Electric Hybrid Research Articles

Coordinated configuration of hybrid energy storage for electricity-hydrogen integrated energy system

This paper proposes an optimal coordinated configuration method of hybrid electricity and hydrogen storage for the electricity‑hydrogen integrated energy system (EH-ES) to promote the renewable energy source (RES) utilization and reduce the deployment cost. To simulate the practical operation of EH-ES, an energy hub framework with a discrete state space system matrix is designed to characterize the internal interconnection topology and quantify the steady-state production, storage, conversion and utilization processes of electricity and hydrogen energy carriers within EH-ES. A chronological operation simulation based electricity and hydrogen storage configuration model over a year-round time horizon is formulated to collaboratively optimize the capacity of the electrolyzer, fuel cell, battery energy storage (BES) and hydrogen storage tank. In this model, the power and capacity complementarity of BES and generalized hydrogen storage is fully exploited to compensate for power and energy imbalances, and additional capacity configuration of BES is considered to mitigate the drastic electrolytic power fluctuation. Besides, a typical source-load scenario reduction method based on K-means and ordered clustering is developed to avoid a large number of operation variables due to year-round hourly simulation. Comparative studies demonstrate that the proposed methodology can achieve the RES consumption rate of 98.873 % while the equipment investment cost can be reduced by 10.034 %.

A Flexible Hybrid Generator for Efficient Dual Energy Conversion from Raindrops to Electricity.

Electromagnetic generators are conventionally used to harvest energy from large water bodies, but they are ineffective for harvesting low hydro-energy, such as raindrops or fogs, due to their bulky, heavy and immovable. Unfortunately, developing new strategies that are lightweight, small, and have high conversion efficiency to convert such low hydro-energy into electricity remains a challenge. Herein, a flexible droplet-based hybrid electricity generator (DHEG) consisting of a droplet-based electricity generator (DEG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) is proposed to convert the dual energy of water droplets into electricity simultaneously. The DHEG is assembled by facilely merging DEG and EMG using conductive elastic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNTs/PDMS) film. The MWCNTs/PDMS film can not only serve as a bottom electrode for switching on the DEG, but also as an elastic component for the EMG to vibrate the coil when impacted by water droplets. Activated by a single 58.2µL droplet falling from a height of 50cm, the peak voltage, current and power generated by the DHEG are ≈84.6V, ≈19.85mA, and ≈595.8µW, respectively. The energy conversion efficiency of the DHEG is up to ≈13.8%. This flexible hybrid generator may provide a promising strategy for effectively harvesting energy from raindrops.

Concept Evaluation of Radical Short–Medium-Range Aircraft with Turbo-Electric Propulsion

Ambitious targets for the coming decades have been set for further reductions in aviation greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid electric propulsion (HEP) concepts offer potential for the mitigation of these aviation emissions. To investigate this potential in an adequate level of detail, the European research project IMOTHEP (Investigation and Maturation of Technologies for Hybrid Electric Propulsion) explores key technologies for HEP in close relation with developments of aircraft missions and configuration. This paper presents conceptual-level design investigations on radical HEP aircraft configurations for short–medium-range (SMR) missions. In particular, a blended-wing-body (BWB) configuration with a turbo-electric powertrain and distributed electric propulsion is investigated using NLR’s aircraft evaluation tool MASS. For the aircraft and powertrain design, representative top-level aircraft requirements have been defined in IMOTHEP, and the reference aircraft for the assessment of potential benefits is based on the Airbus A320neo aircraft. The models and data developed in IMOTHEP and presented in this paper show that the turbo-electric BWB configuration has potential for reduced fuel consumption in comparison to the reference aircraft. But in comparison to advanced turbofan-powered BWB configurations, which have the same benefits of the BWB airframe and advanced technology assumptions, this potential is limited.

Review on Electric Vehicles Battery Swapping Technology

The goal of research and development organizations is to intelligently design the architecture of battery swapping stations (BSSs), with the hope of offering a reliable platform for the successful installation of a large fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The BSS can calibrate its subsystem for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) by implementing a similar concept to those found in current gas stations, which involve exchanging or swapping out discharged batteries for partially or fully charged ones after a short while. Because it gives the relevant stakeholders a more comprehensive understanding of the business prospects, the BSS approach has emerged as a promising technological alternative to the conventional EV recharging station approach. This paper addresses the introduction to BSS, covering its methods, infrastructure, advantages over charging stations, and main obstacles. Index Terms: Battery Swapping Station (BSS), Battery Charging Stations (BCS), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EHVs).

