Electric Lighting Research Articles

Analysis of Plasticizer Evaporation from Locally Available Poly(vinyl chloride) Cable Insulations

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most popular and widely used materials for electrical cables that offers insulation and sheathing. It is considered agile and durable as it easily exceeds 25–30 years while being used for household wiring. PVC provides insulation, strength, and protection at a wide range of operating temperatures. During cable manufacturing, plastics are exposed to heat that leads to degradation. Although degradation cannot be eliminated, it must be held to a minimum to keep the quality of the final products high. In this work, locally available single strand plasticized PVC insulations that are used for domestic electrical wiring and lighting purposes are investigated for their initial plasticizer content. The thermal‐induced degradation process is a moderate process that would take years to estimate the lifetime of a cable under ordinary ambient conditions. Thus, the study is carried out in accelerated conditions.

향초로 발화된 안방 화재패턴 및 화재조사 방법에 관한 연구

In modern society, where electrical lighting has become common, similar types of fires are occurring without boiling, despite the use of candles mainly for religious ceremonies such as mass, ancestral rites, prayer, purpose of deodorization, power outages, and stabilization of mind and body. News of fires during candlelight events comes more frequently during Christmas than Santa Claus, and it is not uncommon for small candles in a generation where electricity is cut off due to living conditions to swallow combustibles around them and cause casualties. These candle fires occur in an instant, regardless of the presence or absence of a person around the candle, and the expansion of combustion often causes great property damage and casualties

Optimized office lighting advances melatonin phase and peripheral heat loss prior bedtime

Improving indoor lighting conditions at the workplace has the potential to support proper circadian entrainment of hormonal rhythms, sleep, and well-being. We tested the effects of optimized dynamic daylight and electric lighting on circadian phase of melatonin, cortisol and skin temperatures in office workers. We equipped one office room with an automated controller for blinds and electric lighting, optimized for dynamic lighting (= Test room), and a second room without any automated control (= Reference room). Young healthy participants (n = 34) spent five consecutive workdays in each room, where individual light exposure data, skin temperatures and saliva samples for melatonin and cortisol assessments were collected. Vertical illuminance in the Test room was 1177 ± 562 photopic lux (mean ± SD) , which was 320 lux higher than in the Reference room (p < 0.01). Melanopic equivalent daylight (D65) illuminance was 931 ± 484 melanopic lux in the Test room and 730 ± 390 melanopic lux in the Reference room (p < 0.01). Individual light exposures resulted in a 50 min earlier time of half-maximum accumulated illuminance in the Test than the Reference room (p < 0.05). The melatonin secretion onset and peripheral heat loss in the evening occurred significantly earlier with respect to habitual sleeptime in the Test compared to the Reference room (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that optimized dynamic workplace lighting has the potential to promote earlier melatonin onset and peripheral heat loss prior bedtime, which may be beneficial for persons with a delayed circadian timing system.

A method and tool to determine the colorimetric and photobiological properties of light transmitted through glass and other optical materials

This paper describes a framework and provides a computational tool to characterize the color quality and biological potential of light that is transmitted through glass and other optical materials. The IES TM-30 framework and Excel computation tool were adapted to evaluate color quality, with measures from CIE S 026, UL 24480, and the WELL Building Standard v2 added to evaluate biological potential. The user selects a pre-transmittance spectral power distribution (SPD), such as for a CIE D-Series Illuminant, Planckian radiation, electric lamp, or measurement of daylight at a building site. The tool allows a user to populate a database with spectral data for glazing or other optical materials, comprising spectral transmission and the spectral reflectance of both sides. The user creates a unit with one, two, or three panes of glazing or other optical materials, and the tool calculates the composite spectral transmittance accounting for reflections between materials. The tool computes the transmitted SPD, then determines colorimetric and photobiological outputs using the transmitted SPD as the test source. Glass, window, and skylight manufacturers can employ the tool to optimize glazing spectral transmission to achieve intentional colorimetric and photobiological performance with transmitted light. Electric lighting manufacturers, designers, and researchers can use the tool to evaluate the impact of glazing units and other optical materials on the color quality and biological potential of transmitted light.

