Electric Charging Infrastructure Research Articles

Optimization of electric charging infrastructure: integrated model for routing and charging coordination with power-aware operations

With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), optimizing charging operations has become imperative to ensure efficient and sustainable mobility. This study proposes an optimization model for the charging and routing of electric vehicles between Origin-Destination (OD) demands. The objective is to develop an efficient and reliable charging plan that ensures the successful completion of trips while considering the limited range and charging requirements of electric vehicles. This paper presents an integrated model for optimizing electric vehicle (EV) charging operations, considering additional factors of setup time, charging time, bidding price estimation, and power availability from three sources: the electricity grid, solar energy, and wind energy. One crucial aspect addressed by the model is the estimation of bidding prices for both day-ahead and intra-day electricity markets. The model also considers the total power availability from the electricity grid, solar energy, and wind energy. The alignment of charging operations with the capacity of the grid and prevailing bidding prices is essential.This ensures that the charging process is optimized and can effectively adapt to the available grid capacity and market conditions. The utilization of renewable energies led to a 42% decrease in the electricity storage capacity available in batteries at charging stations. Furthermore, this integration leads to a substantial cost reduction of approximately 69% compared to scenarios where renewable energy is not utilized. Hence, the proposed model can design renewable energy systems based on the required electricity capacity at charging stations. These findings highlight the compelling financial advantages associated with the adoption of sustainable power sources.

Влияние государственных мер поддержки на развитие рынка электрозарядной инфраструктуры в РФ

Currently, there is a growing awareness worldwide among societies and governments regarding pollution resulting from human activities, raising the issue of climate change. All this, together with other factors, puts a priority theme of environmental friendliness in various areas of the economy, and the field of transport was no exception. The use of vehicles running on alternative fuels and electricity emerges as a pressing agenda. The article examines the development of the charging infrastructure market for electric vehicles, taking into account existing measures to stimulate the electric vehicle market in both Russian and foreign practices. The aim of the study is to systematize the accumulated experience of stimulating demand. Since the electric vehicle market and the charging infrastructure of cities are interrelated, an important task is to identify existing barriers hindering the development of the electric vehicle market in Russia and to investigate support measures. The investment potential of projects for the development of electrical charging infrastructure was assessed, taking into account various forms of support.

Modular, Vision-Based Control of Automated Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles

Contemporary vehicle fleets include a variety of both manually and automated operated vehicles. A significant shift involves the increasing use of electric powertrains. However, the current electric charging infrastructure predominantly relies on manual processes. There is an opportunity to automate the charging process for these cars, with the intent to enhance convenience, aid people with accessibility needs, to support MW charging where EV cables are heavy, and finally to enable autonomous driving. The charging standards are common but the mechanisms to access the charging ports are not i.e., lids and protectives. This could be a challenge in the automation process given the complexity of the manipulation task at hand. With the increasing variety of electric vehicle models, standardizing charging mechanisms becomes imperative to streamline the charging process and enable broader adoption. In summary, this paper presents a holistic approach to addressing the evolving needs of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of automation in enabling efficient, accessible, and future-ready charging solutions.

Development of the electric vehicle market in Russia and China

The scientific problem of the energy transition and building a “green” economy remains one of the most pressing both abroad and in Russia. The main directions are the development of environmentally friendly production, achieving carbon neutrality, developing the car market using new energy sources, etc. In this regard, the object of this paper is to conduct a more in-depth study and analysis of the regulation of electric vehicles sales globally, in China and Russia. This article presents a proactive transportation strategy and forecast that prioritizes the expansion of the electric vehicle segment and the technologies used in production in Russia and China. The legal and economic basis for regulating the use of electric vehicles is characterized, and a comparative characterization of production and development of the transport market is made. As the main recommendation, the need to improve Russian transportation legislation with further changes and adjustments to the regulatory framework can be outlined. It seems appropriate to develop a number of additional incentive measures for both manufacturers of electric vehicles and their consumers, providing the emerging market with the necessary service and electric charging infrastructure, which confirms the proposed research hypothesis. The results of the work may be useful to experts and specialists in the field of green energy and transport, government authorities, as well as researchers studying scientific problems of developing environmentally friendly and intelligent electric vehicles.

