Electric Interaction Research Articles

Flexible metal membrane integrated electrified and catalytic attributes for multifunctional water purification with enhanced scaling resistance

Electrified and ceramic membranes assembled with rigid materials have been greatly appreciated for unique electrical responsiveness and catalytic properties for efficient water purification. However, the intensive van der Waals forces of traditional rigid materials have historically resulted in poor rejection, scaling resistance and mechanical properties to those of standard filters. In response, an innovative fabrication approach has been formulated, entailing induced fit theory inspired activation of inert polyamide (PA) substrates, concomitantly coupled with the in-situ growth of CoOx nanoflowers on the polymer membrane surfaces. This method yielded activated terminal amide groups that enable specific coordination in a manner akin to that of a zymogen activation. The ensuing development of CoOx nanoflowers engendered a notably rugged interface, prompting the emergence of grass-like membrane structures reminiscent of the lotus effect. The integration of CoOx nanoflowers endowed the resultant membrane augmented surface hydrophilicity, elevated rejection efficiency, exceptional conductivity, and degradation potential. These effects synergistically yielded an exceptional water permeability for the fabricated membrane (1.90×103 L·m−2·h−1), surpassing that of the CoOx-free control membrane by over twofold, coupled with a separation rate exceeding 99.8 %. Furthermore, interface engineering contributed to an exceptionally high reaction rate constant of the resultant membrane (2.93), surpassing that of the inherent membrane by over 167-fold. Importantly, the self-cleaning prowess, facilitated by CoOx, was evidenced by the recoverability of severely fouled membranes through PMS rinsing and electrical interaction. The mechanisms underlying the membrane's multifaceted antifouling performance were systematically unveiled through the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. By employing the facile and ingenious induced fit theory, this approach ushers forth an extraordinary avenue for water purification and scaling resistance applications, distinctly accentuating the innovative essence of this study.

Spin effects from Four Bosons EM

Electromagnetism is the theory of electric charge and spin. Our study is on a spin-valued four bosons electromag- netism. An EM under the charge exchange {+, 0, −} intermediated by four bosons {AμI } ≡ {Aμ, Uμ, V ± μ } where Aμ means the usual photon, Uμ a massive photon, V ± μ charged photons. EM should express electric charge and spin together. Understand from first principles on the spin role in the electric and magnetic properties of particles. Theoretically, the spin is a space-time physical entity derived from Lorentz group. Phenomenologically, it appears as a vectorial entity inserted in the magnetic moment and electric dipole. A theoretical closure between them is expected. A spin-valued four bosons EM is constituted by introducing Lorentz group Lie Algebra valued fields. Consider the quadruplet fields as A I μ = A I μ,κλ(Σκλ)αβ where (Σκλ)αβ is the Lorentz generator. It provides spin as an intrinsec entity compatible with relativity and group theory. Similarly to the non-abelian gauge theory, where Aμa = Aμata, one incorporates the spin valued field through a Lie algebra. From first principles. Electric charge and spin are unified under a constructivist Lagrangian. Spin effects arestudied through equations of motion and Bianchi identities. Enlarging the EM for interactions beyond electric charge. Four types are derived. Usual electric charge interaction, neutral interaction, electric charge and spin, neutral and spin. A formalism is expressed. The spin valued performance is related through a Lagrangian. Spin interactions are derived. The magnetic moment and electric dipole are expressed by vectors S~ and ~s respectivity. They are able to couple spin with granular and collective fields strengths. Developing interacting terms constitutive as B~ · S~, E~ · ~s, ~e · S~ and so on. Faraday interaction between magnetic field and photon is reproduced from first principles.