A new tool and workflow for the simulation of the non-image forming effects of light

Other than supporting vision, light plays an important role in regulating human circadian rhythms through its non-image-forming (NIF) effects. Simulating potential NIF stimulation from daylight indoors, however, is a challenging task, requiring the continuous evaluation of luminous exposures at the eye, which are affected by changing sky's spectral power distributions at a location, time of day and year, and estimation of the sky patches’ contributions at a viewing position, which dynamically vary through a space. Existing multi-channel NIF simulations tools use measured or pre-computed spectral sky data. Yet, these are difficult to obtain with flexible spatio-temporal resolution. To address this challenge, and dynamically estimate a range of NIF metrics, we developed a tool and workflow based on 17 original Python-scripted Grasshopper components. This paper illustrates the design and development of the tool and workflow, also presenting an example of practical application to evaluate the yearly variations of potential NIF stimulation from an interior position or under an unobstructed sky. This is the first step to propose more robust building design and modelling concepts, beyond conventional visual comfort issues, and to adequately balance lighting energy use with occupants’ comprehensive needs, while connecting daylighting and electric lighting systems and controls within integrated solutions.

Using blinds, day-lighting, and geyser temperature settings to reduce electricity consumption and pricing patterns in energy-efficient buildings

Depending on the building architecture, usage, and energy consumption patterns, over US$ 60 billion was expended annually on electric lighting in commercial buildings. Therefore, the paper focuses on the development of energy-efficient buildings that minimize energy consumption through integrated energy-efficient design processes. This can serve as a practical guide to design buildings that can lower the energy requirements and a strategy to reduce energy consumption. In this study, predictive analytics were used to examine how blinds, daylighting, and geyser temperature settings can reduce electricity consumption and pricing patterns. A panel of expert judges was used to validate the 5-point Likert scale residential electricity load management questionnaire used to gather survey data for the statistical analysis in a Windhoek suburb, Namibia. The main goal of this study was to investigate how blinds, day-lighting, and geyser temperature settings can be used to save energy, reduce electricity consumption, and costs for sustainable growth and development. The results from this investigation indicate a perfect Gaussian histogram of 15 electricity price jumps confirming 15 four-way stepwise interaction effects. Optimal 0.5 Quetelet curve index offers average citizen energy efficiency awareness, education, and behavior modification for affordable electricity. Females generally set hotter geyser temperatures and are higher energy consumers. Blinds reduce electricity consumption by 50% in summer, 25% in winter, and day-lighting by 25%. These were the least cost and optimal solutions to the rising electricity consumption and pricing patterns problem. Adopting the findings or the outcomes of this paper could provide more optimal and sustainable energy consumption thereby reducing pressure on the power grid.

Lighting conditions in home office and occupant's perception: Exploring drivers of satisfaction

This paper depicts lighting home office conditions within different countries and continents, emphasizing the user's satisfaction with the visual environment. The scope of this article is to investigate the drivers of participants' satisfaction with the lighting conditions at the home office. The study was developed by a team of international experts working together on Subtask A: User perspective and requirements, Task 61 IEA (International Energy Agency): Solutions for daylighting and electric lighting. An online survey was launched in December 2020 and closed on March 2021. The survey was implemented in the native languages of six participant countries (Brazil, Colombia, Denmark, Italy, Poland, and Japan) using Google Forms, and its dissemination was via various social media platforms. Measures of association between variables and predictive tests were run to explore which investigated aspects drove participants' satisfaction with the lighting conditions at the home office. We found some differences in satisfaction due to participants' sex, occupation, and participants' continent of residence. Females were more satisfied with daylight than males. Associations between the perception of seven light descriptors and satisfaction showed differences between East Asians and the rest of the participants, which might be related to the high dependence of the formers on electric lighting even when daylight is available. Design features as southern facades, the distance from the working area to the window, type of internal sun shading were related to daylighting satisfaction. Moreover, satisfaction with the general light level and the electric light was higher for those participants who did not need to switch on the ceiling, floor, or desk lamp when daylight was available. We found that an external view composed of 3 layers and the sky's visibility afforded a higher satisfaction with the window view. Having an independent room for the home office appeared to be related to a higher willingness to continue in the home office. Likewise, higher satisfaction with the overall visual environment and window view appeared to increase the willingness to continue working from home. Bridging the gap amid cultural differences and daylighting and lighting satisfaction is needed, particularly, relational studies between design features –as a response of cultural, climatic, and local practices- and occupants' preferences and acceptability. Thus, our understanding of occupants' responses will be more comprehensive. Engaging further research and measures to improve the visual environment and overall indoor environmental quality in dwellings is now a necessary step.

