Electric Generator Research Articles

Electrical Performance Measurement of Electrical Thermoelectric Generator by Simulating Space Cooling Conditions in Terrestrial Laboratory

Electrical Performance Measurement of Electrical Thermoelectric Generator by Simulating Space Cooling Conditions in Terrestrial Laboratory

Highly Efficient, Flexible, and Self-Healable Moisture-Driven Energy Harvester Based on 2D Vanadium Pentoxide Nanosheets

The ubiquitous source of atmospheric moisture brought about a fascinating research avenue of extracting atmospheric water to generate sustainable electricity. Energy may be extracted from ambient moisture with obvious and substantial advantages. This point-of-use technology provides a decentralized alternative to meet the energy needs in isolated off-grid places. Unlike traditional energy generators which predominantly rely upon fossil fuel, moisture-induced energy generators can extract energy from moisture in a sustainable and eco-friendly way. Herein, we demonstrated a self-healable moist electric generator (MEG) based on vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) 2D nanosheet membranes. Lamellar membranes of V2O5 nanosheets have been shown to be excellent cation conductors and excellent materials for harvesting energy from ambient moisture. Ultra-thin 2D nanosheets of V2O5 was obtained by treatment of bulk V2O5 crystals with hydrogen peroxide. V2O5 nanosheet membrane was fabricated by vacuum-assisted filtration of 2D V2O5 nanosheets dispersion over a PTFE support membrane. The V2O5 membrane was easily peeled off from the support membrane on drying to obtain a flexible and freestanding V2O5 membrane. The V2O5 membrane consisting of percolated nanofluidic channels was sandwiched between a bottom solid copper foil and a perforated copper foil as the bottom electrode. The top electrode is perforated for exposure to atmospheric humidity. As the atmospheric water molecules come in contact with the V2O5 surface, an open-circuit voltage of 0.5 Volts and a short-circuit current of 0.3 microamperes is generated. The generated voltage and current is attributed to the preferential flow of cations through the V2O5 nanochannels. The exposed surface and edges of V2O5 nanosheets have a high negative surface charge which results in the splitting of water molecules into H3O+ and OH- ions. An electrical double layer (EDL) is established at the V2O5/water interface which selectively permits H3O+ ions through the channels. The mobile ions of the EDL transport through the nanofluidic channels creating a gradient between the two electrodes, resulting in a constant potential difference between the top and bottom electrodes which is harvested as electric current. The MEGs can be easily connected in parallel or series to enhance the current and voltage respectively. We demonstrate ten MEGs connected in series to power small electronic devices such as calculators and humidity meters. One of the key features of the V2O5 MEG is its ability to repair any physical damage to the active material owing to the water-assisted healing characteristics V2O5 membrane. Figure 1

The Effect of a Mixture of Methanol and Gasoline on the Operation of an Engine in an Electric Power Generator System

The Effect of a Mixture of Methanol and Gasoline on the Operation of an Engine in an Electric Power Generator System

Enhancing Electrical Generator Efficiency through Advanced Technologies: Flotation Magnets, Sealed Vacuums, and Liquid Hydrogen Cooling

Enhancing Electrical Generator Efficiency through Advanced Technologies: Flotation Magnets, Sealed Vacuums, and Liquid Hydrogen Cooling

Enhancing Electrical Generator Efficiency through Advanced Technologies Flotation Magnets, Sealed Vacuums, and Liquid Hydrogen Cooling.

In the scientific endeavour to enhance the efficiency of modern electrical generators, three innovative technologies: flotation magnets, sealed vacuums, and liquid hydrogen-cooled electrical energy transfer wires offer electrical engineers promising solutions to the classical problems of entropic energy loss. These three technologies aim to reduce friction at moving components points of contact, reduce or negate air resistance to moving turbines, and achieve a state of near-zero electrical resistance in the wires which transfer this energy to storage devices. This paper explores how potentially these advanced electrical engineering techniques can be integrated into the current design and operation of electrical turbine generators, with the scope of potentially revolutionising their output performance and entropic energy efficiency.

