Effect Of Electric Field Research Articles

Experimental study on the surface wave mode of a liquid film under the coupling effect of acoustic oscillation and electric field

This paper conducted an experimental study of a charged liquid film subjected to the coupling effect of acoustic oscillations and an electrostatic field perpendicular to the plane. The experimental system was established. Three different substances—de-ionized water, ionized liquid (BMIMBF4), and a 50 wt. % glycerin–water solution—were utilized to form the liquid film. An oscillator was employed to generate the acoustic oscillations, while the electrostatic field was produced by a high-voltage power supply. Both the increase in oscillating frequency and electric field intensity were observed to alter the surface waveform and elevate the surface wavenumber. Furthermore, the experimental findings align qualitatively with the previously established theoretical results.

The processing properties of photocatalysis assisted magnetorheological polishing based on TiO2–CI composite particles

With the development of optoelectronic wafers tend to be high brittleness, high hardness and high chemical stability, a single magnetorheological polishing is difficult to meet the application requirements of optoelectronic wafers. The quality and efficiency of magnetorheological polishing (MRP) of photoelectric wafer can be further improved by electric field assisted polishing or photocatalysis assisted polishing. In this paper, TiO2–CI functional composite particles were synthesized by sol-gel method, and a variety of polishing fluid with magnetic, electric and optical multi field effects were prepared. Silicon wafer and fused silica glass were polished by fixed-point centering polishing method, and the mechanism of photocatalytic assisted magnetorheological polishing (PMRP) was studied by comparing the polishing performance of the polishing fluid under different applied fields. The results show that when the polishing fluids prepared by oil-based liquid, the material removal rate is high under the action of a single magnetic field, but the polishing quality is poor. After polishing for 60 min, the height difference in surface profile ΔRz of fused silica glass is 0.67 μm. When the 2.5 kV/mm electric field is applied, the abrasive distribution can be controlled by electromagnetic composite field, and the stiffness distribution of polishing pad is more uniform, but it will reduce the material removal rate (MRR). Compared with the single magnetic field, the height difference in surface profile ΔRz is reduced by 73.1 % to 0.18 μm under the magnetoelectric compound field, which can obtain a more flattened surface quality. When light field and magnetic field are applied, water-based polishing fluid is used for polishing. Because UV light can induce photocatalytic reaction, the strong oxidation group ·OH generated in the photocatalytic reaction can oxidize the materials of workpiece surface into the lower hardness materials. Therefore, the material removal rate is increased by 249 % to 13.4 mg/h compared with that without light field, and the surface roughness was reduced by 69.32 % to 1.05 nm.

Enhanced electron transfer via synergistic electric field effects in g-C3N4/MoS2 piezo-photocatalysis for hexavalent chromium removal

This study explores the significant reduction effect of g-C3N4-modified MoS2 on Cr6+ in water, attributed to its piezo-photocatalytic activity. Electrochemical tests indicate that, compared to pure MoS2, the built-in electric field formed by the g-C3N4/MoS2 heterojunction effectively promotes the transfer rate of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby enhancing the reduction efficiency of Cr6+. Furthermore, applying mechanical force further strengthens the built-in electric field of the g-C3N4/MoS2 heterojunction, accelerating the transfer rate of photogenerated charge carriers and regulating the arrangement of the semiconductor material band structure. Moreover, cytotoxicity experiments demonstrate that the Cr6+ solution at tested concentrations treated with the g-C3N4/MoS2 piezo-photocatalytic system exhibited negligible toxic effect on Hep-G2 cells compared to before reaction, making it an environmentally friendly choice for water treatment. The research results are of significant importance for designing efficient catalysts for environmental remediation, as well as for biological and medical applications.

Computational analysis of electric field effects on electrodialysis for enhanced desalination processes

This study elucidates the technologies employed in membranebased water purification processes. The theoretical underpinnings of semipermeable membrane functionalities are expounded upon through the lens of Onsager’s reciprocal relations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, delineating the fluxes and the driving forces that instigate them. Utilising a simplified Onsager matrix tailored for the ion-exchange membrane electrodialysis process, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. The computations presented herein depict the intricacies of both dialysis and electrodialysis in saline water solutions.

