Electrical Conductivity Data Research Articles

Distinguishing Mountain Front and Mountain Block Recharge in an Intermontane Basin of the Himalayan Region.

Intermontane basin aquifers worldwide, particularly in the Himalayan region, are recharged largely by the adjoining mountains. Recharge in these basins can occur either by water infiltrating from streams near mountain fronts (MFs) as mountain front recharge (MFR) or by sub-surface mountain block infiltration as mountain block recharge (MBR). MFR and MBR recharge are challenging to distinguish and are least quantified, considering the lack of extensive understanding of the hydrological processes in the mountains. This study used oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ18 O and δ2 H), electrical conductivity (EC) data, hydraulic head, and groundwater level data to differentiate MFR and MBR. Groundwater level data provide information about the groundwater-surface water interactions and groundwater flow directions, whereas isotopes and EC data are used to distinguish and quantify different recharge sources. The present methodology is tested in an intermontane basin of the Himalayan region. The results suggest that karst springs (KS) and deep groundwater (DGW) recharge are dominated by snowmelt (47% ± 10% and 46% ± 9%) as MBR from adjacent mountains, insignificantly affected by evaporation. The hydraulic head data and isotopes indicate Quaternary shallow groundwater (SGW) aquifer system recharge as MFR of local meteoric water with significant evaporation. The results indicate several flow paths in the aquifer system, a local flow for KS, intermediate flow for SGW, and regional flow for DGW. The findings will significantly impact water resource management in the area and provide vital baseline knowledge for sustainable groundwater management in other Himalayan intermontane basins.

Delineation of Nitrate Reduction Hotspots in Artificially Drained Areas through Assessment of Small-Scale Spatial Variability of Electrical Conductivity Data.

Identification of nitrate reduction hotspots (NRH) can be instrumental in implementing targeted strategies for reducing nitrate loading from agriculture. In this study, we aimed to delineate possible NRH areas from soil depths of 80 to 180 cm in an artificially drained catchment by utilizing electrical conductivity (EC) values derived by the inversion of apparent electrical conductivity data measured by an electromagnetic induction instrument. The NRH areas were derived from the subzones generated from clustering the EC values via two methods, unsupervised ISODATA clustering and the Optimized Hot Spot Analysis, that highly complement each other. The clustering of EC values generated three classes, wherein the classes with high EC values correspond to NRH areas as indicated by their low redox potential values and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations. Nitrate concentrations in the NRH were equal to 13 to 17% of the concentrations in non-NRH areas and occupied 26% of the total area of the drainage catchments in the study. It is likely that, with the identification of NRH areas, the degree of nitrogen reduction in the vadose zone may be higher than initially estimated at the subcatchment scale.

Study of the Transport Properties of the Critical Binary Mixture Triethylamine − Water with an Ionic Impurity

The binary liquid mixture of triethylamine + water (TEA–W) has a lower consolute point at a critical composition of 32.27 mass. % triethylamine. The shear viscosity (η) and the electrical conductivity (σ) in the single phase region of this system with added (K+, Cl–) ions at various concentrations are measured in the vicinity and far from the critical temperature TC. For the pure system without KCl salt, the viscosity measurements yield an enhancement, as expected, for the Ising criticality with a crossover to a regular behavior. Shear viscosity data are consistent with a power-law divergence η = η0(Qζ0)zt–y predicted by the mode-coupling and dynamic renormalization group theories. In the temperature range ∆T = TC – T < 2 ºC, the electrical conductivity (σ) exhibits a monotonous deviation from the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) behavior. This anomaly is described by a power law t1 –α, where t is the reduced temperature (T –TC)/TC, and α is the critical exponent of the specific heat anomaly at constant pressure. For the electrolyte mixtures, the obtained critical exponent values are in the range of those expected by the theoretical calculations for the Ising 3D universality class. By combining the viscosity and the electrical conductivity data, the value of the computed Walden product has been determined, and the salt dissociation degrees, as well as the Debye screening length, have been estimated.