Lighting conditions in home office and occupant’s perception: An international study

The global pandemic and physical distancing restrictions are forcing us to rethink how residential buildings are used regarding the visual environment. This paper describes home office lighting conditions within different countries and continents. The aim is to define the current limitations of home offices in providing a resilient visual environment. The work was developed by a team of international experts working together on Subtask A: User perspective and requirements, in International Energy Agency IEA SHC Task 61/EBC Annex 77 “Integrated Solutions for Daylighting and Electric Lighting”. The method included an international online survey in 6 countries in South America, Europe and East Asia containing 37 questions about general data, physical characteristics of the home office and occupant’s perception, behaviour and needs regarding the visual environments, and photos taken by the occupants. Descriptive statistics, inspection of the photos, and qualitative analysis from the open-ended question were performed. In total, 694 responses and 453 photos were analysed, making it possible to identify the occupants’ perceptions about the lighting and visual environment in the home offices both for professionals and students. The results indicate cultural differences in styles of residential buildings and interiors, in the custom of using lighting, and between continents and occupational categories. Possible improvements are suggested.

Pengembangan Asesmen Berbasis Google Classroom pada Mata Pelajaran Instalasi Penerangan Listrik

There are 2 objectives of the research, namely the first to develop an assessment using Google Classroom for the subject of electrical lighting installation for class XI TITL at SMK Negeri 5 Padang and the second, namely to determine the feasibility of a Google Classroom-based assessment in terms of validity and practicality. This type of research is research and development with a 4-D model consisting of 4 stages, namely the definition stage, the design stage, the development stage, and the dissemination stage. The subject of this research is a Google Classroom-based assessment on the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation. This data collection uses a validation sheet given to one lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang and two teachers of Electrical Lighting Installation subjects at SMK Negeri 5 Padang. Practical data using a questionnaire given to three teachers of Electrical Lighting Installation subjects and twenty students of class XI TITL. Based on the research, data obtained with a validity level of 86.7% for the very valid category and a practicality level of 87.8% for the very practical category. Thus this research has resulted in a Google Classroom-based assessment on the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation which is valid and practical.

Using Electric Lighting to Support Daylighting in Architectural Building Designs

In this study, a historical building, which architecture cannot be interfered with to preserve its originality, has been analysed in terms of architectural illumination. For this purpose, physical measurements were made in 6 different areas in the historical building. For areas that do not meet the required illuminance level according to EN12464–1, calculations were made in the simulation environment and the parameters of the best illumination were found. It has been revealed that some of the numbered areas require electricl lighting during the day. This study has set an example in terms of analysing the architectural illumination of buildings that have the status of historical monuments.

Metabarcoding of canopy arthropods reveals negative impacts of forestry insecticides on community structure across multiple taxa

Abstract Insecticides used to combat outbreaks of forest defoliators can adversely affect non‐target arthropods. Forestry insecticides typically suppress Lepidoptera larvae which are the cornerstone of the canopy community of deciduous oak forests. The abrupt removal of this dominant component of the food web could have far‐reaching implications for forest ecosystems, yet it is rarely investigated in practice owing to several methodological shortcomings. The taxonomic impediment and the biased nature of arthropod sampling techniques particularly impede the assessment of insecticide impacts on diverse communities. To tackle this issue, we propose an experimental approach combining sampling by pyrethrum knockdown and species determination via DNA metabarcoding, using community subsampling to derive estimates of species abundances. We applied this protocol to investigate the short‐term effects of the insecticides diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK) on canopy‐dwelling arthropod communities in German oak woodlands. Our approach allowed us to detect most of the diversity and integrate species abundances in our analyses. By classifying arthropod species into assemblages based on their expected sensitivity rather than coarse taxonomic groupings, we could unveil substantial effects of DFB across multiple taxa 5 weeks after application. Although strong effects on single species appear related to direct toxicity, substantial impacts of DFB on parasitoids and xylophagous beetles suggest that anti‐defoliator treatments can have previously unsuspected indirect effects on some components of forest arthropod communities. The impacts of BTK on community structure were consistent with that of DFB though much weaker. Synthesis and applications. Comparing diversity patterns in the arthropod communities of sprayed and unsprayed oak canopies, our results show that selective insecticides can alter species diversity in presumably non‐sensitive taxa. Even though the ecological significance of these impacts has yet to be assessed in an operational setting, their existence calls for increased regulatory scrutiny on indirect effects. As community approaches become more attainable with the rapid development of DNA metabarcoding, we suggest the inclusion of community‐level end points as regulatory requirements for the approval of forest‐use insecticides.

PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN DARING SELAMA MASA PADEMI COVID-19, DITINJAU DARI PERSEPSI SISWA KELAS XII TEKNIK INSTALASI TENAGA LISTRIK SMKN 2 KOTA BIMA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021

Online learning in addition to providing many conveniences, there are also obstacles, giving rise to various student perceptions. The purpose of this study was to describe students' perceptions of online learning in the Electrical Lighting Installation (IPL) training courses at SMKN 2 Bima City. This research method uses qualitative research. The informants in this study were students of class XII Electrical Power Instillation Engineering SMKN 2 Bima City, totaling 32 students and IPL teachers at SMKN 2 Bima City, namely Mr. Gufran, S.Pd. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews through the google form application, and documentation. The analysis technique uses qualitative techniques.The results of the study revealed that the majority of students had negative perceptions of online learning of IPL subject matter. This is because the majority of students do not understand the online learning material that is delivered, the method of delivering IPL material is considered less attractive and students' opinions about online learning are considered less effective. The obstacles faced during online learning are internet quotas, a weak signal to access materials during online learning, and students' understanding of the material presented by the teacher is not optimally accepted. The solution to overcome the problems of online learning is: for teachers, so that they can learn and share with other teachers, not only in one school but in other schools so that teaching can vary. For students, they are more active and more enthusiastic, and can look for other learning references, and for schools, it is better to have new programs during a pandemic like this, for example: conducting training that is attended by teachers and providing a computer laboratory room for making learning videos.

Model predictive lighting control for a factory building using a deep deterministic policy gradient

This paper presents an integrated lighting control that employs a daylit illuminance prediction model for a large, open-spaced factory building in which interactions between multiple luminaires and points of the workplane exist. The prediction model was developed with Radiance and consists of daylight and electric lighting prediction components. Both components showed reliable accuracy after calibration with measured illuminance (daylighting: MBE = 4.9%, CVRMSE = 24%; electric lighting: MBE = 3.7%, CVRMSE = 7.7%). An optimal policy trained by the deep deterministic policy gradient determines the dimming levels of multiple luminaire groups. The policy is developed with an artificial neural network model whose input is the current state (daylight distribution) and whose output is an action (lighting control variables). The model could provide an appropriate amount of electric lighting that meets the target illuminance and uniformity, while only 54% of the average consumption power (7,292 W) was needed compared with that of the existing rule-based control (13,629 W).

Automatic Lights ON/OFF System

In routine life the power utilization for electrical lights are more in the evenings when it is manually operated. The automatic lights on/off system will turn on the lights when the intensity of daylight is less and the lights will be turned off if the intensity of daylight is more. The intensity of daylight is sensed using the help of LDR sensor which send its sensed data to the power relay module which is an electrically operated switch. With improvement in technology, things are getting to be easier and simpler for everybody around the world. The Automatic light on/off system gives an answer for power utilization and saving which is accomplished by detecting the intensity of daylight utilizing the LDR sensors, integrated circuit (IC4093) and power relay module. Automation plays a vital job on the world's economy and in day-by-day experience of people. Key words: LDR, IC4093, Power relay module, Automation.