Health-Wise Energy Management Strategies in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Tools to optimize performance and reduce operational costs

Health-Wise Energy Management Strategies in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Tools to optimize performance and reduce operational costs

A Simulation Modeling Approach for the Techno-Economic Analysis of the Integration of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Tourism Districts

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in tertiary sectors due to their eco-friendliness and sustainability when powered by clean energy. Integrating EV charging stations with renewable energy systems is essential to alleviate energy issues and grid pressure. Exploring this integration’s feasibility is imperative for sustainable transportation. This study aims to provide a clear approach and methodology for examining the potential of integrating renewable energy technologies with EV charging stations at the district level. Additionally, the study investigates the energy, economic, and environmental benefits of an integrated system comprising photovoltaic/wind turbines (PV/WTs) connected to the electricity grid to meet the energy demand of a tertiary district consisting of five hotels in Egypt. Through the development of a simulation model, the paper verifies whether the proposed energy system can meet the district’s energy demand. In addition, the simulation model has been employed to conduct a sensitivity analysis for investigating the impact of different charging rates on economic feasibility. The results indicate that a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrated with an EV charging station can effectively relieve pressure on the electricity grid and provide electricity at competitive prices compared to the national grid. Moreover, the proposed energy system significantly reduces environmental emissions by up to 510 tons of CO2 per year and has the potential to decrease fossil fuel usage by 248 tons per year. Sensitivity analysis highlights the significant impact of charging prices on project profitability.

Research on Product Positioning of New Energy Vehicles - Taking Tesla and Build Your Dream as Examples

This study focuses on the product positioning strategy of new energy vehicles, taking Tesla and Build Your Dream as examples. As a global leading electric vehicle manufacturer, Build Your Dream is committed to technological innovation and has launched a variety of new energy vehicle models, including pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Its product line covers multiple market segments, ranging from small city electric vehicles to large luxury electric vehicles, as well as special-purpose vehicles and commercial vehicles. In contrast, Tesla adopts a development model of first launching high-end models and then gradually expanding into the low-end market. From now on, Tesla's export volume is greater than Build Your Dream's, and it occupies a larger share of the global market. In terms of price, sales volume, sales channels, sales positioning, marketing strategies, imports, and exports, the two companies differ. Generally speaking, Tesla focuses on brand building and technological innovation, while Build Your Dream pays more attention to product cost-effectiveness and market share.

Performance investigation of a hybrid solar dryer with electric and biogas backup air heaters for chilli drying

Solar drying is an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly post-harvesting process. This work presents the experimental investigation on drying of red chili using two different types of hybrid mode solar dryers: Electric Hybrid Mode Solar Dryer (EHMSD) and Biogas Hybrid Mode Solar Dryer (BHMSD). In both modes, a cabinet-type drying chamber is integrated with two different auxiliary backup air heaters that can operate with electricity and biogas. From initial no-load experiments, the optimized mass flow rate of the dryer was estimated as 0.03 kg/s. Then, red chilli was dried from an initial moisture content of 70.2% (w.b.) to a final moisture content of 17.7% (w.b.) within 16 hr in the EHMSD and 14 hr in the BHMSD. However, in Open Sun Drying (OSD) experiments, the red chilli samples reached only 40.2% (w.b.) requiring twice the drying time compared to the dryer. Moreover, the variation in drying rate and exergy were estimated for chilli drying in both the dryers. The maximum value of the effective moisture diffusivity (2.73 × 10−9 m2/s) was observed in BHMSD samples, which was four times higher than that of the OSD samples. Moreover, the efficiency of BHMSD was found to be 6% higher than that of EHMSD.The estimated exergy destruction in BHMSD and EHMSD was 26.7% and 30.8% of the net input exergy. BHMSD also offers energy savings by utilizing biogas as an auxiliary heating source instead of electricity. Therefore, the novel BHMSD can be an eco-efficient and sustainable alternative to the traditional EHMSD from the perspective of energy sustainability.

Well-to-wheel carbon footprint and cost analysis of gasoline, diesel, hydrogen ICE, hybrid and fully electric city buses

Carbon emissions in mobility, as one of the primary causes of global warming, are regulated by various organizations with different legislations. Different energy sources and power-train solutions are used to comply with these constraints. Hydrogen-fueled, fully electric, and hybrid vehicles are at the forefront of these technologies. Within the scope of this study, gasoline-, diesel-, and hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines, and fully electric and serial hybrid 18-m city bus vehicles were modeled. Comprehensive analyses of emissions and costs, considering both the entire energy production and consumption cycles for various vehicle types were conducted. Models that are primarily based on fuel consumption data show that while fully electric vehicles currently have the lowest emissions, hydrogen-fueled vehicles can play a more prominent role soon with the increasing production of green hydrogen. For the first step of hydrogen implementation in the industry, H2ICE is a promising for both reduced carbon emissions in mobility and cost-effectiveness. If the forecasted hydrogen production and distribution scenario is adopted by industrial and energy organizations, it is evident that by the year 2030, more environmentally friendly operation can be achieved particularly in the context of public transportation. Embracing this approach is likely to lead to positive environmental sustainability impacts in future transportation systems.