Electrically-driven modulation of flow patterns in liquid crystal microfludics

The flow of liquid crystals in the presence of electric fields is investigated as a possible means of flow control. The Beris-Edwards model is coupled to a free energy incorporating electric field effects. Simulations are conducted in straight channels and in junctions. Our findings reveal that local flow mediation can be achieved by the application of spatially varying electric fields. In rectangular straight channels, we report a two-stream velocity profile arising in response to the imposed electric field. Furthermore, we observe that the flow rate in each stream scales inversely with the Miesowicz viscosities, leading to the confinement of 70% of the throughput to one half of the channel. Similar flow partitioning is also demonstrated in channel junction geometries, where we show that using external fields provides a novel avenue for flow modulation in microfluidic circuits.

A Photoelectrochemical Sensor for the Sensitive Detection of Cysteine Based on Cadmium Sulfide/Tungsten Disulfide Nanocomposites.

In this work, a CdS-nanoparticle-decorated WS2 nanosheet heterojunction was successfully prepared and first used to modify ITO electrodes for the construction of a novel photoelectrochemical sensor (CdS/WS2/ITO). The thin-film electrode was fabricated by combining electrophoretic deposition with successive ion layer adsorption and reaction techniques. The results indicated that the synthesized heterojunction nanomaterials displayed excellent photoelectrochemical performance which was much better than that of pristine CdS nanoparticles and 2D WS2 nanosheets. Owing to the formation of the surface heterojunction and the effective interfacial electric field, the enhanced separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs led to a remarkable improvement in the photoelectrochemical activity of CdS/WS2/ITO. This heterojunction architecture can protect CdS against photocorrosion, resulting in a stable photocurrent. Based on the specific recognition between cysteine and CdS/WS2/ITO, through the specificity of Cd-S bonds, a visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical sensor was fabricated for cysteine detection. The novel photoelectrochemical biosensor exhibited outstanding analytical capabilities in detecting cysteine, with an extremely low detection limit of 5.29 nM and excellent selectivity. Hence, CdS-WS2 heterostructure nanocomposites are promising candidates as novel advanced photosensitive materials in the field of photoelectrochemical biosensing.

The application of C/Sb composite multilayer films on fast flexible phase change memory

In this paper, the phase transformation properties of C/Sb composite multilayer films based on flexible substrates were studied. After different times of bending, the flexible films can still achieve amorphous to crystalline phase transition, but the crystalline resistance increases to different degrees. When the bending times are less than 15000 times, the deformation makes the grain fine, the surface of the film tends to be flat, the surface electric field effect is weakened, and the resistance drift is reduced. When the bending times are higher than 15000 times, cracks begin to appear in the film, and the cracks’ depth and width increase with the bending times. The distribution of C and Sb elements at the crack was analyzed by scanning electronic microscope energy spectrum. The phase change memory device of C/Sb composite multilayer film based on flexible PEEK substrate has been made, and the rapid reversible resistance transition (∼10 ns) in various complex states has been successfully achieved. This research provides a new idea for flexible information storage.

Photo‐Induced Electric Field Effects on Water Droplets Generated in a LiNbO3 Opto‐Microfluidic Platform

AbstractIn this work, droplets elongation as a result of the photo‐induced photovoltaic electric field is presented and modeled. Moving water droplets are generated in microfluidics channels by means of a droplet‐based opto‐microfluidic platform integrated in lithium niobate (LN). A cross‐junction is engraved on the substrate as droplets generator, on top of which a z‐cut iron‐doped lithium niobate (Fe:LN) crystal is placed in order to build up photo‐induced electric field as a result of photovoltaic effect promoted upon suitable illumination. Droplets detection is realized by optical waveguides, designed in a Mach‐Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) configuration on the same substrate. The dynamics of droplet elongation is investigated, highlighting the impact of the photovoltaic electric field on the droplet dimension and surface tension.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Cysteine Based on Au Nanoparticle-Decorated ZnO@graphene Quantum Dots.

