Electric Field Coupling Research Articles

Electrohydrodynamic instability of ion-concentration shock wave in electrophoresis.

Capillary electrophoresis techniques often involve ion-concentration shock waves in an electrolyte solution, propagating under the effect of an external electric field. These shock waves are characterized by self-sharpening gradients in ion concentrations and electrical conductivity that are collinear with the electric field. The coupling of electric field and fluid motion at the shock interface sometimes leads to an undesirable electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability. Using linear stability analysis, we describe the motion of small-amplitude disturbances of an electrophoretic shock wave. Our analysis shows that the EHD instability results due to the competition between destabilizing electroviscous flow and stabilizing electromigration of the shock wave. The ratio of timescales corresponding to electroviscous flow and electromigration yields a threshold criterion for the onset of instability. We present a validation of this threshold criterion with published experimental data and also describe the physical mechanism underlying the EHD instability of the electrophoretic shock wave.

Study on antenna radiation electric field and coupling of microwave heating asphalt mixtures

ABSTRACTA single-antenna radiation electric field model and a radiation coupling electric field model between antennas are established to study the impacts of coupling on antenna radiation electric field during the microwave heating of asphalt mixtures. Radiation electric and temperature fields are simulated. Results show that the electric and temperature fields are not uniformly distributed when asphalt mixtures are heated with a single antenna. Two symmetrical regions with fairly high electric field intensities exist on the surface of the asphalt mixture. The temperature field of the asphalt mixture follows an elliptical distribution, with the temperature reaching maximum value at the centre and decreases away from the centre. The electric and temperature fields are large at the separatrix of the antennas when the asphalt mixture is heated with the coupling antennas with no gap between the antennas. Moreover, the electric and temperature fields of the asphalt mixtures have poor distribution uniformity. Maintaining certain antenna spacing can improve the uniformity of field distribution.

The Investigation of WGM Effective Potential from Micro PANDA Ring Resonator

In this work, the whispering gallery mode effective potential generated by micro PANDA ring resonator for a two level system of atom – electric field coupling is investigated and presented. The depth of trapping potential is proportional to electric intensity and damping rate of transition of dipole polarization. The trial harmonics potential well is established by using dipole potential under ac Stark effect. The optimum intensity and lifetime for each WGM trapping wavelengths under the effect of thermal noise is reported.

Numerical simulation of droplet coalescence behavior in gas phase under the coupling of electric field and flow field

ABSTRACTThe coalescence behavior of droplets in an electric field belongs to the important research contents of electrohydrodynamics. Based on the phase field method of the Cahn–Hilliard equation, the electric field and the flow field are coupled to establish the numerical model of twin droplet coalescence in a coupled field. The effects of flow rate, electric field strength, droplet diameter, and interfacial tension on the coalescence behavior of droplets during the coalescence process were investigated. The results show that the dynamic behavior of the droplets is divided into coalescence, after coalescence rupture, and no coalescence under the coupling of electric field and flow field. The proper increase of the electric field strength will accelerate the coalescence of the droplets, and the high electric field strength causes the droplets to burst after coalescence. Excessive flow rates make droplets less prone to coalescence. Under the coupling field, the larger the droplet interface tension, the smaller the droplet diameter, the smaller the flow rate, and the shorter the droplet coalescence time. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of electrostatic coalescence in gas–liquid separation technology.

Cup-Shaped Nanoantenna Arrays for Zeptoliter Volume Biochemistry and Plasmonic Sensing in the Visible Wavelength Range.