Calibration of the Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Search for Axion‐Like Dark Matter

AbstractCalibration of nuclear‐magnetic‐resonance‐based searches for axion‐like dark matter can be performed by free induction decay (FID) measurements. This manu‐ script describes FID experiments on several solid materials, motivated by the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr) program. Experiments with207Pb nuclear spins in ferroelectrics, lead magnesium niobate‐lead titanate (PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3) (PbTiO3)1/3 (PMN‐PT) and lead zirconium titante PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) are directly relevant to the CASPEr‐electric search for the electric dipole moment interaction of axion‐like dark matter. Experiments with 31P nuclear spins in gadolinium‐doped hydroxypyromorphite Pb4.95Gd0.05(PO4)3OH (HPM:Gd) are used for apparatus calibration. The measurements characterized the nuclear spin ensemble coherence time and the magnetic resonance detection sensitivity for these samples. Calibration is performed using small tip‐angle pulses.

Thermally stable Dy2O3/Sm2O3 co-doped glass ceramics containing La2Sn2O7 crystal with tunable luminescence

By using the melt crystallization process, Dy2O3/Sm2O3 co-doped glass ceramics (GCs) containing La2Sn2O7(LSO) crystal were successfully prepared. By using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the sample's phase was determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the sample's morphology was examined. The optimal heat treatment condition of glass ceramics was determined to be 650 °C/1.5 h. Under 362 nm excitation, the energy transfer of Dy3+→Sm3+ was observed in Dy2O3/Sm2O3 co-doped glass ceramic samples from the emission spectrum. Electric dipole-electric dipole interaction is identified as the mechanism of energy transfer from Dy3+ to Sm3+ according to the Dexter formula for energy transfer. The emission spectra of 0.5%Dy2O3-0.4%Sm2O3 co-doped glass ceramic samples in a range from 298 K to 458 K show that the samples have high thermal stability, and the thermal quenching activation energy at 575 nm has been estimated to be 0.265 eV. According to chromaticity coordinates and correlated color temperature, warm white light emission may be achieved by co-doping Dy2O3/Sm2O3 glass ceramics. The findings demonstrate Dy2O3/Sm2O3 co-doped glass ceramics containing La2Sn2O7 crystal have a potential application prospect in warm white light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs).

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of membranes with nanofluidic conical pores

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) constitutes a useful tool in membrane science and technology because it provides valuable structural and functional information. The different arcs observed in the impedance spectra permit to decouple and understand distinct physico-chemical phenomena occurring under operating conditions. By using EIS techniques, we have characterized here multipore asymmetric membranes with conical pores that exhibit a broad range of ionic conduction properties, including current rectification. These properties can be modulated by tuning the electrical interaction between the charges functionalized on the pore surface and the nanoconfined ionic solution. In particular, the membrane electrical response is studied as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the external voltage signal, the electrolyte type and concentration, and the solution pH. Remarkably, significant chemical inductance effects are observed. The scalability and biocompatibility of these pores suggest good potential for use in hybrid biodevices and interfaces.

Energy trading model for multi-microgrid energy storage alliance based on Nash negotiation

With the continuous development of the electricity market and the gradual expansion of the number and scale of participation in market transactions, the traditional energy trading model has limited the formation of a competitive pattern of multi-agents. In this paper, a new multi-microgrid energy storage alliance energy trading model based on Nash negotiation is proposed. This model takes energy storage, multi-microgrid, and superior power grid enterprises as the main participants and establishes an energy market trading model with “buy–sell” cooperation and competition coexisting within the alliance based on Nash negotiation theory. Through the interaction of electricity between different entities, energy conversion and complementary utilization are increased, achieving reasonable allocation of resources, enhancing the overall flexibility of the alliance, and promoting the local consumption of a high proportion of new energy. The simulation results of the example show that the energy trading model based on Nash negotiation can fully leverage the initiative of demand-side participation in scheduling and improve the utilization rate of energy storage systems while ensuring the payment benefits of all participating entities, which can provide technical support for energy complementarity among multiple entities and provide new technological paths for the sustainable development of energy sharing mechanisms.

