be supporting qualitative and environmental products. Social implications: The results can help SME entrepreneurs improve their products to protect the natural environment. In addition, they can be the basis for the development of SMEs from the V4 countries and their unidirectional development, which includes not only improving the quality of products, but also caring for the environment. Originality/value: The originality of the research is the determination of the current pro-environmental approach to product improvement in SMEs in the V4 countries. The novelty is the provision of current data on the importance of improving pro-environmental products in SMEs from the V4 countries and their comparison between companies in the electrical machinery industry. Keywords: Visegrad Group (V4), SMEs, environment, quality, product improvement, production engineering. Category of the paper: Research paper.

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS – HOW CUSTOMERS FROM GENERATION Z IN V4 COUNTRIES ASSESS THIS APPROACH

Funding information: International Visegrad Fund Grant Number IVF 22230264. This article presents the results of a survey conducted in the first half of 2023. A total of 812 questionnaires were obtained from current and potential consumers (individual and B2B) in the Visegrad countries. The survey’s goal was to find out how consumers perceive and evaluate the quality and pro-ecological factors/challenges of the products of the electrical machinery industry, in the context of their declared personal purchases. Among other things, it sought to establish the actions consumers expect from manufacturers if they want to increase the market share of good-quality and environmentally friendly products. Improvements to the quality of products, with reductions in their negative environmental impact throughout their life cycle, were noticed most in Hungary and Poland. In all countries surveyed, consumers agreed most strongly with the statement that to increase the market share of good quality and environmentally friendly products, producers should enable recycling, disposal, and so on, and improve the availability of information.

LIQUIDITY AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF SELECT ELECTRICAL MACHINERY COMPANIES IN INDIA

This research is based on secondary data collected from the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy's official directory and database, such as 'PROWESS IQ’. The samples are selected based on purposive sampling and the study includes sales volume the top 10 companies out of 258 companies that are listed in Electrical Machinery Industry in India. The study covers a period of ten financial years, from 2011-12 to 2020-21, and uses techniques tools such as Mean, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation, Ratio Analysis and Altman Z-Score. The primary goal of a business enterprise is to make a profit. Profit is a powerful intermediate guiding light for influencing a company capital. The objectives of this study are to analyse liquidity and understand profitability position. As a result shows Current Assets are stronger (2.21) than the Current Liabilities (1), Liquid Assets are (1.79) more than the Current Liabilities 1.00, high mean value (24.91) Inventory Turnover Ratio implies that higher Sales, Working Capital Turnover Ratio (4.45) indicates a company with a strong financial foundation in terms of liquidity. Mean value (5.71) Debtors Turnover Ratio is too high, indicated that the companies in financial distress and unable to pay the Debtors, (18.85) highest Gross Profit Ratio indicates that the company's profit, (2.97) Net Profit Ratio indicates that the business Selling and Distribution expenses are under control. Voltamp Transformers Ltd, Cummins Generator Technologies India Pvt. Ltd and Schneider Electric Infrastructure Ltd Companies is placed in too healthy zone. The Powerica Ltd, C & S Electric Ltd and Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd companies are in “Distress Zone”. The researcher recommends improving the current ratio to increase current assets by raising shareholder funds and to improve net profit decrease in operating cost. These measures will help selected Electrical Machinery companies in India increase their profitability in the future.

Research on the Digital Economy Boosting the High-Quality Development of Manufacturing in Underdeveloped Areas—Taking Kaifeng City as an Example

This paper measures and empirically analyzes the effect of digital economy on the high quality development of manufacturing industry in Kaifeng City from the significance and problems of digital economy on the high quality development of manufacturing industry by using Super-SBM model, principal component analysis method and Tobit model. The results show that: 1) From 2012 to 2020, the manufacturing industry in Kaifeng City, except for the negative growth of electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, the overall and its sub-sectors are growing in fluctuation and fluctuation. 2) The digital economy of Kaifeng City is in a period of rapid development from 2012 to 2020, leapfrogging from the low level stage in 2012 to the medium level stage in 2020. 3) The digital economy can significantly contribute to the high-quality development of manufacturing, but the strength of the boosting effect is not large. 4) Under different factor intensity, there is industry heterogeneity in the digital economy on the high-quality development of manufacturing industry, and the magnitude of its influence is capital-intensive manufacturing > labor-intensive manufacturing > technology-intensive manufacturing in order. Finally, we propose the path and countermeasures for the digital economy to promote the high-quality development of manufacturing industry in less developed regions.