Although three-dimensional shaping of metallic nanostructures is an important strategy for control and manipulation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), its implementation in high-throughput, on-chip fabrication of plasmonic devices remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate nanocontact-based large-area fabrication of a novel, LSPR-active Au architecture consisting of periodic arrays of reduced-symmetry nanoantennas having sub-50 nm, out-of-plane features. Namely, by combining nanosphere and molecular self-assembly processes, we have patterned evaporated polycrystalline Au films for chemical etching of nanocups with controlled aspect ratios (outer diameter d = 100 nm and void volumes = 18 or 39 zL). The resulting nanoantennas were highly ordered, forming a hexagonal lattice structure over centimeter-sized glass substrates, and they displayed characteristic LSPR absorption in the visible/near-infrared spectral range. Theoretical simulations indicated electric field confinement and enhancement patterns located not only around the rims but also inside the nanocups. We also explored how these patterns and the overall spectral characteristics depended on the nanocup aspect ratio as well as on electric field coupling in the arrays. We have successfully tested the fabricated architecture for detection of stepwise immobilization and interactions of proteins, thus demonstrating its potential for both nanoscopic scaffolding and sensing of biomolecular assemblies.

Effects of electric field methods on modeling the midlatitude ionospheric electrodynamics and inner magnetosphere dynamics

AbstractWe report a self‐consistent electric field coupling between the midlatitude ionospheric electrodynamics and inner magnetosphere dynamics represented in a kinetic ring current model. This implementation in the model features another self‐consistency in addition to its already existing self‐consistent magnetic field coupling with plasma. The model is therefore named as Ring current‐Atmosphere interaction Model with Self‐Consistent magnetic (B) and electric (E) fields, or RAM‐SCB‐E. With this new model, we explore, by comparing with previously employed empirical Weimer potential, the impact of using self‐consistent electric fields on the modeling of storm time global electric potential distribution, plasma sheet particle injection, and the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) which heavily rely on the coupled interplay between the inner magnetosphere and midlatitude ionosphere. We find the following phenomena in the self‐consistent model: (1) The spatially localized enhancement of electric field is produced within 2.5 < L < 4 during geomagnetic active time in the dusk‐premidnight sector, with a similar dynamic penetration as found in statistical observations. (2) The electric potential contours show more substantial skewing toward the postmidnight than the Weimer potential, suggesting the resistance on the particles from directly injecting toward the low‐L region. (3) The proton flux indeed indicates that the plasma sheet inner boundary at the dusk‐premidnight sector is located further away from the Earth than in the Weimer potential, and a “tongue” of low‐energy protons extends eastward toward the dawn, leading to the Harang reversal. (4) SAPS are reproduced in the subauroral region, and their magnitude and latitudinal width are in reasonable agreement with data.

Inverting polar domains via electrical pulsing in metallic germanium telluride

Germanium telluride (GeTe) is both polar and metallic, an unusual combination of properties in any material system. The large concentration of free-carriers in GeTe precludes the coupling of external electric field with internal polarization, rendering it ineffective for conventional ferroelectric applications and polarization switching. Here we investigate alternate ways of coupling the polar domains in GeTe to external electrical stimuli through optical second harmonic generation polarimetry and in situ TEM electrical testing on single-crystalline GeTe nanowires. We show that anti-phase boundaries, created from current pulses (heat shocks), invert the polarization of selective domains resulting in reorganization of certain 71o domain boundaries into 109o boundaries. These boundaries subsequently interact and evolve with the partial dislocations, which migrate from domain to domain with the carrier-wind force (electrical current). This work suggests that current pulses and carrier-wind force could be external stimuli for domain engineering in ferroelectrics with significant current leakage.

Dark Mode Driven Extra-narrow and Multiband Absorber

Recently, metamaterial absorbers have received tremendous amount of interest because of their remarkable ability to manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. However, most absorbers rely on the direct coupling of electric or magnetic field with external excitation, which lead to inevitable energy leakage to the surrounding environment and depress the quality factor of the structure. In this work, we investigate the multiband absorption property by exciting dark plasmonic modes in reflective symmetric and asymmetric metamaterials. Theoretically, the existence of dark plasmonic modes in asymmetric metamaterials is unambiguously illustrated by the improved eigen-mode theory. With the introduction of asymmetry, dark modes in metamaterials can be easily excited by normal incident plane wave. Moreover, we also directly excite the dark modes in symmetric absorber with oblique incidence. The dark modes splitting mechanism is also clarified with the excitation of designer surface plasmon. Dominated by magnetic dipole or higher-order multipole, these dark modes possess high quality factors (Q). Numerical results indicate that the metamaterial absorber maintains high absorbance within a wide-angle incidence (0~50°). The high Q asymmetric metamaterial absorber can be an excellent candidate for multiband plasmonic sensor.