The effect of Pr3+ concentration on the microstructure, luminescence and scintillation properties of Pr:LuAG single crystals

High-quality lutetium aluminum garnet doped with various Pr3+ concentrations ((Lu1-xPrx)3Al5O12, abbreviated to Pr:LuAG) single crystals were grown by the optical floating zone method. The concentration of Pr3+ dependence on microstructure, luminescence and scintillation properties were systematically studied. Based on the results of Rietveld refinement, the doping of Pr3+ leads to lattice distortion and lowers its symmetry. The symmetry of the LuO8 dodecahedron center is lowest at 0.010, as confirmed by the Raman spectra. When excited at 450 nm and X-rays, the primary emission peak at 614 and 300 nm, respectively, induced by Pr3+ 4f2-4f2 and 4f5d-4f2 transitions. The optimal doping concentration is 0.010. The electric dipole-electric dipole interaction between adjacent Pr3+ was responsible for the concentration quenching in the Pr:LuAG single crystals. (Lu0.990Pr0.010)3Al5O12 shows the shortest average scintillation decay time (22.55 ns) and highest light yield (23,842 ± 2300 ph./MeV) under 662 KeV 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation. In terms of overall luminescence and scintillation performance, 0.010 doping was the best for Pr3+ doped LuAG single crystals.

Correlated random walk and noise suppression in detecting electric fields

Detecting a weak electric field in a strong noisy background is always an interesting but hard task. We investigate the collective effects of charged Brownian particles in the presence of a weak electric field together with a strong noisy background field by numerical simulation. We show that the pattern formed by snapshots touched by the Brownian particles on one boundary surface can manifest the direction of an applied weak electric field but will be spoiled if there exists a strong noisy background. Moreover, we find that the influence of noise can be suppressed effectively if the correlations caused by the inter-particle electric interaction are taken into account. This work is expected to provide a new angle of view: correlated random walk plays a constructive role in noise suppression.

Multifunctional Characteristics of BCTH:0.5% Sm3+ Ceramics Prepared via Hydrothermal Method and Powder Injection Molding

Briefly, 0.005-mol Sm3+-doped (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Hf0.1)O3 ([(Ba0.85Ca0.15)0.995Sm0.005](Ti0.9Hf0.1)O3, BCTH:0.005Sm3+) lead-free ceramics were prepared via hydrothermal method and powder injection molding using paraffin and oleic acid as binders, and the effects of preparation method and sintering conditions on microstructure, dielectric behavior and optical properties were investigated. XRD Rietveld refinement reveals the coexistence of orthogonal, rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, in which the crystal structure and phase fraction are influenced greatly by sintering temperature and holding time. The ceramics present enhanced relaxor behavior and frequency dispersion phenomenon as compared with those prepared by the solid-state sintering method, and the diffusive index γ value is within 1.421–1.673. The transition mechanism and luminescence performance of BCTH:0.005 Sm3+ were analyzed by Blasse formula, photoluminescence spectrum and fluorescence lifetimes, where emission peaks show slight blueshift, fluorescence decay lifetime becomes shorter, electric multipole interaction dominates the energy transfer mechanism, and the down-conversion luminescence is one-photon absorption process. The CIE chromaticity color coordinate (0.4746, 0.5048), correlated color temperature 3134 K and color purity 93.58% are achieved, which reveals that the BCTH:0.005 Sm3+ ceramics express high quality yellow emission rather than orange-red light of the hydrothermal method synthesized nano-powder, and have potential application in optical field.

Fabrication of highly flexible luminescent films, hydro gels and anti-counterfeiting applications of La2MoO6:Sm3+ phosphors