Impact of COVID-19 on energy use patterns and renewable energy development in Taiwan

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activities in the various sectors due to different levels of lockdown like border closure, stay at home, and social distancing. In this regard, energy use patterns are bound to change. The objective of this paper was to analyze the changes of energy supply and energy consumption in Taiwan through the official database due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter (Q1) of 2020. In addition, some governmental measures were addressed in response to COVID-19 impacts on renewable energy development, especially in off-shore wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV). It was revealed that the results of the change analysis in energy supply and energy consumption were in line with those in the literature. The Taiwan’s energy supply and energy consumption showed a decrease by 4.7% and 4.3% on a year-on-year basis (YoY), respectively. More consistently, the petroleum consumption per capita indicated a decreasing trend at this period, but the electricity consumption per capita showed an upward increase over the Q1 of past decade (2010–2020). However, the electricity consumption slightly increased by 2.2% mainly due to the increase of the electrical and electronic machinery industry in the industrial sector for the strong demand in overseas markets. In addition, the electricity consumption in the residential sector also increased by 5.1% in response to the lockdown measures like stay-at-home learning and working. Apart from the epidemic prevention measures for assisting the off-shore power project constructions, some financial and economic relief measures have been taken to mitigate the COVID-19 impacts on the renewable energy (RE) development, especially in solar PV system.

Application of Big Data Complexity Analysis Hedging Operation of Derivative Financial Products

This study is based on the situation of Taiwan listed companies as derivative financial products from 2015 to 2017, analyzing the relationship between the hedging of derivative financial products and characteristics of enterprises and the factors that affect the hedging decision-making of companies. It is found that even after the announcement of Taiwan’s No. 34 and No. 36 bulletins, there are still some problems that are needed to improve in the disclosure of derivative financial product investment information by Taiwan’s listed companies, at least in the disclosure of the reasons for this conduct which is still insufficient. In this study, two-stage regression analysis method is applied to empirical analysis, and it is found that hedging activities are related to corporate characteristics, such as expected financial crisis costs, corporate size, equity issues, growth investment opportunities, and information asymmetry. In the investment of derivative financial products, enterprises should evaluate their own financial characteristics as a reference for the risk avoidance decision. At the same time, it is necessary to investigate different natures of hedging tools used in appropriate risk categories, so as to fully achieve the hedging effect and maximize the hedging benefits. This study also found that companies with higher growth investment opportunities, larger size, and higher financial crisis costs will tend to use derivative financial products for hedging. As for the impact of other industries, it is found that the electronic and electrical machinery industries are more active than other industries in hedging behaviors of undertaking derivative financial products’ transaction.

The sustainability and the survivability of Kyoto's traditional craft industry revealed from supplier-customer network.

Due to the changes in consumer demand and generational transformations, Kyoto’s traditional craft industry has suffered substantial revenue losses in recent years. This research aimed to characterize Kyoto’s traditional craft industry by analyzing the supplier-customer network involving individual firms within the Kyoto region. In the process, we clarify the community structure, key firms, network topological characteristics, bow-tie structure, robustness, the vulnerability of the supplier-customer network as crucial factors for sustainable growth. The community and bow-tie structure analysis became clear that the traditional craft industry continues to occupy an important position in Kyoto’s industrial network. Furthermore, we clarify the relationship between modern and traditional craft industries’ network characteristics and their relative profitability and productivity. It became evident that the traditional craft industry has a different network structure from the modern consumer games and electric machinery industries. The modern industries have the strongly coupled component, and the attendant firms there create high value-added and play a significant role in driving the entire industry, while more traditional craft industries, such as the Nishijin silk fabrics and Kyoto doll industries, do not have this strongly coupled component. Moreover, the traditional crafts industry does not have a central firm or a dense network for integrating information, which is presumed to be a factor in the decline of the traditional craft industry.