Sensing Mechanism and Error Analysis of a Capacitive Long-Range Displacement Nanometer Sensor Based on Time Grating

In this paper, the sensing mechanism of a novel capacitive nanometer sensor based on the time grating approach is investigated. A mathematical model of the sensor is established using electric field coupling theory and the area integral method, which indicates that the measured displacement of the object is proportional to the phase shift of the output signal. High frequency time pulses serve as the measurement standard to realize the phase detection, and the displacement is measured by counting the time pulses. To evaluate the performance of the proposed sensor, periodic measurement errors are analyzed in detail. The primary periodic errors are quantified through the derivation of a mathematical error model. Experiments performed with a prototype sensor allow the causes of periodic first, second, and fourth harmonic errors to be traced back to cross interference, installation misalignment, and the effects of the electric field, respectively. After adopting a multilayer structure, adjusting the installation, and increasing the gap width to 0.3 mm, the primary periodic errors are sequentially eliminated. Therefore, the reasonability of the mathematical model and error analysis is validated by the designed experiments. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the measurement accuracy attains a value of ±200 nm over a 200 mm measurement range. This paper provides the theoretical guidance for the optimal design of high-performance time grating capacitive sensors.

Optical Properties of Thin Gold Nanoshell Arrays and Their Application as NIR SERS Substrate

The metallic hollow-core nanoshell arrays were fabricated by depositing relatively thin gold films onto a cleaned silicon support covered with a close-packed monolayer of 200 nm diameter polystyrene spheres and then removing the spheres. The relationship between their morphologies and optical properties was discussed. Then, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecules adsorbed on the nanoshell arrays were obtained with the excitation wavelength of 785 nm and 1064nm, respectively. The results show that the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength of gold nanoshell arrays can be precisely tuned over a wide range from visible region to infrared region by controlling the shell thickness of the nanoshell arrays, as the shell thickness increases, the resonance wavelength red shifts and the spectrum width broadens due to the electric field coupling effect among the nanoshell particles, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals can be obtained obviously at two different infrared wavelengths of 785nm and 1064nm, indicating that the fabricated nanoshell arrays can be used as the potential low-cost surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates.

Numerical simulation of deformation behavior of droplet in gas under the electric field and flow field coupling

ABSTRACTThe water droplets in the process of electrostatic coalescence are important when studying electrohydrodynamics. In the present study, the electric field and flow field are coupled through the phase field method based on the Cahn–Hilliard formulation. A numerical simulation model of single droplet deformation under the coupling field was established. It simulated the deformation behavior of the movement of a droplet in the continuous phase and took the impact of droplet deformation into consideration which is affected by two-phase flow velocity, electric field strength, the droplet diameter, and the interfacial tension. The results indicated that under the single action of the flow field, when the flow velocity was lower, the droplet diameter was greater as was the droplet deformation degree. When the flow velocity was increased, the droplet deformation degree of a small-diameter droplet was at its maximum size, the large-diameter droplet had a smaller deformation degree, and the middle-diameter droplet was at a minimum deformation degree. When the flow velocity was further increased, the droplet diameter was smaller, and the droplet deformation degree was greater. Under the coupled effect of the electric field and flow field, the two-phase flow velocity and the electric field strength were greater, and the degree of droplet deformation was greater. While the droplet diameter and interfacial tension were smaller, the degree of droplet deformation was greater. Droplet deformation degree increased along with the two-phase flow velocity. The research results provided a theoretical basis for gas–liquid separation with electrostatic coalescence technology.