Fabrication of versatile luminescent materials with remarkable quantum yield holds significant importance across various applications. In this context, a series of (1–11 mol %) Sm3+ activated La2MoO6 nanophosphors (LMO:Sm3+ NPs) has been developed. These nanophosphors, denoted as LMO:Sm3+ NPs, serve as a multifunctional platform with applications spanning white LED technology, flexible displays, hydro-gels, and anti-counterfeiting (AC) measures. These phosphors emit a vibrant orange-red light at 601 nm when excited at 402 nm owing to the Sm3+ ions 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition, achieving a high quantum yield of 66.2 %. The optimal doping concentration of Sm3+ ions in the LMO host material is identified as 5 mol %, with concentration quenching primarily attributed to electric multi-polar interaction. Remarkably, the newly fabricated LMO:Sm3+ phosphors exhibit a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 2064 K and maintain excellent color stability. Moreover, a transparent AC film is created using the optimized phosphor and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), offering effective AC capabilities through their orange-red emission when exposed to 365 nm UV light. Notably, these phosphors exhibit sustainability, exceptional flexibility, and foldability, expanding their potential applications in the field of AC. These results underscore the potential of LMO:Sm3+ NPs as highly efficient luminescent platforms, catering to a wide range of applications, including white LED's, flexible display devices, hydro-gels, and AC solutions.

Comparative assessment of phosphate adsorption properties and mechanisms on Mg/Al-engineered sewage sludge biochar in aqueous solution

This study reported the development of Mg/Al-engineered sewage sludge biochars (SSBCs) with adjustable surface properties and enhanced phosphate PO43− (ad)sorption capacity. These biochars successfully addressed the traditional constraints of electric repulsion interactions with PO43− ions at various pH levels, leading to highly efficient and recyclable PO43− enrichment from aqueous solution. It was determined that a ratio of 1:2 of Mg/Al is the optimal concentration of Mg/Al SSBCs for maximum PO43− (ad)sorption capability. In this study, the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Redlich Peterson isotherm worked well for Mg-SSBC, however, the pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm explained the Al-SSBC interaction with PO43− ions properly. Both Mg-SSBC and Al-SSBC showed strong adsorption specificity to PO43− ions, with all coexisting anions producing negative effects on the PO43− adsorption. The data demonstrate that the variation in adsorption mechanism viz., including electrostatic attraction, complex formation, cationic bridging, and chemical co-precipitation was observed in between Mg-SSBC and Al-SSBC. Comparison between Mg-SSBC and Al-SSBC showed that Mg-SSBC has a more extensive pH range for PO43− removal and greater stability with compound elimination power, i.e., Mg-SSBC is more effective for the elimination of phosphates from aqueous solution.

Exploring luminescent color tunability and efficient energy transfer mechanism of a single-phased hexagonal nanophosphor for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) application

Nowadays, NUV-triggered phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) have gained prominence as substantial alternatives to conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps as a source of illumination. In this study, we have successfully developed a Tm3+ codoped La2O3:Sm3+ nanophosphor and investigated its potential suitability for application in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to examine the phase impurity and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanophosphor. The analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase La2O3 nanophosphor with a hexagonal crystal structure. The FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized nanophosphor exhibited distinct peaks associated with the vibrational frequencies of La-O bonds. The peaks observed in the fingerprint region of the spectrum, indicate the presence of La-O atoms in the nanophosphor. However, the HR-TEM analysis confirmed that the prepared nanophosphor had a polycrystalline nature and the observed particle sizes lay within the nanoscale range. The incorporation of Tm3+ ions into the host matrix led to a reduction in the optical band gap, leading to enhanced emission intensity. The photoluminescence (PL) study reveals that the Tm3+ ion exhibited blue emission upon excitation at 360 nm, whereas the Sm3+ ion emits reddish-orange light when excited at 379 nm and 408 nm, respectively. However, under 325 nm excitation, the nanophosphor exhibited a white emission color that resulted from the blending of colors emitted by both Tm3+ and Sm3+ ions. This unique finding suggests that this nanophosphor has the potential to generate white light specifically under this particular excitation wavelength. The efficient energy transfer between Tm3+ and Sm3+ ions was attributed to the electric multipolar interaction between the nearest neighbor ions, leading to a quenching phenomenon. Furthermore, the photometric analysis revealed that the correlated color temperatures (CCTs) associated with the emitted white light were found to be higher than 4000 K. Thus, based on these characteristics, it can be inferred that the prepared nanophosphor has the potential to be utilized as a cool white-emitting nanophosphor for single-phased WLEDs application.