Surface tension, viscosity and electrical conductivity characteristics of new ether-functionalized ionic liquids

1-(2-Ethoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium acetic acid ([C2OC2mim][OAc]) and 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium lactic acid ([C2OC2mim][Lac]) ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared. In terms of the standard addition method, the experimental data of density, surface tension, refractive index, viscosity and electrical conductivity of two pure ILs were obtained. Using the definition of the molar surface Gibbs energy with Lorentz-Lorenz empirical equation, the surface tensions of ether-functionalized ILs were estimated, and their predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values. According to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation, the variation tendency between viscosity (or electrical conductivity) and temperature of [C2OC2mim][OAc] and [C2OC2mim][Lac] was studied. The variation trend of the viscosity was opposite to electrical conductivity. Namely, the viscosity gradually decreased and electrical conductivity gradually increased with increasing temperature. The results indicated that VFT equation had an enormous application range for fitting the viscosity and electrical conductivity of ether-functionalized ILs. The activation energies of [C2OC2mim][OAc] and [C2OC2mim][Lac] were estimated by Arrhenius empirical equation. The calculated results indicated that [C2OC2mim][Lac] (Eη means the activation energy, Eη = 41.24 kJ·mol−1) was larger than [C2OC2mim][OAc] (Eη = 33.57 kJ·mol−1). This result may be related to physical size or stronger interactions.

Saline-Sodic Soil EC Retrieval Based on Box-Cox Transformation and Machine Learning

Electrical conductivity (EC) is an important index of soil salinity level and an essential factor in judging whether improvement can be made and assessing the improvement, if any. However, saline soils of different types show different spectral characteristic bands, which affects the retrieval precision to a certain extent. To tackle this issue, we present a novel way of modeling. Specifically, we compare the correlation of sensitive bands, multiplication of sensitive bands, and spectral indexes with EC data to determine the optimal input parameters, and take the EC data after Box-Cox transformation as the output. We then try out several machine-learning algorithms to establish retrieval models for soil EC. Validation results show that the model precision increases by 3.23–85.71% after EC data transformation and machine learning models produce 29.41–86.67% higher precision than the linear regression model. Finally, using the optimal model, we retrieve pixel-level (10 m × 10 m) EC for the soil in our study areas. This provides necessary data support for working out soil desalinization initiatives and evaluating the effectiveness of such initiatives.

Studies of Optical, Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Structural Phase Transitions in 0.9[KNbO3]-0.1 [BaNi1/2Nb1/2O3−δ

The compound 0.9[KNbO3]-0.1[(BaNi1/2Nb1/2O3−δ] (KBNNO), a robust eco-friendly (lead-free) ferroelectric perovskite, has diverse applications in electronic and photonic devices. In this work, we report the dielectric, ferroelectric, and structural phase transitions behavior in the KBNNO compound using dielectric, X-ray diffraction, and Raman studies at ambient and as a function of temperature. Analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data at room temperature (rtp) revealed the orthorhombic phase (sp. Gr. Amm2) of the compound with a minor secondary NiO cubic phase (sp. Gr. Fm3m). A direct optical band gap Eg of 1.66 eV was estimated at rtp from the UV–Vis reflectance spectrum analysis. Observation of non-saturated electric polarization loops were attributed to leakage current effects pertaining to oxygen vacancies in the compound. Magnetization studies showed ferromagnetism at room temperature (300 K) in this material. XRD studies on KBNNO at elevated temperatures revealed orthorhombic-to-tetragonal and tetragonal-to-cubic phase transitions at 523 and 713 K, respectively. Temperature-dependent dielectric response, being leaky, did not reveal any phase transition. Electrical conductivity data as a function of temperature obeyed Jonscher power law and satisfied the correlated barrier-hopping model, indicating dominance of the hopping conduction mechanism. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies over a wide range of temperature (82–673 K) inferred the rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic and orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transitions at ~260, and 533 K, respectively. Several Raman bands were found to disappear, while a few Raman modes such as at 225, 270, 289, and 831 cm−1 exhibited discontinuity across the phase transitions at ~260 and 533 K.