A Predictive Energy Management Strategy for Heavy Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System-Optimized Time Horizon

Energy management strategies play a crucial role in enhancing the fuel efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. For the current commonly used time horizon optimization methods that only target the trend curve of the optimal battery state of charge (SOC) trajectory obtained offline, which are only suitable for buses with known future driving conditions, this paper proposed an energy management strategy based on an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) that optimizes the time horizon length and enhances adaptability to driving conditions by integrating historical vehicle velocity, accelerations, and battery SOC trajectory. First, the vehicle velocity prediction model based on the radial basis function (RBF) neural network is used to predict the future velocity sequence. After that, ANFIS was used to optimize and update the length of the forecast time horizon based on the historical vehicle velocity sequence. Finally, compared with the fixed time horizon energy management strategy, which is based on model predictive control (MPC), the average calculation time of the energy management strategy is reduced by about 23.5%, and the fuel consumption per 100 km is reduced by about 6.12%.

Research on optimal configuration of natural gas electric hybrid energy system

Natural gas resources are crucial for the development of the international community, which has the advantages of energy conservation, economy, and environmental protection. By optimizing the allocation of natural gas energy storage resources, the negative impact of randomness and volatility on the energy system can be effectively suppressed. Therefore, this article proposes a research on optimal configuration of natural gas electric hybrid energy system. Using the investment payback period as the economic evaluation indicator, analyze the influencing factors of the economic performance of the natural gas electricity hybrid energy system from a technical and economic perspective. By using historical data of actual natural gas electricity hybrid energy systems for example calculation and analysis, the configuration method under the proposed strategy was verified to meet the multi time scale requirements of the system while considering equipment characteristics, effectively improving system economy. l gas electric hybrid energy system

Fuel Efficiency Analysis and Control of a Series Electric Hybrid Compact Wheel Loader

<div>The escalating demand for more efficient and sustainable working machines has pushed manufacturers toward adopting electric hybrid technology. Electric powertrains promise significant fuel savings, which are highly dependent on the nature of the duty cycle of the machine. In this study, experimental data measured from a wheel loader in a short-loading Y-cycle is used to exercise a developed mathematical model of a series electric hybrid wheel loader. The efficiency and energy consumption of the studied architecture are analyzed and compared to the consumption of the measured conventional machine that uses a diesel engine and a hydrostatic transmission. The results show at least 30% reduction in fuel consumption by using the proposed series electric hybrid powertrain, the diesel engine rotational speed is steady, and the transient loads are mitigated by the electric powertrain. The model also shows that 20% of drive energy could be regenerated through braking using the drive electric motors. Opportunities for engine downsizing are established and the losses are analyzed and compared for both machines. The results show 42% savings in the overall system losses especially the diesel engine and drivetrain.</div>

Improving the calculation module for estimating pollutant emission from conventional and hybrid regional aircraft

For the aviation sector, it is extremely important to devise revolutionary solutions in the field of technology to restrain the potential impact of civil aviation on the environment to the level of the established strategic goals of ACARE (FlightPath2050). The introduction of innovative technologies (improvement of the combustion chamber, the introduction of electric hybrid power plants on airplanes, and the use of alternative aviation fuel) will ensure the sustainable growth of air transportation. To assess the effectiveness of advanced technologies, it is extremely important to have a model for calculating global/local emissions that takes into account the parameters of the flight path of conventional and hybrid aircraft, operational characteristics of the aircraft engine and hybrid powerplant, and the features of sustainable fuel. The improved module for calculating emission indices by combining the module for calculating the parameters of the flight path and the results of calculating the thermogas-dynamic calculation of the aircraft engine makes it possible to detect the influence of fuel consumption (engine thrust) on the values of the emission indices. This feature is representative for evaluating the efficiency of hybrid powerplants because the electrification of the aircraft fleet is primarily aimed at reducing fuel consumption. The analysis of simulation results reveals that the fuel consumption and EINOx are significantly reduced (for the climb stage – 25 %; for the descent stage – 30 %) for the hybrid AN26 compared to the conventional AN26. The specified operational measure, in the part of the low-pitch descend, significantly reduces EICO for the hybrid AN26 by an average of 50 % compared to the descend stage for the conventional trajectory. The results of calculations for the entire flight path demonstrate that the use of a hybrid power plant for An26 contributes to an average reduction of fuel consumption by 10 %, NOx emissions by 25 %, water vapor emissions by 10 %, and CO2 by 10 %.