Policy analysis of electric vehicle infrastructure supporting sustainable energy use

The Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the Battery-Based Electric Vehicle (EV) Program for transportation aims to provide direction, foundation, and legal certainty in the implementation of the acceleration of the battery-based electric motor vehicle program in Indonesia, one of which is the strategy of providing electric charging infrastructure. This policy had not fully significant impact on the provision of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, wherein 2021, the provision of EV charging facilities has reached approximately only 74 charging facilities, spread across 188 locations; this condition is still far from the target set by the government, expected about 168 charging facilities units in 2021-2031. The research evaluates existing policies as a reference for preparing policy recommendations to accelerate the provision of EV charging infrastructure. Research has shown that the adoption of electric vehicles is constrained, one of which is the need for more charging station availability of charging stations and their distribution. The government needs to provide incentives for domestic manufacturers of charging stations and battery swapping stations and instruct state-owned enterprises to accelerate the adoption of electric to provide charging station infrastructure.

Analysis of the Impact of Electric Charging Infrastructure Provision Rules on the Calculation of Fast and Ultrafast Charging Service Costs at Time Base and Energy Base Charging Stations

This study aims to analyze the impact of the issuance of MEMR Regulation Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Provision of Electric Charging Infrastructure for Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles, especially focusing on provisions related to electricity tariffs on surcharge fees for KBLBB fast charging and ultrafast charging consumers/customers. The calculation of surcharge fees can be economically affected by investment costs, operational costs, electric vehicle volume, and charging energy per electric vehicle (EV), so this study on surcharge fees is calculated using several scenarios and simulations carried out. The scenario is based on investment costs and operational costs using high and low cost financing calculations, and the simulation in question is on the volume of energy and electric vehicles over the next 15 years with pessimistic, moderate and optimistic simulations. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods that aim to describe or descriptive about a situation objectively using numbers, starting from data collection, interpretation through analysis of the data and appearance and results. The results of calculations from scenarios and simulations that have been carried out, calculations that are close to economics and based on current conditions that low cost scenarios with moderate simulations are appropriate recommendations to be applied at this time. Of course, the amount of application of the service fee must be evaluated by the Government every year, because the calculation component greatly affects the amount of the service fee.

Business Design Of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations For Trans Java Cikampek – Surabaya Toll With The Dynamic System Approach

Government support through Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicle Program for Road Transportation and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources which has issued Ministerial Regulation No. 13 of 2020 concerning the Provision of Electric Charging Infrastructure for Battery-Based Electric Motorized Vehicles. The Ministerial Regulation explains that the government aims to accelerate the battery-based Electric Motorized Vehicle (KBL) program. This regulates the electric charging facility for KBL.The Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station (SPKLU) is a business opportunity that can provide benefits for producers and national business entrepreneurs. This study reviews the business opportunities for public electric vehicle charging stations, especially on the Trans Java Cikampek Surabaya Toll Road, using a dynamic system approach. Several reviews were also discussed which included emission conversions, business schemes, financial analysis, and investment values. In this paper, there isan option for placing the SPKLU on the Trans Java Cikampek – Surabaya 54 rest area as a business opportunity for business actors to invest in SPKLU.Financial analysis regarding the feasibility of SPKLU investment, can provide investment certainty regarding the business model of providing SPKLU with the Ultra Fast Charging Out Door type

Electric charging infrastructure and gender equality: An overview for USER-CHI (H2020 project)

Background: The paper investigates aspects of gender equality in the implementation process of charging infrastructure with the innovative solutions for “USER centric Charging Infrastructure project” (short: USER-CHI) as reference. The USER-CHI project offers possible solutions for user-friendly e-Mobility surrounding the Mediterranean and Scandinavian Trans European Network corridors. In this regard of providing user-friendly solutions, the need for further information to recognize gender bias in the implementation process arose. Methods: Therefore, the paper combines insights from the project’s product development and a literature review results of gender bias in infrastructure and mobility planning. It aims at providing knowledge about gender-specific and diverse user needs which then can be incorporated into the design of charging infrastructure. Results: The term “gender bias” is commonly understood as opinionated actions or ideas as said by the gender-grounded receptivity that women are not associated to men in status and rights. Projects in the realm of electrification of mobility and its infrastructures lack in diversity sensitivity. This paper addresses these gaps by evaluating existing datasets from the User Chi project and identifying gender bias in literature research of the mobility and transport field. Conclusions: The authors conclude that more diverse approaches are needed. Due to the limitations of the available dataset, the authors apply a differentiation between male and female usage patterns and needs in mobility solutions as a starting point. Therefore, the recommendations made in this paper focus on the accessibility of electric mobility and charging infrastructure for women while setting the goal to establish a more diverse (respectively gender neutral) access to this type of mobility.