Investigating the thermoelectric power generation performance of ZnCuO: A p-type mixed-metal oxide system

Thermoelectric power generation performance of ZnCuO nanostructures is enhanced by varying the concentration of Cu atoms. This is tested by growing samples of ZnCuO by simple hydrothermal route at different Cu concentrations (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows the formation of mixed-metal oxide phases of ZnO and CuO, while the increase in Cu concentration results in generation of more stable CuO phases. Raman spectroscopy measurement is performed for all synthesized samples, which supports the XRD results. For the thermoelectric and electric conductivity behavior, Seebeck coefficient and Hall measurements are performed for all samples. Data suggest an improvement in Seebeck coefficient from 32 to 73 μV°C−1 with the increase of Cu concentration in the host crystal. Electrical conductivity data also show a similar increasing trend (19–36 Scm−1) resulting in a high power-factor value of 1.12 × 10−5 Wm−1K−2 for the sample with highest Cu concentration. This enhanced thermoelectric performance with increasing concentration of Cu atoms is due to the improvement of carrier mobility. The mobility of carriers is thought to increase because of the emergence of mixed composite phases, as verified by XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements.

SYNTHESIS, SPECTROSCOPIC, THERMAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MANGANESE(III), IRON(III) AND COBALT(III) COMPLEXES WITH BIS(MERCAPTO AZOLES)

Complexes of bis(mercapto azoles) i.e. bis(mercapto triazoles), bis(mercapto thiadiazoles) and bis(mercapto oxadiazoles) (LH2) with manganese(III), iron(III) and cobalt(III) have been prepared in methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide and binuclear products of the type Na[M(L)2(H2O)2] have been isolated. Tentative structural conclusions are drawn for these complexes based upon elemental analyses, electrical conductance, magnetic moment and spectral (electronic, infrared and 1H NMR) data. The thermal stability and mode of decomposition for the complexes have been studied by TG, DTA and DSC techniques. The antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activities of the ligands and their corresponding complexes were also investigated.

Using depth specific electrical conductivity estimates to improve hydrological simulations in a heterogeneous tile-drained field

In agricultural fields, tile drains represent potential pathways for the migration of solutes, such as nitrates, in groundwater and surface water bodies. Tile drain flow is controlled by the temporal and spatial dynamics of the shallow groundwater table, which results from complex interactions between climate, topography and soil heterogeneity. Studies on the effect of topsoil heterogeneity on shallow water and drainage dynamics by fully 3D surface water and groundwater flow modeling are limited. The objective of our study is to demonstrate the use of depth specific electrical conductivity (EC) estimates to improve hydrological simulations in a tile-drained field. The model was applied to a field site in Denmark where times series of drainage discharge and water table elevations are available. Clay-rich soil zones were identified in a tile-drained field using depth specific electrical conductivity estimates generated by the inversion of apparent electrical conductivity data measured using an electromagnetic induction instrument. One model that included the low-permeability clayey zones in the soil layers down to a depth of 1.2 m was compared to a simpler model that assumed homogeneous soil layers. Both models simulate drainage discharge that compares well to the observations. However, including the clayey zones improves the simulation of hydraulic heads, and water table fluctuations, and generates flooded areas that are more representative of those observed during the wet seasons. Our results suggest that the simulation of water table fluctuations can be improved when the soil heterogeneity determined from depth specific EC estimates is included in integrated hydrological models. A better representation of the subsurface flow dynamics will also improve subsequent simulations of the transport and fate of agrochemical substances leaching from fields such as nitrate, which may deteriorate the quality of groundwater and surface water bodies.

Preparation and physicochemical stability of tomato seed oil microemulsions.