Application of different entropies to study of bound magnetopolaron in an asymmetric quantum dot

An electron strongly coupled to the LO-phonon in an asymmetric quantum dot has been considered. The system has a central impurity and it is under electric and magnetic fields. The eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of the ground and the first-excited states of the electron have been calculated using the Pekar variational method. Entropy of the system for different values of Coulomb impurity parameter, electron-LO phonon coupling strength, dispersion coefficient and electric field have been studied. Two entropies, Shannon and Gaussian entropy have been employed. It is found that the entropy has the oscillatory periodic evolution as function of the time due to the confinement form. It is deduced that the entropies increase with enhancing Coulomb impurity parameter, electron-LO phonon coupling strength and dispersion coefficient. With increasing electron-LO phonon coupling strength, the entropies decrease. The control of the coherence of the system can be done with the modulation of the electric field, the Coulomb bound potential, dispersion coefficient and electron-LO phonon coupling strength.

A critical point in Sr2-xIrO4 and less distorted IrO6 octahedra induced by deep Sr-vacancies

For the Sr2-xIrO4 system, recent work pointed out the abnormal electronic and magnetic properties around a critical point. Here, to understand Sr-vacancy effect on spin-orbit coupled Mott insulator Sr2IrO4, the electronic structure and local structure distortion for Sr2-xIrO4 system have been investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By comparing the intensity of white-line features at the Ir L2,3-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), we observe a sudden rise of the branching ratio in the vicinity of the critical point. Further analysis on the Ir L3-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and calculated data demonstrated that the abrupt enhancement of the branching ratio is intimately related to the less distorted IrO6 octahedra induced by deep Sr-vacancies, which in turn alters the relatively strength of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and crystal electric field (CEF) that would dictate the abnormal behavior of electronic and magnetic structure near the critical point.

Mechanism of electrohydrodynamic instability with collinear conductivity gradient and electric field.

We describe the physical mechanism responsible for electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability of a fluid layer with collinear conductivity gradient and electric field. In particular, we resolve the ambiguity in literature regarding the cause for switching between stationary and oscillatory modes of EHD instability. Using linear stability analysis, we show that a small perturbation in conductivity field perturbs the local electric field and also induces a perturbation charge. The coupling of base-state electric field with the perturbation charge leads to a force which causes overstability. Whereas, the coupling of base-state free charge with perturbation electric field leads to a force which causes EHD instability via a stationary mode. The proposed mechanism correctly explains the existence of stationary and oscillatory modes for varying conductivity gradients and wave number of disturbances, depending upon the relative magnitude of these two forces.

Electron–phonon coupling effects on intrachain polaron recombination in conjugated polymers

Based on a one-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model with electron correlation considered within the extended Hubbard model (EHM), we investigate the role played by electron-phonon coupling constant on intrachain polaron recombination in conjugated polymers. Our results suggest that a competition between external electric field and electron-phonon coupling on defining the behavior of the charge distribution of the system takes place. Whereas increasing electric field plays the role of destabilizing the charge carriers, an increase of the electron-phonon coupling has the opposite effect. Therefore, a suitable balance of these properties can give rise to the correct description of charge carrier dynamics in conducting polymers.

Revealing the Concealed Nature of Long-QT Type 3 Syndrome.