Charging infrastructure development in Russia: Incentives and prospects for the Vehicle-to-Grid technology use

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the transportation electrification. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the economic aspects of the development of a network of power charging stations in Russia. Methods. For the study, we used general scientific research methods. Results. The article finds that in Russia at present, the tariff developed taking into account the charging of an electric vehicle during the hours of minimum electricity consumption, is the most economically profitable. Conclusions. The widespread use of electric vehicles requires the widespread development of electric charging infrastructure, as well as the use of tools to manage the demand for electrical energy.

Economic Feasibility Analysis of Charging Infrastructure for Electric Ground Fleet in Airports

Many airports are converting their ground fleets to electric vehicles to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase airport operation sustainability. Although this paradigm shift is relevant to the environment, it is necessary to understand the economic feasibility to justify the decision. This study used life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to compare the economic performance of electrified ground fleets in the airport with a conventional fossil fuel fleet. Three different charging systems (plug-in charging, stationary wireless charging, and dynamic wireless charging) for pushback tractors and inter-terminal buses at a major hub airport were considered in the analysis. Although the conventional fossil fuel options present the lowest initial cost for both fleets, they cost most in a 30-year analysis period. Among three electric charging infrastructures, the plug-in charging station shows the least accumulative cost for pushback tractors, and their cost differences are negligible for inter-terminal buses. Although the electric ground fleet is proved to show economic benefits, the most cost-effective charging infrastructure may vary depending on driving mileage and system design. The use of LCCA to analyze new systems and infrastructures for decision making at the project level is highly recommended.

Location and Expansion of Electric Bus Charging Stations Based on Gridded Affinity Propagation Clustering and a Sequential Expansion Rule

With the escalating contradiction between the growing demand for electric buses and limited supporting resources of cities to deploy electric charging infrastructure, it is a great challenge for decision-makers to synthetically plan the location and decide on the expansion sequence of electric charging stations. In light of the location decisions of electric charging stations having long-term impacts on the deployment of electric buses and the layout of city traffic networks, a comprehensive framework for planning the locations and deciding on the expansion of electric bus charging stations should be developed simultaneously. In practice, construction or renovation of a new charging station is limited by various factors, such as land resources, capital investment, and power grid load. Thus, it is necessary to develop an evaluation structure that combines these factors to provide integrated decision support for the location of bus charging stations. Under this background, this paper develops a gridded affinity propagation (AP) clustering algorithm that combines the superiorities of the AP clustering algorithm and the map gridding rule to find the optimal candidate locations for electric bus charging stations by considering multiple impacting factors such as land cost, traffic conditions, and so on. Based on the location results of the candidate stations, the expansion sequence of these candidate stations is proposed. In particular, a sequential expansion rule for planning the charging stations is proposed that considers the development trends of the charging demand. To verify the performance of the gridded AP clustering and the effectiveness of the proposed sequential expansion rule, an empirical investigation of Guiyang City, the capital of Guizhou province in China, is conducted. The results of the empirical investigation demonstrate that the proposed framework that helps find optimal locations for electric bus charging stations and the expansion sequence of these locations are decided with less capital investment pressure. This research shows that the combination of gridded AP clustering and the proposed sequential expansion rule can systematically solve the problem of finding the optimal locations and deciding on the best expansion sequence for electric bus charging stations, which denotes that the proposed structure is pretty pragmatic and would benefit the government for long-term investment in electric bus station deployment.

Making the TEN-E regulation compatible with the Green Deal: Eligibility, selection, and cost allocation for PCIs

The European Green Deal calls for a revision of the Regulation on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure (TEN-E Regulation). The focus of the TEN-E Regulation was on accelerating the development of strategically important projects linking energy networks across the EU, labelled as Projects of Common Interest (PCIs). We provide seven recommendations on how to revise the Regulation to align it with the new full decarbonisation objective. We split the analysis in three parts: the eligibility, selection and cost allocation of PCIs. Regarding eligibility, first, oil networks should be excluded, while the case of gas networks is debatable. Second, power-to-X technologies, electric charging infrastructure and (smart) gas distribution grids could be added to the scope. Regarding selection, first, the Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYDNP) should be integrated over all energy vectors using an open-source model. Second and third, the scenarios used in the TYNDPs should be subject to the European Commission's approval, while the approval decision for cost-benefit analysis methodologies should be reallocated from the Commission to ACER. Finally, regarding cost allocation, first, cross-border cost allocation decisions should leave all involved jurisdictions with similar benefit-to-cost ratios to increase commitment. Second, affordability should be the only award criterion for European funding.