In this work, Au nanoparticle-decorated ZnO@graphene core-shell quantum dots (Au-ZnO@graphene QDs) were successfully prepared and firstly used to modify an ITO electrode for the construction of a novel photoelectrochemical biosensor (Au-ZnO@graphene QDs/ITO). Characterization of the prepared nanomaterials was conducted using transmission electron microscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction method. The results indicated that the synthesized ternary nanomaterials displayed excellent photoelectrochemical performance, which was much better than that of ZnO@graphene QDs and pristine ZnO quantum dots. The graphene and ZnO quantum dots formed an effective interfacial electric field, enhancing photogenerated electron-hole pairs separation and leading to a remarkable improvement in the photoelectrochemical performance of ZnO@graphene QDs. The strong surface plasmon resonance effect achieved by directly attaching Au nanoparticles to ZnO@graphene QDs led to a notable increase in the photocurrent response through electrochemical field effect amplification. Based on the specifical recognition between cysteine and Au-ZnO@graphene QDs/ITO through the specificity of Au-S bonds, a light-driven photoelectrochemical sensor was fabricated for cysteine detection. The novel photoelectrochemical biosensor exhibited outstanding analytical capabilities in detecting cysteine with an extremely low detection limit of 8.9 nM and excellent selectivity. Hence, the Au-ZnO@graphene QDs is a promising candidate as a novel advanced photosensitive material in the field of photoelectrochemical biosensing.

Interface-engineering-enhanced energy storage performance of (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15/Bi4LaTi3.5Mg0.5O15 multilayer film capacitors

Dielectric capacitors are vital components in advanced electrical power systems due to their high power density. However, how to improve their comparatively low energy density is still a major challenge. In this work, we designed a dielectric capacitor with a multilayer structure by inserting different numbers of ferroelectric (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 (NKBT) layers into relaxor ferroelectric Bi4LaTi3.5Mg0.5O15 (BLTM). Through the regulation of interface engineering, that is, the joint effects of electrical field amplifying, interlayer coupling, and block layer at the interface, enhancing the energy storage density and breakdown field in (NKBT/BLTM)N capacitors. A giant energy density (Wrec) of 81.2 J/cm3 and a high breakdown electric field of 4074 kV/cm are achieved in capacitors with N = 4. Consequently, interface engineering can be promoted as a universal route to optimize the energy storage performance of dielectric capacitors.

3D Aligned Nanofiber Scaffold Fabrication with Trench-Guided Electrospinning for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.

Constructing three-dimensional (3D) aligned nanofiber scaffolds is significant for the development of cardiac tissue engineering, which is promising in the field of drug discovery and disease mechanism study. However, the current nanofiber scaffold preparation strategy, which mainly includes manual assembly and hybrid 3D printing, faces the challenge of integrated fabrication of morphology-controllable nanofibers due to its cross-scale structural feature. In this research, a trench-guided electrospinning (ES) strategy was proposed to directly fabricate 3D aligned nanofiber scaffolds with alternative ES and a direct ink writing (DIW) process. The electric field effect of DIW poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) side walls on guiding whipping ES nanofibers was investigated to construct trench design rules. It was found that the width/height ratio of trenches greatly affected the nanofiber alignment, and the trench width/height ratio of 1.5 provided the nanofiber alignment degree over 60%. As a proof of principle, 3D nanofiber scaffolds with controllable porosity (60-80%) and alignment (30-60%) were fabricated. The effect of the scaffolds was verified by culturing human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), which resulted in the uniform 3D distribution of aligned hiPSC-CMs with ∼1000 μm thickness. Therefore, this printing strategy shows great potential for the efficient engineered tissue construction.