Dual skin effect and deep heterostructure of titanium alloy subjected to high-frequency electropulsing-assisted laser shock peening

Laser shock peening, an advanced technology for severe surface plasticity peening, encounters challenges such as shallow hardened layers and surface spalling when dealing with difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, we introduced a high-frequency electropulsing-assisted laser shock peening (HFEP-LSP) technique that coupled laser shock peening with high-frequency electric pulses to achieve a significant and deeper plastic deformation layer. In the HFEP-LSP technique, we first considered the dual “skin effect”, which coupled the skin effect of high-frequency electric pulses with the “skin effect” of the mechanical effect induced by the laser shock wave. An integrated experimental platform comprising an electric pulse generator, laser shock peening equipment, and a control system was built. A >1.6 mm deep compressive residual stress layer was obtained, and the depth of the plastic deformation layer increased by 83.3 %. Furthermore, we elucidated the dual “skin effect”-induced complex heterostructure and βm phase transition. A comprehensive analysis revealed the factors contributing to the deeper strengthening layer induced by HFEP-LSP, including the compressive residual stress and plastic deformation layers. In addition, the effects of laser shock peening and HFEP-LSP on the mechanical properties were investigated. Compared to the annealed samples, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the HFEP-LSP-treated samples were increased by 12.3 % and 57.1 %, respectively, with a fatigue life improvement of 176.4 %. The mechanism of synergistic improvement in strength and ductility was demonstrated.

SLAPE solar panels: a possible solution for the future energy problems of our society

Today, the silicon photovoltaic cell (SPVC) solar panels are being deployed across the globe by all most all the governments to generate renewable carbon neutral electricity to use in place of the one generated at thermal power plants by burning fossil fuels. These SPVC solar panels generate electricity with less than 20% efficiency, and heat energy with more than 30% efficiency. This 10% excess heat energy released into the atmosphere can cause a very severe damage to the environment and ecology as it is million times higher than the one caused by the equivalent CO2 gas in the atmosphere with a concentration of about 421 ppm. To avoid the harmful and danger effects of heat energy released by these SPVC solar panels into the atmosphere, either they have to be stopped using or the heat generated by them has to be trapped to use for the beneficial purposes of the society or any other alternate safe solar panels have to be developed. In this study, for the first time, the SLAPE (Semiconductor and Liquid Assisted Photothermal Effect) solar panels are introduced to generate electricity from sunlight. In these new solar panels, a semiconducting material along with a stable organic solvent is employed to capture the sunlight reaching the earth surface and to convert it into the heat energy. This in situ generated heat energy is then converted into a rotational mechanical energy with the help of an heat engine, and then into electricity with the help of suitable electric generator. To establish the Proof of Concept (poc), in this study, SPV cells as semiconducting material and γ-butyrolactone were employed to fabricate a one square meter area SLAPE solar panel and generated about 17 V AC electricity with the help of a custom manufactured reciprocally moved steam engine (RMSE) and an electric generator. Thus obtained results are presented and discussed along this article.

Simulation of an induction generator for a wind farm

A pressing problem in the modern economy is still the problem of generating a sufficient amount of electricity. The situation is aggravated by environmental problems when using so-called carbon energy, as well as when using hydro and nuclear energy. The development of alternative sources of electricity is now impossible to imagine without the use of wind power plants. Wind energy is practically free energy, but its use involves the use of electric generators. Currently these are mainly synchronous generators, but induction (asynchronous) generators are also used. Despite the relative cheapness and reliability, however, induction generators occupy a very modest place in percentage terms among wind generators. One of the problems with using induction wind generators is that they require very significant reactive power during operation, which either comes from the network or is compensated by a capacitor bank. The latter is typical for autonomous induction generators. Computer modeling of induction wind generators is complicated by significant nonlinearity, which is caused by the magnetization curve or, what is the same, the no-load characteristics of the generator. As a rule, in computer modeling or simulation the inductive reactance of the magnetization branch is assumed to be constant, which is not entirely correct, since it is reliably known that it depends on the rotor rotation speed. A number of models of an induction generator are known, but so far there is no one most reliable mathematical model that allows computer studies of an induction generator with a squirrel-cage rotor, taking into account all its features. The MATLAB 2023b software package contains a mathematical model of an induction wind generator, which is of scientific and practical interest. The article examines the capabilities of this model, its advantages and disadvantages. The dependences of the influence of machine parameters on the generated active power and consumed reactive power were obtained, the influence of the inductive resistance of the magnetization branch and the influence of the nature of the load on the generated energy by the generator were assessed