The problem of emission of total particulate matter and heavy metals from tribological systems in vehicles

The article presents the problem of particulate matter and heavy metal emissions from the tribological systems (road abrasion, brake and tyre wear) road of cars equiped with internal combustion engines (ICEs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrids and plug-in vehicles (PHEVs). The results of mathematical modelling carried out for obtaining of the emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, resulting from the road abrasion, brakes and tyre wear, are presented. Emissions are shown depending on the average speed and type of traffic (traffic in the city (urban), outside the city (rural) and on the highway) and the type of vehicle.

Beyond the Current State of the Art in Electric Vehicle Technology in Robotics and Automation

The improvement of electric vehicles and their parts is currently the subject of several recent innovations, with an emphasis on advancements in batteries, energy management systems, autonomous features, and charging infrastructure. The current logistics and transportation (L&T) systems comprise heterogeneous fleets made up of both conventional internal combustion engine cars and other vehicle types that use environmentally friendly technology, such as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. This helps significantly to the development of the upcoming generations of electric vehicles and promotes a more sustainable and effective ecosystem. This article offers insights into the most recent advancements in the field of electric cars (EVs) as new and innovative EV technologies based on data and statistics from science that may prove to be technically possible by 2030. Potential design and modeling techniques, including digital twins with linked IoT, are discussed in this paper. Additionally, all EV-related topics are covered, including hard-core battery material sciences, power electronics, and powertrain engineering, as well as market and environmental considerations and prospective technological obstacles and research gaps. This investigation is interesting since it offers thorough information on every facet of EVs. In conclusion, we offer to the readers several open issues in the field of EV as well as specific research directions to wrap up our work.

Improved Supervisory Controller Design for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Improved Supervisory Controller Design for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Closed-Form Expression to Estimate the Hydrogen Consumption of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Closed-Form Expression to Estimate the Hydrogen Consumption of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Review of Mechanical, Electrochemical, Electrical, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Used for Electric Vehicles

The population rate in the world is increasing rapidly. Depending on the population, the need for transportation increases at the same rate. Traditional vehicles, which provide great convenience in transportation, bring with them some disadvantages. For example, the fossil fuel used in conventional vehicles creates greenhouse gases such as CO2 and N2O. This has a negative impact on global warming. To eliminate these negativities, interest in electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) technology studies has increased recently. Some problems have arisen with these technological studies. The range problem in vehicles is the biggest of these problems. Therefore, various solutions are sought for energy storage problems in vehicles. In this article, studies on HEV and energy storage in EVs are examined. According to the data obtained because of this examination, the performance analysis of the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) was made. The performances of the electrochemical batteries used in HEVs and EVs were compared. In addition to these, flywheel energy storage system was also investigated in HEVs and EVs to recover the energy lost because of braking.

Use of Lithium-ion batteries in environmentally friendly vehicles

The concern for the environment and energy has led to a significant increase in research on electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The main challenges that need to be addressed to popularize these advanced vehicles are related to the battery. Since the early 1990s, we have been actively promoting research and development on batteries for environmentally friendly vehicle applications. Initially, the focus was on lithium-ion batteries as a potential solution to the critical battery issue mentioned earlier. Through extensive theoretical studies and numerous experimental demonstrations, we have successfully demonstrated that the potential of lithium-ion batteries exists and can be realized. This has opened up new possibilities and values that cannot be achieved with conventional batteries. This article aims to clarify the specific performance requirements of advanced batteries for EVs or HEVs, with a particular emphasis on the critical aspects of thermal design and construction for ensuring system stability. Furthermore, it highlights the significant improvements made in the power output of lithium-ion batteries for their application in HEVs.

Design and Performance Analysis of an Outer-Rotor PMaSynRM

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are consciously used as traction motors in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The rotor position (inner-rotor, outer-rotor) and topology of PMSMs significantly impact their torque profile, efficiency, and demagnetization characteristics. This article focuses on designing an outer-rotor permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM) under traction motor requirements and investigating its electromagnetic performance using the finite element method (FEM). This study's primary challenge is achieving optimal machine performance, considering high maximum torque and the risk of demagnetization at low levels. The design, derived from analytical calculations, was subjected to Finite Element Method (FEM) analyses. These analyses investigated motor performance in terms of efficiency, the ability to generate torque at different drive currents, and the risk of demagnetization. As a result of the study, the proposed PMaSynRM design was obtained that provides an adequate demagnetization performance even under 300% loading, has a maximum torque exceeding 35 Nm, and achieves an efficiency of 90% at rated conditions.