In this study, microemulsions were fabricated using tomato seed oil, water, Tween 80 and citric acid, and then the physicochemical characteristics and the influence of environmental stress were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the microemulsions were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mean particle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI) and conductivity. The phase diagrams of tomato seed oil/Tween 80/citric acid/water microemulsions were constructed under different pHs and ionic strengths. Storage stability of the systems was investigated at 4, 37 and 65°C, and changes in turbidity and lipid oxidation products were monitored. Nano-size zeta potential analyzer results demonstrated that the mean particle diameter and polydispersity index of tomato seed oil microemulsions were 14nm and 0.014. The transition from W/O to O/W could be detected from electrical conductivity and viscosity data with the increasing of water content. The results showed that the microemulsion areas decreased with increasing pH and NaCl concentrations. What is more, the study proved that tomato seed oil microemulsions exhibited a good storage stability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the preparation of tomato seed oil microemulsion can not only make full use of the nutritional value of tomato seed oil, but also ensure the effective protection of the nutrients contained in it, and improve the problem of adding difficult. By using microemulsion as delivery carrier of tomato seed oil, the application of tomato seed oil in food, cosmetics and other fields could be enhanced. Therefore, the preparation of tomato seed oil microemulsion provides a theoretical basis for production practice.

Measurement on the electrical conductivity of copper along the binodal curve in warm dense regime

This paper presents the electrical conductivity data of copper along the gas branch of the binodal curve in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime as a function of mass density and temperature. All data are obtained using the underwater wire explosion technique, in which vaporized copper cools along the gas branch of the binodal curve during the period of current dwell after the wire explodes. Mass density and temperature are measured by fast imaging and optical spectroscopy, respectively. Combining these data with electrical measurements of the wire resistance, we obtain the conductivities of copper along the binodal curve in the WDM regime. The electrical conductivity data measured here are expected to be helpful for developing a more accurate and reliable theory of transport properties in the WDM regime.

Quasi-3D mapping of soil moisture in agricultural fields using electrical conductivity sensing

Knowledge of real time spatial distribution of soil moisture has great potential to improve yield and profit in agricultural systems. Recent advances in non-invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques have created an opportunity to determine soil moisture content with high-resolution and minimal soil intrusion. So far, EMI has mainly been used for homogenous soil conditions, which are not common in agriculture and results are mainly validated by excavated pits or calibration models using soil samples on a transect. This study converts apparent electrical conductivity data recorded with a Dualem-1Hs EM-metre for two surveys of variable moisture conditions (dry and wet season) with 2475 and 2174 data points over 5.4 ha, in a field with a contrasting vertical soil profile into spatiotemporal management zones. A least square inversion algorithm was used to determine electrical conductivities for individual soil layers of 0–0.5 m, 0.5–0.8 m and 0.8–1.6 m. Soil samples from the depth of 0.5 m and 0.8 m were used for soil moisture calibrations. A laboratory experiment under controlled conditions developed electric conductivity vs volumetric water content relations with power law functions for required soil depth slices with R2 values between 0.98 and 0.99. Subsequently, EMI data were converted to volumetric water contents for each layer and predictions were spatially displayed. Median change between the measured apparent conductivity and inverted values range from 6 to 17 mS m-1 resulting in 3–7% difference in volumetric water prediction. These EMI based soil moisture predictions were compared with neutron moisture metre measurements, with Pearson R values of 0.74 and 0.95 for the wet and dry season surveys, respectively. The method is robust and offers a comparatively fast method to estimate the soil moisture status in fields and subsequently make informed management decisions.

Analysis of the distribution of seawater intrusion using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid data and intelligence for residents in Sayung District, Demak Regency

Massive groundwater extraction from production wells can trigger seawater intrusion, such as what happened in Sayung District, Demak. Seawater intrusion can be identified using quality analysis in the form of the electrical conductivity of each water sample taken. The research area is located in Sayung District, Demak Regency and is on the north coast, and is composed of alluvium quaternary deposits in the form of clay, sand sediments, and organic material of the plant. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of seawater intrusion in Sayung District and to know the prediction of the direction of seawater intrusion to provide an overview of groundwater quality recommendations in the study area to residents. To determine the distribution of seawater intrusion, you can use Electrical Conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) data, from the results of the analysis there is a decrease in groundwater quality as indicated by the electrical conductivity value in the range 2,800-3,265 μmnos/cm with slightly brackish salinity and damage levels. categorized as critical and has a relatively high TDS value in the range 1,904-2,220.2 mg/L which is spread in the northern part near the coast including Timbulsloko and Sidorejo villages.