Fiber Crossbars: An Emerging Architecture of Smart Electronic Textiles.

Smart wearables have a significant impact on people's daily lives, enabling personalized motion monitoring, realizing the Internet of Things, and even reshaping the next generation of telemedicine systems. Fiber crossbars (FCs), constructed by crossing two fibers, have become an emerging architecture among the accessible structures of state-of-the-art smart electronic textiles. The mechanical, chemical, and electrical interactions between crossing fibers result in extensive functionalities, leading to the significant development of innovative electronic textiles employing FCs as their basic units. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the structure designs, material selections, and assembly techniques of FC-based devices. The recent advances in FC-based devices are summarized, including multipurpose sensing, multiple-mode computing, high-resolution display, high-efficient power supply, and large-scale textile systems. Finally, current challenges, potential solutions, and future perspectives for FC-based systems are discussed for their further development in scale-up production and commercial applications.

Tunable Memory and Activity of Quincke Particles in Micellar Fluid

Memory can remarkably modify the collective behavior of active particles. We show that, in a micellar fluid, Quincke particles driven by a square-wave electric field exhibit a frequency-dependent memory. Upon increasing the frequency, a memory of directions emerges, whereas the activity of particles decreases. As the activity is dominated by interaction, Quincke particles aggregate and form dense clusters, in which the memory of the direction is further enhanced due to the stronger electric interactions. The density-dependent memory and activity result in dynamic heterogeneity in flocking and offer a new opportunity for research of collective motions.

The interaction mechanism of a novel polymer depressant with apatite and dolomite surface and its implication on flotation: Experimental tests and DFT calculation

The efficient removal of dolomite from phosphate ores is vital for the subsequent production of phosphate fertilizer. This work investigated the interaction mechanism of poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSS) on apatite and dolomite surface and its implication on flotation through Micro-flotation, adsorption capacity, Zeta potential, SEM-EDS and density functional theory simulation. Flotation results proved that PSS was able to depress dolomite efficiently in broad pH range (8–12). Contact angle, Zeta potential, adsorption capacity and SEM-EDS measurement confirmed that PSS was more prone to adsorb on dolomite rather than that on apatite, which hindered sodium oleate (NaOL) to adsorb on dolomite but almost didn’t influence NaOL to interact with apatite surface. DFT calculations confirmed that the 2p orbital of oxygen atoms within sulfonate groups hybridized with 4s orbital of calcium and 3s orbital of magnesium atoms on dolomite surface to form OCa, OCa and OMg covalent bond, while PSS weakly physisorbed on apatite via electrical interaction, due to the significant difference in steric hindrance and active atom density. PSS exhibited good selectivity and environmental compatibility as dolomite depressant in the beneficiation of phosphate ores for sustainable production of phosphate fertilizer.

Analysis of metamagnetic transitions in antiferromagnetic arrangements in the RRhIn5 (R[dbnd]Nd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series using a four sublattice model

The RRhIn5 (RNd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series of compounds crystallizes in the Ho2CoGa8 tetragonal type-structure, with P4/mmm space group. A Hamiltonian model of four magnetic sublattices is used to reproduce the metamagnetic transitions of these series, considering the crystalline electric field interaction and the exchange interaction in the molecular field approximation. The crystalline electric field parameters were extracted from literature sources, while the exchange parameters were adjusted to optimize the agreement between the proposed model and the experimental data. The four sublattice model presented here successfully describes the metamagnetic transitions that appeared, at the low magnetic fields, in the RRhIn5 (RNd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series, in contrast to other molecular field model found in the literature that inadequately reproduces these transitions.