Artificial Neural Network Model for Estimating the Pelton Turbine Shaft Power of a Micro-Hydropower Plant under Different Operating Conditions

The optimal performance of a hydroelectric power plant depends on accurate monitoring and well-functioning sensors for data acquisition. This study proposes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the Pelton turbine shaft power of a 10 kW micro-hydropower plant. In the event of a failure of the sensor measuring the torque and/or rotational speed of the Pelton turbine shaft, the synthetic turbine shaft power data generated by the ANN will allow the turbine output power to be determined. The experimental data were obtained by varying the operating conditions of the micro-hydropower plant, including the variation of the input power to the electric generator and the variation of the injector opening. These changes consequently affected the flow rate and the pressure head at the turbine inlet. The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) was deemed appropriate due to their ability to model complex relationships between input and output variables. The ANN structure comprised five input variables, fifteen neurons in a hidden layer and an output variable estimating the Pelton turbine power. During the training phase, algorithms such as Levenberg–Marquardt (L–M), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) and Bayesian were employed. The results indicated an error of 0.39% with L–M and 7% with SCG, with the latter under high-flow and -energy consumption conditions. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt (L–M) algorithm in estimating turbine shaft power. This contributes to improved performance and decision making in the event of a torque sensor failure.

A universal packaging substrate for mechanically stable assembly of stretchable electronics

Stretchable electronics commonly assemble multiple material modules with varied bulk moduli and surface chemistry on one packaging substrate. Preventing the strain-induced delamination between the module and the substrate has been a critical challenge. Here we develop a packaging substrate that delivers mechanically stable module/substrate interfaces for a broad range of stiff and stretchable modules with varied surface chemistries. The key design of the substrate was to introduce module-specific stretchability and universal adhesiveness by regionally tuning the bulk molecular mobility and surface molecular polarity of a near-hermetic elastic polymer matrix. The packaging substrate can customize the deformation of different modules while avoiding delamination upon stretching up to 600%. Based on this substrate, we fabricated a fully stretchable bioelectronic device that can serve as a respiration sensor or an electric generator with an in vivo lifetime of 10 weeks. This substrate could be a versatile platform for device assembly.

Enhancing Estimating the Charge Level in Electric Vehicles: Leveraging Force Fluctuation and Regenerative Braking Data

Accurate determination of the state of charge is vital to optimize the performance and lifespan of electric vehicle batteries. Traditional methods which rely on battery models and direct measurements can be error-prone due to fluctuating operating conditions and battery degradation over time. Regenerative braking systems are crucial in electric and hybrid vehicles for improving energy efficiency by transforming kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking. However, force fluctuation is a challenge that can affect the performance and comfort of regenerative braking. It is known to us that electric motors and generators used in regenerative braking have non- linear torque characteristics, especially at low speeds, leading to inconsistent braking force. Variations in road conditions, such as wet or uneven surfaces, can affect the grip of the tires, leading to fluctuations in deceleration. Interactions of regenerative braking system with conventional friction brakes can cause force fluctuations, especially during the transition between the two systems. This study introduces an improved state of charge estimation technique based on force fluctuation and a regenerative braking system. This research shows that this approach significantly enhances state of charge accuracy compared to traditional methods, especially in urban driving conditions with frequent braking. The findings underscore the potential of using regenerative braking as well as force fluctuation condition data as a valuable input for state of charge estimation, ultimately leading to better battery management and an extended electric vehicle range.

INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION OF LOW-VOLTAGE CIRCUITS OF ELECTRICAL DIRECT CURRENT MOVEMENT COMPONENTS