Synergetic variations of active layer soil water and salt in a permafrost-affected meadow in the headwater area of the Yellow River, northeastern Qinghai–Tibet plateau

The coupling effects and mechanisms of water, heat, and salt in frozen soils are considered to be one of the core scientific issues in frozen soil studies. This study was based on in situ observation data of active layer soil volumetric water content (VWC), temperature, and bulk electrical conductivity (EC) obtained at an alpine meadow site from October 2016 to November 2019. The site is located in the headwater area of the Yellow River (HAYR). We analyzed the synergetic variations of active layer soil VWC, temperature, and bulk EC during the freeze and thaw processes and discussed the underlying mechanisms. When the thaw process occurred from 10 to 80 cm depths, the VWC and bulk EC at a 10 cm depth showed synchronous high-frequency fluctuations and both increased linearly. The linear decreasing rate of the VWC (bulk EC) at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths between 0 and 40 cm was 2 (1.6–2.3) times that of the VWC (bulk EC) at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths occurring 0–10 cm. As soil temperature decreased in the frozen layer, unfrozen water content (bulk EC) decreased nonlinearly along with the absolute value of soil temperature (|T|), following a power (logarithmic) function. This study provided data that partly elucidate the interactions among permafrost, meadow, and ecohydrological processes in the HAYR. Also, our results can be used as a scientific basis for decision making on the protection and restoration of alpine grasslands, as well as for soil salinization studies.

Evaluation of Fertilizer Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Temperature Distribution via Vertical Farming System under Plant Factory

A plant factory has been developed at Horticultural Research Centre, MARDI Serdang. The cultivation approach under the plant factory consists of nine units planting racks with each rack having seven tiers or levels that can cultivate up to 900 crops per rack. Each unit of planting racks has been installed with electrical conductivity (EC) and pH monitoring system. EC is a meaningful indicator of water quality, soil salinity and fertilizer concentration. In this study, the data for EC and temperature were taken for each level different locations (three points along the rack) to evaluate the fertilizer quality distribution. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of EC and temperature distribution on the planting rack of vertical farming system under the plant factory. From the study, it was found that EC and temperature parameters were not significantly different at each level and the point location of the vertical farming system. EC and temperature parameters were significantly different with the time (week) and point location from week to week. The effect of the interaction between time (week) and level on EC and temperature parameters were not statistically different. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of EC and temperature distribution at different levels of the vertical farming system did not depend on the time.

Design and analysis of interactions in ionic liquids based on procaine and pharmaceutically active anions

The present work focuses on modifying a local anaesthetic drug procaine into an ionic liquid and evaluating the resulting thermal behaviour and structural changes. Counter ions, salicylate, ibuprofenate, and docusate, were chosen due to different hydrogen-bonding abilities, molecular size, charge distribution, and functional groups. After synthesis of procaine salicylate, procaine ibuprofenate, and procaine docusate, spectroscopic investigations were performed using infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to confirm proton transfer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were used to determine the obtained ionic liquids' thermal behaviour. Experimental measurements of density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity were performed to get insight into the interactions occurring in the obtained ionic liquids. The viscosity and electrical conductivity data were analysed using the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, while thermal expansion coefficients were calculated from measured density data. The obtained results found that the synthesised procaine salicylate and procaine docusate an ionic liquid's behaviours, including weak intermolecular forces, while procaine ibuprofenate showed more liquid co-crystal behaviour due to the absence of proton transfer for ibuprofen. In a theoretical phase of the investigation, the density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were conducted. The obtained descriptors and radial distribution functions were used to analyse the interactions between ions of synthesised ionic liquids. In addition, solubility determination results proved that procaine transformation into procaine salicylate and procaine ibuprofenate ionic liquids enhanced its solubility in water, while procaine docusate reduces procaine solubility.