Gain-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) are associated with the long-QT-3 (LQT3) syndrome. Nav1.5 is densely expressed at the intercalated disk, and narrow intercellular separation can modulate cell-to-cell coupling via extracellular electric fields and depletion of local sodium ion nanodomains. Models predict that significantly decreasing intercellular cleft widths slows conduction because of reduced sodium current driving force, termed "self-attenuation." We tested the novel hypothesis that self-attenuation can "mask" the LQT3 phenotype by reducing the driving force and late sodium current that produces early afterdepolarizations (EADs). Acute interstitial edema was used to increase intercellular cleft width in isolated guinea pig heart experiments. In a drug-induced LQT3 model, acute interstitial edema exacerbated action potential duration prolongation and produced EADs, in particular, at slow pacing rates. In a computational cardiac tissue model incorporating extracellular electric field coupling, intercellular cleft sodium nanodomains, and LQT3-associated mutant channels, myocytes produced EADs for wide intercellular clefts, whereas for narrow clefts, EADs were suppressed. For both wide and narrow clefts, mutant channels were incompletely inactivated. However, for narrow clefts, late sodium current was reduced via self-attenuation, a protective negative feedback mechanism, masking EADs. We demonstrated a novel mechanism leading to the concealing and revealing of EADs in LQT3 models. Simulations predict that this mechanism may operate independent of the specific mutation, suggesting that future therapies could target intercellular cleft separation as a compliment or alternative to sodium channels.

Scattering from a topological insulator sphere in chiral metamaterial under quasi-static perspective

The article presents analysis of scattering from a topological insulator sphere placed in an unbounded homogeneous, isotropic and lossless chiral metamaterial under the quasi-static perspective. Due to coupling of electric and magnetic fields in the constitutive relations for mediums describing regions inside and outside the sphere, cross component in fields appears for both regions of the geometry. Study of behavior of polarizabilities against different parameters of the geometry is presented. Special cases of the host medium are also treated. Results are compared with published results and found in good agreement.

Tunable superapolar Lotus-to-Rose hierarchical nanosurfaces via vertical carbon nanotubes driven electrohydrodynamic lithography.

The development of a robust, cost-effective, scalable and simple technique that enables the design and construction of well-controlled large area superhydrophobic surface structures which can be easily tuned from lotus-leaf to rose-petal state is essential to enable progress in realising the full applied potential of such surfaces. In this study, we introduce the tuneable carbon nanotubes-based electrohydrodynamic lithography (CNT-EHL) to fabricate unique multiscale structured cones and nanohair-like architectures with various periodicities and dimensions, successfully enabling surface energy minimization. The possibility of contact-less lithography via the CNT-EHL morphology replication combined with the electric field coupling to smaller self-assembled patterns within the film, provides a way for hierarchical structure control spanning many length scales along with tuneable wetting capabilities. By controlling the hierarchy of micro- to nano cones and spikes, these morphologies provide a range of architectures with sufficient roughness for very low wettability, with the highest contact angle achieved of 173° and their properties can be easily switched between lotus-leaf to rose-petal behaviour.

Design and research of a three‐phase voltage sensor based on D‐dot principle

In the design of three‐phase D‐dot voltage sensor based on electric field coupling, both effects of both the adjacent phase electric fields and distribution parameters on measurement should be taken into consideration. This paper builds a simulation model and a physical measuring system of a three‐phase sensor, measures the effect of the distribution parameters by the simulation model, and finally finds the transfer function between the input and output voltage signals of the circuit. The measured voltage waveforms and parameters can be reflected by the physical measuring system. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the design of a three‐phase D‐dot voltage sensor. And the measuring system can achieve multipoint synchronous acquisition and ensure less distortion. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A Simple Miniature Ultrawideband Magnetic Field Probe Design for Magnetic Near-Field Measurements

A simple miniature magnetic-field probe for near-field measurements in 9-kHz–20-GHz bandwidth, which is applied to high-speed circuits, has been proposed and manufactured. The magnetic-field probe is built on a four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) using high-performance and low-loss Rogers material ( $\varepsilon _{r}= 3.48$ and tan $\delta = 0.0037$ ). Electric field coupling can be suppressed by PCB shielding structure of the magnetic-field probe. Coax-thru-hole via array technique is used to achieve impedance match. The resonance in working frequency band is suppressed through via fence, making $\vert S_{21}\vert $ rather smooth in the operation band. Experimental results show that the working frequency band is up to 9 kHz–20 GHz.