Re-emergence of Asia and the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economy in Super Long Waves of Capitalist World Systems

ABSTRACTAfter the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, we are facing the beginning of the end of the post-war capitalist world system. The 1920s was in the middle of the social, political and economic interregnum, a period of discontinuity in the social order, accompanied by widespread unrest, wars and power vacuums. In this article, that framework of the long and super long waves in the capitalist world systems is used to examine the recent interregnum that marks the re-emergence of Asia. Within the framework of the long and super long waves a new “flying geese” theory is built by incorporating the theory of dynamic industries with Akamatsu’s theory. In the 1980s, Japanese integral production architecture improved quality and productivity in the automobile and electrical machinery industries. In the 1990s, the USA’s open modular production architecture enabled China’s compressed industrialisation, and the China-centric Asian production network replaced the Japan-led Pacific Rim triangular trade regime. In the 2000s, the knowledge-and technology-intensive (KTI) industries have established themselves as the new dynamic industries. The USA is the leading country to develop KTI industries. China is catching up quickly and has leapfrogged Japan in KTI industries. In conclusion, it is argued that these changes mark an approaching second interregnum.

전기용 기계산업과 철강산업의 사내하청 비교

일본에서는 1990년대부터 새로운 형태의 사내하청이 전기와 자동차부품 제조분야에서 확대되고 있다. 이들 하청업체는 스스로의 공장과 설비를 보유하지 않은 채, 원청 기업의 생산라인에 인력을 공급하는 것을 주된 사업으로 하고 있다. 여기서 일하는 노동자의 경우는 저임금, 미숙련, 단기근속 등 주변노동자의 특징을 보인다. 또한, 원청회사는 다수의 하청업체를 사용하고 하청업체는 불특정 다수의 고객으로부터 수주받는 등 상호관계성이 희박한 기업 간 관계가 관찰된다. 이들 요소는 상호 간에 보완적인 것으로 생각된다.BR 한편 철강업의 하청업체도 초기 단계에서는 이러한 특징을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 오늘날에 이르는 과정에서 하청업체는 그 규모와 업무 범위를 확대시키는 동시에 노동자의 고용조건을 개선해 왔다. 실제 1960년대 중반 이후 원청회사의 본공 노동자 인원합리화와 사업규모 확대 등을 계기로 고로(高炉) 회사의 하청업체 육성 및 관리가 본격화했다. 이 육성 및 관리에 있어서 경영진과 영업책임자뿐만 아니라 현장 레벨의 조직 또한 깊이 관여하는 특징이 관찰된다.BR 철강 하청업의 전후사를 이해함의 경우 경영 측의 시책과 더불어 노동조합의 역할에도 주목할 필요가 있다. 1960년대부터 철강노련의 지도하에 하청노조의 춘투공동투쟁이 시작되었고, 1970년대에는 그 체제가 보다 정비되었다. 하청노조의 춘투공동투쟁은 임금의 베이스업과 함께 그 수준을 평준화하는 작용을 했다. 이 임금투쟁 과정에서 철강노련이라는 산업별노조가 수행한 역할은 컸다.BR 이상, 전후의 철강 하청업의 역사에 있어서는 희박한 기업 간 관계, 저임금, 미숙련, 단기근속과 같은 악순환을 극복하는 힘이 노사 쌍방으로부터 작용했다고 볼 수 있다.BR 현재의 제조 하청에 있어서는 이런 힘이 약하다고 하지 않을 수 없다. 여기서는 불특정 다수를 고객으로 하는 비즈니스 모델이 채택되고 있으며, 노동조합의 조직화도 미약하다. 따라서 짧은 기간 안에 철강의 하청업과 같은 모습이 재현되리라고는 기대하기 힘들다.그러나 일부에서는 철강업에서 보인 바와 같이 현장조직에 의한 하청업체 종업원의 육성이 이루어지고 있다. 또한, 거래비용을 절감하기 위해 하청업체의 선별·집중화도 진행되고 있다. 이러한 움직임에 유의해 향후 하청업체의 노사가 원청회사와의 관계를 심화시키고, 또한 노동조건을 개선시킬 수 있을지 주목할 필요가 있다.