Purpose. The purpose of this work is the analysis of possible directions for improving the performance indicators of electric rolling stock of direct current railways. The work is devoted to the improvement of systems of automatic voltage regulation of low-voltage circuits where the power source is a direct current generator. The number of electric locomotives and electric trains of railways and their units, which have exhausted their service life, but will be in service for a long time, preserves the relevance of research into possible directions of modernization and the specifics of system operation. Methodology. The work uses the analysis and generalization of previously performed research. The methodological basis of the research is the mathematical apparatus of the theory of automatic control and the theory of reliability. The object of research is the process of functioning of low-voltage control circuits of electric rolling stock of direct current railways with direct current generators as an energy source. The subject of the study is a voltage regulator for own needs based on a modern element base. Findings. A variant of the system of automatic voltage regulation of low-voltage circuits with generator power sources for electric rolling stock of direct current is offered. The basis of the system is the voltage regulation node, which in the existing structure is made on the basis of a carbon vibration regulator on a strip. As an alternative, a system based on operational amplifiers and the use of proportional or proportional-integral laws of the regulator in the structure is proposed. Modeling of dynamic processes indicates the structural stability of the system and qualitative transition processes. A comparison of the no-failure indicators of the nodes indicates a possible increase in terms between services and cost savings. The comparison is made for systems that are in operation for a long time and those that are offered. Originality. It is proposed to implement the node of the system of automatic voltage regulation on a modern elemental basis, which allows to improve the reliability of the system and implement a small, economical, modernization of rolling stock of railways with an exhausted service life. Practical value. The obtained results can be used by enterprises that carry out major repairs of electric trains and direct current electric locomotives with extended service life. The implementation of the proposed units makes it possible to replace existing contact-based relay systems with fast contact wear, frequent maintenance and debugging. As a result, new units can be transferred to service during current repairs due to the introduction of non-contact systems and increase the probability of trouble-free operation and use the personnel who are always present in locomotive depots. This reduces the cost of maintenance due to the introduction of a modern element base and exclusion from the technological process of maintenance of existing units.

Unveil the Triple Roles of Water Molecule on Power Generation of MXene Derived TiO2 based Moisture Electric Generator (Adv. Energy Mater. 27/2024)

Unveil the Triple Roles of Water Molecule on Power Generation of MXene Derived TiO₂ based Moisture Electric Generator (Adv. Energy Mater. 27/2024)

Influence of the Bulb Geometry and Electrical Supply Parameters on the UV Emission of DBD Excimer Lamps

The aim of this article is to improve the performance of DBD excimer lamps systems for UV production. Within this framework, our approach considers two distinct directions: the geometric dimensions of the double-barrier lamp bulb and the characteristics of the power supply. To explore these directions, a sampling of 19 bulbs of different geometries is considered, and a specially designed power supply is used, capable of controlling the shape (duration and magnitude) and frequency of current pulses injected into the plasma. A dedicated test bench, including a supervisory program that drives the power supply and collects system performance data, is used to perform parametric sweeps and guarantee measurement repeatability: the set of electrical parameters is fully explored for each lamp, and each experiment is characterized by UV emission performance and electrical generator operating conditions. Multiquadric response surfaces, used to format the results of this multi-variable exploration, reveal the most efficient directions for system optimization: increasing gas volume and, at a given operating frequency, providing the shortest possible current pulses with high amplitude can increase both UV emission and conversion efficiency.

РАЗРАБОТКА СХЕМЫ ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ КУЛАЧКОВОГО КОНТРОЛЛЕРА ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК АСИНХРОННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ

The main methods of testing electrical machines are considered. An analysis of existing loading equipment was carried out. It is proposed to use a command controller to switch the stages of the load rheostat according to a given program. A table of contact inclusions has been developed in rela-tion to a DC generator

Dual internal model control with improved load current feedback for enhanced dynamic performance in aircraft high‐voltage direct current brushless generator

AbstractIn order to enhance the dynamic performance of aircraft high‐voltage direct current wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG) system under load variations, a dual internal model control (DIMC) method utilising improved load current feedback (ILCF) is proposed. It employs internal model controllers in both voltage and current loops, thereby significantly augmenting the system's disturbance rejection capabilities. Improved load current feedback is incorporated between the DC voltage loop and the field current loop. Additionally, a method for designing a feedback fitting function is established, enhancing the system's adaptability to changes in operational speed and load. The authors outline parameter design methods for voltage and current loops in DIMC, based on the internal model control principle. Adjustments to these parameters can further enhance the system's disturbance rejection capabilities. Finally, comparative experiments between the PI method with ILCF and the DIMC method with ILCF are conducted on a 15 kW WRSG experimental platform. These experiments demonstrate that the proposed DIMC method with ILCF optimises dynamic performance across the entire speed range, enhancing the competitiveness of WRSG systems in aircraft applications.