Efficient model for electronic transport in high energy-density matter

A wide-ranging effective Boltzmann approach, originally intended for ionic transport, is applied to the computation of electronic transport coefficients without modification. Comparisons with datasets that resulted from a recent transport coefficient workshop and molecular dynamics simulations are made. While this model contains correlation information through its effective potential and strong scattering through its use of cross sections, it misses details of attractive, possibly quantum, interactions; comparisons with that dataset reveal the relative importance of these physics inputs. Through comparisons of data for electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, temperature relaxation, and stopping power (including a new formula for the energy split due to alpha stopping), we find that the sensitivity to the missing physics is minor and often negligible. Thus, we have a single transport model that self-consistently provides all ionic and electronic transport properties in a form with negligible computational cost.

Physicochemical study on molecular interactions of the active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquid domiphen salicylate with amino acids at different temperatures

The molecular interactions between the active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquid domiphen salicylate ([Dom][Sal]) and some amino acids (glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine) in aqueous solution were studied. In order to accomplish this objective, the volume, conductivity and UV–vis spectroscopy of ternary systems were measured at different temperatures. The infinite dilution apparent molar volume, V2,φ0, transfer volume, ΔtV0, hydration number, nH and infinite dilution apparent molar expansibility, Eφ0 of amino acids in aqueous [Dom][Sal] solution were derived from the measured density data. Side chain contributions to V2,φ0 have been estimated. Critical micelle concentration, cmc, and thermodynamic properties of micellization (ΔGm0, ΔHm0,ΔSm0) for [Dom][Sal] in aqueous amino acids solutions were calculated using electrical conductivity data. The binding constant Kb of the amino acid with [Dom][Sal] was estimated based on the maximum absorbance data of the UV–vis spectroscopy. The impacts of temperature, concentration and the length of aliphatic chain of amino acids on these parameters were discussed. The mentioned parameters was employed to unveil the solute–solvent interactions in ternary systems.

Solid–liquid equilibrium, density and electrical conductivity data for water + monoethylene glycol + calcium chloride mixtures

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is used as hydrate inhibitor in natural gas exploitation. During the process, MEG mixed with produced water and salts must be regenerated. Therefore, salt solubility and physicochemical properties of MEG aqueous mixture with electrolytes are useful to operate the regeneration unit. This work determines density and electrical conductivity data at 298.15 K for water+MEG+CaCl2 systems. The density data were correlated applying the excess volume approach and Redlich Kister expansion, resulting absolute and relative mean deviations of 3 × 10–4 g‧cm–3 and 0.028%. For electrical conductivity correlation a semiempirical model was applied resulting absolute and relative mean deviations of 1.27 mS‧cm–1 and 3.53%. CaCl2 solubilities in water-MEG mixtures at 298.15 and 323.15 K were also measured. The proposed analytical method used precise density measurements to determine salt solubility. Moreover, the solid phase composition was determined by thermogravimetry analysis. Four different solid phases were identified as function of the solvent composition. At 298.15 K the addition of MEG changed the solid phase from CaCl2•4H2O to CaCl2•3H2O•MEG for w’MEG ≥0.36. Regarding 323.15 K, solid phase changed from CaCl2•2H2O to CaCl2•H2O•MEG for w’MEG≥0.30. Density, electrical conductivities and CaCl2 solubilities were accurately determined and are of interest to the natural gas industry.

Fluctuations of water quality time series in rivers follow superstatistics

SummarySuperstatistics is a general method from nonequilibrium statistical physics which has been applied to a variety of complex systems, ranging from hydrodynamic turbulence to traffic delays and air pollution dynamics. Here, we investigate water quality time series (such as dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrical conductivity) as measured in rivers and provide evidence that they exhibit superstatistical behavior. Our main example is time series as recorded in the River Chess in South East England. Specifically, we use seasonal detrending and empirical mode decomposition to separate trends from fluctuations for the measured data. With either detrending method, we observe heavy-tailed fluctuation distributions, which are well described by log-normal superstatistics for dissolved oxygen. Contrarily, we find a double peaked non-standard superstatistics for the electrical conductivity data, which we model using two combined -distributions.