Structure and Performance of Capital Goods Industry in India during the Pre-reform and Post-reform Period

Capital goods are considered as a backbone of the manufacturing industry since independence. India has adopted various policies to improve the capital goods industries. Have capital goods industries grown over the years? Whether its share has improved within the manufacturing amongst use-based industries? Do the partial and total productivities of capital goods industries improve in the postreform period as compared to the pre-reform period? These were the main issues taken up in the present study. Thus capital goods industries were classified into four sub-sectors-electronics industries, electrical machinery industries, non-electrical machinery industries and transport equipment industries consisting of 22 industries. Using industry-level ASI data, a fresh insight has been presented over the capital goods sector for 35 years long-run time period (from period 1980–81 to 2013–14) which is further divided into the pre-reform and post-reform period. For the detailed analysis of structural changes, shares of the capital goods sector are estimated for use-based classification of manufacturing industries. Further, the paper also provides detailed insights into performance through shares, trend growth rates and partial productivities at the aggregate and disaggregates level. The estimated indicated a decline in trend growth at the aggregate level of capital goods sector in terms of gross value added in all sub-sectors of the capital goods sector. Using the Translog index of growth accounting method, some industries showed a slight increase in total factor productivity growth in the post-reform period. However, at the aggregate level, Total Factor Productivity growth of capital goods sector declined in the post-reform period as compared to the pre-reform period.

Association between blood lead level and blood pressure: An occupational population-based study in Jiangsu province, China.

Studies about the association between lead exposure and the elevation of blood pressure and risk of hypertension are varied, while available data on blood lead levels (BLL) in workers with lead-exposure are scarce. This research aimed to evaluate associations between BLL and blood pressure in an occupational population-based study in Jiangsu province, China. We enrolled 21,688 workers in this study. Information on socioeconomic and occupational background was obtained with face-to-face interviews. BLL, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured, and hypertension status was confirmed. We found that workers in mini-factories had the highest average BLL (20.3 μg/dL; 95% CI, 19.0–21.6 μg/dL) for overall participants. The employees in private factories had higher BLL (9.6 μg/dL; 95% CI, 9.5–9.8 μg/dL). However, BLL was much lower (4.0 μg/dL; 95%CI, 3.7–4.2 μg/dL) in state-owned factories. Participants working in the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry had higher BLL (9.1 μg/dL; 95% CI, 9.0–9.3μg/dL). Compared to those workers with ≤ 4.6 μg/dL BLL, workers with > 17.5 μg/dL BLL presented 1.34 mmHg and 0.70 mmHg average difference in SBP and DBP, respectively. The adjusted OR for hypertension was 1.11 (95%CI, 1.08–1.15) compared to the workers with > 17.5 μg/dL BLL and to those with ≤ 4.6 μg/dL BLL. In summary, we found that BLL was positively associated with SBP and DBP and with the morbidity of hypertension in occupational populations with a high concentration of lead exposure. It is important to formulate new standards of blood lead levels to screen for elevated lead exposure. In addition, a series of new systems of risk assessment should be established to further reduce and prevent lead exposure.

The Jump Dynamics of the Industry-Specific Nominal Effective Exchange Rate of RMB and the Impact of Major International Currencies on It—An Empirical Study Based on the ARJI Model

In this paper, the Autoregressive Jump Intensity (ARJI) model with time-varying jumps is used to measure the daily exchange rate volatility and jump intensity of 13 Chinese manufacturing segments from January 1, 2001 to June 30, 2017. The statistical characteristics are analyzed and compared. We further explore the impact of international major payment currencies’ volatility on the industry-specific nominal effective exchange rate (INEER) risks for various industries in China. First, the results show that there are certain differences in exchange rate fluctuation and jump dynamics between different industries. The exchange rate volatility and jump intensity for paper, non-metal and metal industries are small, while for petroleum, rubber, electrical machinery and other industries are larger. Second, the U.S. dollar, German mark and Japanese yen have significantly different effects on exchange rate fluctuations and jump risks in various industries, and the degree of impact is weakened in turn. Finally, the analysis of the sub-sample shows that after the financial crisis, the impact of dollar and yen on the fluctuations of INEER for most industries has declined significantly, and the impact of mark has generally increased.