Numerical investigation on flow regime transition mechanism and length prediction method of droplet in T-junction by electric field

Although droplet microfluidics has received attention and research in the fields of chemistry and materials in recent years, research on electric field modulation of microchannel droplets is currently fragmented. In this paper, the effect of electric field and flow rate ratio on the behavior of discrete-phase flow in systems with different viscosity ratios was simulated. Subsequently, we delineated the regions of slug flow, drip flow, jet flow, and parallel flow under different parameters according to the simulation results, and investigated the mechanism of electric field manipulating the transformation of the above four flow types by combining the velocity vector diagram with the force situation. Additionally, in order to fill the gap in methods for predicting droplet length in T-junction microchannels under the presence of electric field, we present a scaling law for predicting droplet length that couples the effects of electric field, velocity, and viscosity. And it was verified that the error of the model built based on this method is less than 12 % when the flow ratio is less than 1.

Pulsatile flow of EMHD non-Newtonian nano-blood through an inclined tapered porous artery with combination of stenosis and aneurysm under body acceleration and slip effects

Research on blood flow in diseased arteries has become a priority in recent years. Stenosis/aneurysm is the most common arterial diseases. This work investigates the mixed effect of electric and magnetic fields on the unsteady, two-dimensional, laminar, non-Newtonian pulsatile flow of blood in an axisymmetrically inclined tapered porous artery with stenosis and aneurysm containing gold nanoparticles, subjected to body acceleration and slip effect. Thermal radiation and heat sources are also included. To immobilize the effect of the vessel wall, we use a radial coordinate transformation. The nonlinear partial differential equations governing the present problem, together with the prescribed boundary conditions, are solved using an explicit finite-difference scheme. The current analysis could help to understand the improvement in mass distribution and heat transfer in diseased blood vessels, which might be useful for drug delivery in the therapy of stenosis and aneurysm.

Insights into the mechanisms of the synergistic fouling mitigation effect of electric and acoustic fields in microfiltration

The combination of electric and acoustic fields had been demonstrated to synergistically enhance permeate flux during microfiltration. However, a critical knowledge gap was also identified regarding the underlying mechanisms for the ‘1 + 1 > 2’ improvement. This study investigated the potential interactions between electric and acoustic fields in microfiltration by operational optimization and instrumental analyses to approach the question at the micro and macro levels. The results indicated that the observed fouling control was a collaborative outcome of the electric field, acoustic field, and convection processes. Specifically, our findings revealed that, in the reported experimental setup, electrolytic phenomena emerged as the major contributor to the fouling mitigation effect, with the kinetic effects of the acoustic field playing an auxiliary role in boosting the degradation efficiency in fouling mitigation. Overall, this study represents an initial step towards understanding the synergistic fouling mitigation effect and provides insights for future research to enhance our understanding and exploitation of this effect.

One-step synthesis and low-temperature rapid sintering of alumina-zirconia ceramics by flash sintering combined with phase transformation

High-performance alumina-zirconia ceramics are generally sintered above 1500 °C and consume lots of energy; rapid sintering at low temperature is an ideal technique due to its economy and low-energy consumption. For the first time, flash sintering combined with phase transformation-assisted sintering techniques was reported in this work. The alumina-zirconia amorphous precursor powder was used to replace the final product powder for ceramic processing, and the one-step synthesis and rapid sintering densification of alumina-zirconia ceramics at low temperature of 849 °C for 60 s were realized. The effects of electric field on the low-temperature sintering of amorphous powders are summarized into three aspects. Firstly, the electric field reduces the viscosity of the amorphous powder and promotes liquid phase sintering. Secondly, the electric field promotes the phase transition of the amorphous powder from metastable to stable phase, and accelerates the atomic migration. Thirdly, Joule heating and defect generation in the flash sintering promotes more effective material transport. Overall, this work reduces the energy for calcination of amorphous powders, reduces the sintering temperature of ceramics, well hinders the grain coarsening and shows excellent mechanical properties.

Tailoring Built-In Electric Field in a Self-Assembled Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework/MXene Nanocomposites for Microwave Absorption.