Dense and Proximate Development—Daylight in the Downtown Area of a Compact City

Daylight is of utmost importance and should be the main source of light in most areas dedicated to working and living. When considering our contemporary way of living, it can be easily discerned that most of our life is spent indoors, yet in a typical architectonic design approach, daylight is too often hardly of consequence. Hence daylight becomes a critical factor. Designers comply with the legal requirements of the solar hours required for areas subjected to constant use. Simultaneously for electrical engineers’ daylight is only an additional source of light valued only where energy efficiency is concerned. The basic idea of this research is to, starting from the concept level, design the building’s volume in line with energy efficiency requirements and user expectations using daylight access strategy as the main parameter. This scope of research has been a subject of various scientific theses conducted within the last years at the Faculty of Architecture Warsaw University of Technology. This paper is dedicated to the latest and most developed outcomes. The presented solution is an architectonic point of view dedicated to the use of the daylight factor in office areas located in a dense city district that may support efficient energy requirements, including the requirements of the electric lighting system. Illumination values were set according to the BREEAM daylight and PN-EN 17037 Daylight of Buildings standard. The presented strategy is unconventional for Poland, but has the potential to be included in practice and should be developed further, together with electrical engineers, as a part of energy-saving solutions. Possibly, it should be followed simultaneously with the development of the compact cities ideas. It is hoped that it might be a starting point for discussion, and for a more detailed interdisciplinary research in the future.

Identification of the flicker source in the power supply systems

THE PURPOSE. To consider issues related to the study of methods for determining the sources of violations of the quality of electrical energy in power supply systems, in particular consumers which create rapid voltage changes or voltage fluctuations that create rapid changes in the luminous flux in electric lighting installations. Show that electrical receivers with a sharply variable operating mode are sources of fluctuations in the consumed current and voltage in the electrical network of power supply systems, which in turn manifests itself in the form of unacceptable values of one of the indicators of the quality of electricity - flicker, defined as the subjective perception of fluctuations in the luminous flux of lighting devices. To study the possibilities of determining the places of occurrence of significant voltage fluctuations without the use of expensive and complex instruments for measuring flicker values in the electrical network. To develop a simplified method for determining the locations of electricity consumers that negatively affect the operation of electric lighting systems and, ultimately, the vision of personnel. Conduct a check on a computer model of a simplified method for determining the places of occurrence of voltage fluctuations that are inadmissible in their magnitude, which are expressed in the appearance of significant doses of flicker that exceed the standard values.METHODS. Solving the problem, a computer model was used, created in the Simulink extension package of the Matlab scientific and technical calculation system.RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the problem, discusses the quality of electricity in power supply systems. It has been shown using experimental data that in electrical networks there is an excess of the standard values of flicker doses. The possibility of using interharmonic components of the mains voltage to determine the sources of unacceptable doses of flicker is considered. A simplified method for finding flicker sources based on obtaining the values of the derivatives of currents at various points of the electrical network is presented. Computer simulation of an electrical network diagram with electrical receivers, which have both calm and sharply variable nature of work, has been performed. It is shown that the use of the values of the derivatives of the current at various points of the electrical network makes it possible to identify the sources of the occurrence of unacceptable doses of flicker.CONCLUSION. The occurrence of significant rapid voltage changes in the electrical network negatively affects vision, which is inevitably accompanied by increased personnel fatigue and can lead to industrial injuries. The results obtained by the authors of the article show that it is possible to use it to determine the places of occurrence of large voltage fluctuations, which are manifested in unacceptable doses of flicker of the derivatives of currents. It should be taken into account when conducting surveys of power supply systems in order to use fairly simple hardware to identify sources of disturbance in the quality of electrical energy.

Modelling of Luminous Flux Directed to the Upper Hemisphere from Electrical Substation before and after the Refurbishment of Lighting Systems

This article deals with options for how to express the luminous flux from outdoor electrical substations of the electric transmission system. Processing of the models of light emissions before and after refurbishment of lighting systems was motivated by setting out rules for the design and erection of refurbished lighting systems in outdoor electrical substations, which are most commonly built in inhabited rural areas with low luminance of the background. The proposed model and calculations are based on requirements of international standards and recommendations for lighting of outdoor workplaces as well as on internal regulations of the ČEPS (Czech Transmission System Operator). These requirements are implemented in real electrical substations and lighting models that are extended by the calculation space of the software goniophotometer. The software goniophotometer was used to evaluate light distribution characteristics of entire electric stations in various situations. This article assesses the impact of different lighting systems installed at electrical substations from the perspective of both direct and total luminous flux directed to the upper hemisphere. It takes into account three outdoor electrical substations (420 kV) of a transmission network and their lighting systems before and after refurbishment. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent the electrical substations contribute to emissions of luminous flux to the upper hemisphere. Results from calculations on models show reduced radiation to the upper hemisphere up to 52.3% after refurbishment of obsolete lighting systems, although total installed flux actually increased due to a change in the ratio of direct and reflected luminous flux after refurbishment of lighting systems.