Innovation Performance and Influencing Factors of Expansive Listed Companies

The super efficiency DEA model and panel Tobit model were used in this study to conduct empirical research on innovation performance and its influencing factors in expansive companies based on patent and annual report data for A-shares, dilated listed companies in China from 2009 to 2015. Our results suggest that innovation performance in Chinese listed companies is generally stagnating at a low level, but scores for computer, communications equipment, electrical machinery, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries are high. There are significant differences in innovation performance between internal and external expansion companies. The internal expansion scale shows a significant negative correlation with innovation performance, while there is a “U” shaped nonlinear relationship between external expansion and innovation performance; the turning point appears when the external expansion scale is 0.2, that is, it is significantly negative to innovation performance below 0.2 (and vice versa). Firm age, firm size, executive pay, average age of executives, and depreciation have a negative impact on innovation performance, while equity concentration, capital intensity, and financial leverage have a positive impact on innovation performance.

Evaluation of technological innovation efficiency in equipment manufacturing industry based on input orientation – Panel data analysis based on data envelopment model

By using CCR model, BCC model and scale efficiency method, this paper mainly analyzes the dynamic development trend of technological innovation efficiency in equipment manufacturing industry and its sub-sectors in 2010-2014 from input orientation, and finds out the change trend of technological innovation efficiency in equipment manufacturing industry and each sub-sector under the condition of certain output. It is found that technological innovation efficiency in computer and communications and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry, equipment manufacturing industry, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, metal products industry and transportation equipment manufacturing industry is relatively high, and that in the general equipment manufacturing, special equipment manufacturing industry, instrumentation and cultural and office machinery manufacturing industry ranks relatively backward which should be further improved. It is pointed out that in improving the efficiency of technological innovation, electrical, mechanical and equipment manufacturing industry and equipment manufacturing industry as a whole can only improve the efficiency of pure technology, and other sub sectors can improve their technological innovation efficiency by improving the efficiency of pure technology and scale efficiency.

Industrial structural upgrading and spatial optimization based on water environment carrying capacity

The industrial wastewater accompanying rapid industrialization has caused severe pollution problems, especially in China. Addressing industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization based on water environment carrying capacity has become an urgent issue. This paper establishes an analytical framework that uses a combination of economic and water environment information for industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization based on water environment carrying capacity. This framework promotes the practical application of water environment carrying capacity theory for socio-ecological sustainability. The input-output table, information entropy method and a simulation platform of water environment carrying capacity using a multi-agent system are integrated into the analytical framework. A spatial assessment of the water environment carrying capacity, industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization is performed for Changzhou, China. With the measures implementation of industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization, the economic scale of the electrical equipment and machinery industry, which is the most important industry in Changzhou City, would reach 126,814.68 billion yuan, nearly 7.3 times its current value. In addition, the total local industrial economy would reach 3319.81 billion yuan, nearly 1.6 times its current scale. Due to the industrial concentration, the increased economic scale would create additional benefits, including the whole study region reaching the water quality goal and the water quality in urban areas significantly improving. The measures of industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization would help to achieve a mutually beneficial balance between environmental protection and economic development. The analytical framework establishes the internal link between industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization based on the water environment carrying capacity. The links from water quality to industrial structure upgrading and spatial optimization are also established. These connections could support the fine-scale management of water environments and could help local governments to plan sustainable socio-ecologic development.

How could firm's internal R&D collaboration bring more innovation?

Encouraging internal research and development collaboration has been recognized as an effective management strategy to facilitate firms' innovation. The reasons include that extensive collaboration among employees may promote the flow of diversified knowledge, bring forth novel knowledge combination and in turn facilitate firms' innovation. To put it forward, this study supposes that technological heterogeneity among employees and the combinatorial potential of firm's technologies should be taken into account. To do that, multi networks including two-mode network are contained and their interacting effects are analyzed. The analysis results based on 13years' patent data of 39 Chinese innovative firms in telecommunication, electrical machinery, automobile, and pharmaceutical industries show that collaboration breadth of employees positively affects firms' innovation performance. Technological heterogeneity among employees positively moderates the relationship between collaboration breadth and innovation performance. Combinatorial potential of firm's technologies, together with technological heterogeneity among employees, exerts a three-way moderating effect on the relationship. Contributions to theories of collaborative innovation and suggestions to R&D managers are discussed.