СПОСОБИ МЕХАНІЧНОЇ СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЇ ЧАСТОТИ ОБЕРТАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА СИЛОВОЇ УСТАНОВКИ

When studying the electrical on-board system of the vehicle as a whole, it is necessary to consider the dynamic characteristics of all its components. One of the links of the system is considered - a mechanical variator for stabilizing the frequency of rotation of the generator rotor. When the generator is driven by an aircraft engine, there are factors that prevent its stable operation. The rotation frequency of the drive motor is constantly changing, so there is a problem related to the creation of a high-quality system of mechanical stabilization of the rotation frequency. Possible methods of stabilizing the frequency of rotation of the electric generator rotor by using stepless variators are considered. When analyzing the possible types of stepless variable speed variators, mechanical variators were chosen, which have a number of advantages over other types, such as their compactness, low cost, high efficiency, etc. In particular, it is proposed to use differential gear mechanisms of various schemes as stabilizers: a differential variator made using schemes IA and AI, as well as a differential mechanism AI with a free carrier. As devices that provide self-regulation of the output rotation frequency, it is proposed to use speed regulators, the principle of operation of which is based on the use of centrifugal force, which changes when the rotation frequency changes at the input to the variator. A concrete example for a differential mechanism (AI) shows how to perform kinematic and force calculations to ensure constancy of the output speed when the input speed changes within ± 6%.

Design and Development of Dry Waste Management System for Electricity Generation

The rise of the waste will be the bigger issue of all over the world. The majority of the waste will normally dump to fill the lands, this will become the major issue and creates the environmental issues in surroundings. To overcome this, we placed an idea in this project initially to segregate dry waste and wet waste automatically in view of minimizing the man power. In this project microcontroller will acts as a central unit of the system. The sensors are used to identify dry waste and wet waste. In our work, we consider dry waste like paper, wood, plastic etc., and send to the heat chamber and then after burning, heat energy is converted into electrical energy using thermos electric generator. The investigations are carried out by different finite elements to analyze the electricity generation w.r.t temperature variation in the system. The best part of this prototype system is not only reducing the waste but also generates electricity. Keywords— Composting, incineration, Microcontroller, Dry Waste, Wet Waste, thermoelectric generator

ANALISIS KECEPATAN KELUARAN ANGIN KONDENSOR AC TERHADAP JENIS–JENIS BLADE GENERATOR LISTRIK DENGAN KOMPUTASI FLUIDA DINAMIK

Electrical energy is widely used for household and industrial purposes, so the need for electrical energy will continue to increase every year. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrical energy generation system that comes from renewable energy such as wind. Currently, not much is known about the use of wasted wind from air conditioner (AC) condensers. The blow of wind can be used to produce electrical energy, so it is necessary to make wind-powered electric generator blades from the condenser output. The blade that will be designed is a three-blade model, so it is hoped that it can rotate the generator optimally. The purpose of this research is to design a three-blade type that can optimize the rotation of the electric motor/generator and get the maximum number of revolutions with a three-blade design because this design provides better stability and more efficiency. One way of making the design is to make simulation variations with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to find out the right blade design to rotate the generator and find out the wind blowing from the air conditioner (AC) condenser that crosses the blade. In this study, three simulations were carried out to get maximum results, namely 390 rpm at 42 °C with a velocity of 10.7 m/s and a pressure of 34.4 Pa. To be able to determine the effectiveness of the AC condenser wind output speed with a three-blade design.

On direct-current magnetron sputtering at industrial conditions with high ionization fraction of sputtered species

In the industry, there is a preference for robust and technologically straightforward solutions that can deliver desired products at reasonable costs. This study introduces a reliable, robust, and cost-effective ion-assisted thin film growth technique called moving focused magnetic field magnetron sputtering. At the core of this technology lies the generation of dense plasma within a small area of the target and the controlled movement of this plasma across the entire target surface. The deposition process, powered by a direct current generator, behaves similarly to high-power impulse magnetron sputtering and yields coatings with properties comparable to those produced by this method. Notably, this study marks the first application of an ion meter to measure the ionized metal flux fraction of sputtered titanium at industrial conditions, revealing values of up to 34% measured at the substrate position.