Preparation and luminescence properties of Ce3+/Sm3+ codoped A-Lu2SiO5@SiO2 core-shell nanospheres

X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) has been applied as an effective strategy against cancer. A novel nanoscintillator A-Lu2SiO5:Ce3+,Sm3+@SiO2 core-shell nanosphere was fabricated and its practicability in X-PDT has been demonstrated in this work. The emission and excitation spectra of the co-doped samples were measured, and the energy transfer (ET) from Ce3+ to Sm3+ was investigated using the Inokuti-Hirayama (I-H) model, revealing that the dominant mechanism of ET in the sample Lu2SiO5:Ce3+,Sm3+@SiO2 nanospheres would be electric dipole-dipole interaction. In particular, the corresponding spectra demonstrated ET between Ce3+ and Sm3+ under X-ray excitation, while light yield has been estimated for a representative co-doped sample. It was concluded that the as-prepared A- Lu2SiO5:Ce3+,Sm3+@SiO2 core-shell nanospheres have potential applications for the simultaneous excitation of blue and red activated photosensitizers in X-PDT as material for nanoscintillators.

Generalized Rotating‐Wave Approximation for the Quantum Rabi Model with Optomechanical Interaction

AbstractThe spectrum of energy and eigenstates of an hybrid cavity optomechanical system, where a cavity field mode interacts with a mechanical mode of a vibrating end mirror via radiation pressure and with a two level atom via electric dipole interaction are investigated. In the spirit of approximations developed for the quantum Rabi model beyond rotating‐wave approximation (RWA), the so‐called generalized RWA (GRWA) to diagonalize the tripartite Hamiltonian for arbitrary large couplings is implemented. Notably, the GRWA approach still allows to rewrite the hybrid Hamiltonian in a bipartite form, like a Rabi model with dressed atom‐field states (polaritons) coupled to mechanical modes through reparametrized coupling strength and Rabi frequency. A more accurate energy spectrum for a wide range of values of the atom‐photon and photon–phonon couplings, when compared to the RWA results is found. The fidelity between the numerical eigenstates and its approximated counterparts is also calculated. The degree of polariton‐phonon entanglement of the eigenstates presents a non‐monotonic behavior as the atom‐photon coupling varies, in contrast to the characteristic monotonic increase in the RWA treatment.

Electromechanical interactions between cell membrane and nuclear envelope: Beyond the standard Schwan’s model of biological cells

We investigate little-appreciated features of the hierarchical core–shell (CS) models of the electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical interactions between the cell membrane (CM) and nuclear envelope (NE). We first consider a simple model of an individual cell based on a coupled resistor–capacitor (Schwan model (SM)) network and show that the CM, when exposed to ac electric fields, acts as a low pass filter while the NE acts as a wide and asymmetric bandpass filter. We provide a simplified calculation for characteristic time associated with the capacitive charging of the NE and parameterize its range of behavior. We furthermore observe several new features dealing with mechanical analogs of the SM based on elementary spring–damper combinations. The chief merit of these models is that they can predict creep compliance responses of an individual cell under static stress and their effective retardation time constants. Next, we use an alternative and a more accurate CS physical model solved by finite element simulations for which geometrical cell reshaping under electromechanical stress (electrodeformation (ED)) is included in a continuum approach with spatial resolution. We show that under an electric field excitation, the elongated nucleus scales differently compared to the electrodeformed cell.

Spatial uniformity of the spectral radiance by white LED-based K<sub>2</sub>CaP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Tb<sup>3+</sup> phosphor

The K2CaP2O7:Ce3+, Tb3+ (Ce/Tb-KCPO) phosphor with blue-to-green emission is introduced in this study. The synthesis of the phosphor is carried out with the solid-state approach. The phosphor characteristics, including X-ray diffraction, luminescence lifespan, and thermal stability are measured and examined. The data show that Ce/Tb-KCPO phosphor displays a broadband emission from blue to green when excited by ultraviolet source. Besides, the ion Ce3+ strengthen the emission of Tb3+ ion through an efficient energy-transfer mechanism, which is estimated about 82.51%. The main electric interaction responsible for this Ce/Tb energy transfer is the dipole-quadrupole one. The phosphor also benefits the luminous intensity and color uniformity of the light-emitting diodes (LED) white-light output. Therefore, the Ce/Tb-KCPO phosphor can be a potential material for high-power white light-emitting diodes (WLED).