From Microenvironment Remediation to Novel Anti-Cancer Strategy: The Emergence of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles.

Accumulated studies indicate that zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles demonstrate endogenous cancer-selective cytotoxicity, without any external electric field, lights, or energy, while sparing healthy non-cancerous cells in vitro and in vivo. The anti-cancer activity of ZVI-based nanoparticles was anti-proportional to the oxidative status of the materials, which indicates that the elemental iron is crucial for the observed cancer selectivity. In this thematic article, distinctive endogenous anti-cancer mechanisms of ZVI-related nanomaterials at the cellular and molecular levels are reviewed, including the related gene modulating profile in vitro and in vivo. From a material science perspective, the underlying mechanisms are also analyzed. In summary, ZVI-based nanomaterials demonstrated prominent potential in precision medicine to modulate both programmed cell death of cancer cells, as well as the tumor microenvironment. We believe that this will inspire advanced anti-cancer therapy in the future.

Integrating daylight with general and task lighting: A longitudinal in-the-wild study in individual and open space working areas

A control strategy targeting energy and comfort goals, is implemented in an individual and an open-space office, to control blinds and dimming lighting as part of an MPC intelligent control system. The study aims to achieve occupant's com- fort and an improved energy use in a quasi-real time optimization of the interior environment, using discomfort glare and work plane illuminance as KPIs. By the inclusion of task lighting, the user's preferences in regards to the interior lighting environment (CCT and lighting intensity), are considered. Those are assessed by a longitudinal user experiment, along with its benefits for the electric lighting energy reduction. Aiming to more responsive predictions, daylight and electric lighting surrogate models (LightGBM) were developed for each room based on year-round RADIANCE simulations. Implemented on a 32-bit computer (Raspberry-Pi 3B), the intelligent control system would promptly adjust blinds and dimming lighting through a KNX system, based on the model's prediction of the KPIs. The results showed that the system manages to provide a comfortable interior environment for the occupants, while energy reductions of at least 49% could be achieved compared with a conventional building operation. While a rather uncommitted acceptance of the system was reported by the occupants, improvements can be achieved by allowing a higher level of control that could be customized according to personality traits.

Indicators of full value feeding rations for dairy cows.

This article presents the results of the level of feeding and the health status of dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm on the content of the main components in milk (fat, protein, urea). The aim of the research was to study the milk productivity and composition of milk of cows, to analyze the level of feeding and the content of basic nutrients in the diet of the farm. The farm breeds purebred Holstein cattle with a high genetic potential for productivity. The milking herd was formed in 2009 on the basis of 600 heads of Holstein-Friesian heifers imported from Hungary, as well as 65 heads of Holsteinized heifers of Ukrainian selection from Ukraine in 2015. Today the livestock numbers about 1,500 head of cattle, of which there are about 900 breeders. On the territory of the farm there are: 3 cowsheds for keeping cows, an insemination room, a milking parlor with a parallel installation of the Delaval company, in which 48 cows are milked for one milking, the ABK, where the manager's office, livestock technician, accounting is located, and a mini-hotel with dining room and lounges. Dairy bases are equipped with auto-drinkers, ventilation, plumbing, electric lighting, manure removal mechanisms, and a milking installation. The object of the research was Holstein cows in the amount of 483 heads of Aina Dairy Farm LLP. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted zootechnical methods using modern equipment for conducting analyzes and interstate and state standards. The research results showed that the milk productivity of cows averaged 19.5 kg per day, the fat content 4.3%, the protein 3.9%, the number of somatic cells 230.5 thousand units / ml, urea 45.3 mg / 100 ml respectively. Analyzing the level of urea in milk can suggest a high crude protein content in the diet. The ration of feeding dairy cows on the farm is concentrate-silage-haylage and there is an excess of dry matter by 16.2%, crude protein by 9.8%, starch by 29.4%, respectively.