Heterointerface engineering, which plays a pivotal role in developing advanced microwave-absorbing materials, is employed to design zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-MXene nanocomposites. The ZIF-MXene composites are prepared by electrostatic self-assembly of negatively charged titanium carbide MXene flakes and positively charged Co-containing ZIF nanomaterials. This approach effectively creates abundant Mott-Schottky heterointerfaces exhibiting a robust built-in electric field (BIEF) effect, as evidenced by experimental and theoretical analyses, leading to a notable attenuation of electromagnetic energy. Systematic manipulation of the BIEF-exhibiting heterointerface, achieved through topological modulation of the ZIF, proficiently alters charge separation, facilitates electron migration, and ultimately enhances polarization relaxation loss, resulting in exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption performance (reflection loss RLmin = -47.35 dB and effective absorption bandwidth fE = 6.32 GHz). The present study demonstrates an innovative model system for elucidating the interfacial polarization mechanisms and pioneers a novel approach to developing functional materials with electromagnetic characteristics through spatial charge engineering.

Synergistic effect of donor-acceptor structure and built-in electric field in hollow-spherical carbon nitride homojunction towards effective charge transfer and excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is regarded as a most promising photocatalyst, but the severe recombination of electron-hole pairs restrains its photocatalytic performance. Herein, a carbon nitride gradient homojunction with donor–acceptor (D-A) structure was successfully synthesized. The D-A structure promoted the electron delocalization, while gradient K intercalation helped establish a strong internal electric field from the interior to the surface. They synergistically inhibited the recombination of electron-hole pairs and led to fast charge transfer and much enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) performance. This work developed a novel method to promote the charge carrier transfer in carbon nitrides, which could provide a new perspective for the design and development of carbon nitride-based homojunctions in the application of PHE.

Synergistic-potential engineering enables high-efficiency graphene photodetectors for near- to mid-infrared light

High quantum efficiency and wide-band detection capability are the major thrusts of infrared sensing technology. However, bulk materials with high efficiency have consistently encountered challenges in integration and operational complexity. Meanwhile, two-dimensional (2D) semimetal materials with unique zero-bandgap structures are constrained by the bottleneck of intrinsic quantum efficiency. Here, we report a near-mid infrared ultra-miniaturized graphene photodetector with configurable 2D potential well. The 2D potential well constructed by dielectric structures can spatially (laterally and vertically) produce a strong trapping force on the photogenerated carriers in graphene and inhibit their recombination, thereby improving the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and photogain of the device with wavelength-immunity, which enable a high responsivity of 0.2 A/W–38 A/W across a broad infrared detection band from 1.55 to 11 µm. Thereafter, a room-temperature detectivity approaching 1 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 is obtained under blackbody radiation. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of electric and light field in the 2D potential well enables high-efficiency polarization-sensitive detection at tunable wavelengths. Our strategy opens up alternative possibilities for easy fabrication, high-performance and multifunctional infrared photodetectors.

First-Principles-Based Kinetic Monte Carlo Model of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction under Realistic Conditions: Solvent, Hydrogen Coverage and Electric Field Effects

First-Principles-Based Kinetic Monte Carlo Model of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction under Realistic Conditions: Solvent, Hydrogen Coverage and Electric Field Effects

External electric field and UV-ozone treated Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets and their hole injection tailoring in UV organic light-emitting diodes

Solution-processed 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2T x -MXene have been facilely synthesized with ultrasonic-assisted liquid phase exfoliation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm that the Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets have been successfully synthesized, showing good film morphology and exceptional electronic properties. The comprehensive properties of Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets are systematically optimized by combination with appropriate sizes of Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets, external electric field and ultraviolet (UV)-ozone treatment. With Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets as hole injection layer and PBD as emissive molecule, UV organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been configurated and shown superior performance with maximum radiance of 1.47 mW cm−2, maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.084% and electroluminescent peak around 400 nm. The effects of external electric field and UV-ozone treatment on hole injection ability of Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets are investigated in details and further analyzed with impedance spectroscopy. Our experiments pave an alternative approach for advancing Ti3C2T x -MXene nanosheets and UV OLEDs.