Interval type-2 fuzzy sets improved by Simulated Annealing for locating the electric charging stations

Electric vehicles are the key to facilitating the transition to low-carbon ‘green’ transport. However, there are concerns with their range and the location of the charging stations which delay a full-fledged adoption of their use. Hence, the electric charging infrastructure in a given region is critical to mitigating those concerns. In this study, an interval type-2 fuzzy set based multi-criteria decision-making method is introduced for selecting the best location for electric charging stations. This method is improved by Simulated Annealing obtaining the best configuration of the parameters of the interval type-2 membership functions along with two different aggregation operators; linguistic weighted sum and average. The proposed overall reusable multi-stage solution approach is applied to a real-world public transport problem of the municipal bus company in Istanbul. The results indicate that the approach indeed improves the model, capturing the associated uncertainties embedded in the interval type-2 membership functions better, leading to a more effective fuzzy system. The experts confirm those observations and that Simulated Annealing improved interval type-2 fuzzy method achieves more reliable results for selecting the best sites for the electric bus charging stations.

Smart charging of mobile electric vehicles

The paper proposes to create a digital economy for the development of electric charging networks of mass-use road transport in a business environment, in fact, these are mechanisms of public-private partnership. To go along the path of purchasing electric charging stations of Korean, Japanese, and German manufacturers and placing them for their own money on communications of Federal or territorial highways or in organizations and enterprises of various forms of ownership is a poorly managed and not rational process. It is proposed to move away from the schemes of location of specific electric charging stations and switch to the schemes of non-powered sockets. The technical solution refers to the technical means of electric charging (recharging) of mobile electric vehicles. The goal is to reduce the cost of creating a network electric charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. The technical result is the ability to ensure the charging mode of the electric vehicle directly from the existing distributed power supply system in space, by using the phase state modes of the electric connector cable that is powered or not powered by electric current. Based on the materials of the paper, patents of Russia and Kazakhstan were obtained.

Placement of Infrastructure for Urban Electromobility: A Sustainable Approach

Over the last few years, electric vehicles (EVs) have turned into viable urban transportation alternatives. Charging infrastructure is an issue, since high investment is needed and there is a lot of demand uncertainty. Seeking to fill gaps in past studies, this investigation proposes a set of procedures to identify the most adequate places for implementing the EV charging infrastructure. In order to identify the most favorable districts for the installation and operation of electric charging infrastructure in São Paulo city, the following public available information was considered: the density of points of interest (POIs), distribution of the average monthly per capita income, and number of daily trips made by transportation mode. The current electric vehicle charging network and most important business corridors were additionally taken into account. The investigation shows that districts with the largest demand for charging stations are located in the central area, where the population also exhibits the highest purchasing power. The charging station location process can be applied to other cities, and it is possible to use additional variables to measure social inequality.

Promoting electric vehicle charging infrastructure considering policy incentives and user preferences: An evolutionary game model in a small-world network

Because of the fast-growing market share of electric vehicles, the need for charging facilities is growing rapidly. In order to promote the construction of electric vehicle charging infrastructures, the impacts of policy incentives and consumer preferences are analyzed. Balanced subsidy and taxation policies are employed in this paper to improve the economic efficiency while reducing the fiscal pressure of the government. From the aspect of the market, consumer preferences on electric vehicles are modeled in the paper by dividing consumers into three types. In response to the policy incentive, consumers can choose different types of mobility, i.e., electric vehicle or fuel vehicle. The time-varying needs of charging stations and fuel stations in each area are characterized by an evolutionary game model built in the framework of a small-world complex network considering the competitive connections between the stations. The results prove the advantages of the balanced dynamic subsidy and taxation policies on the promotion of electric charging infrastructures. It is noticed that the investment is not the main barrier for the deployment of charging stations. The penetration level of electric vehicles and charging prices are the main driving forces. The findings can provide certain references for policymakers and investment companies.

Effects of Charging Infrastructure and Non-Electric Taxi Competition on Electric Taxi Adoption Incentives in New York City

With major investments in electric taxis emerging around the world, there is a need to better understand resource allocation trade-offs in subsidizing electric vehicle taxis (e-taxis) and investing in electric charging infrastructure. This is addressed using simulation experiments conducted in New York City: 2016 taxi pickups/drop-offs, a Manhattan road network (16,782 nodes, 23,337 links), and 212 charging stations specified by a 2013 Taxi & Limousine Commission study. The simulation is based on a platform used to evaluate taxi operations in California and Seoul. Eleven scenarios are analyzed: a baseline of 7,000 non-electric taxis, five scenarios ranging from 1,000 e-taxis to 5,000 e-taxis, and another five scenarios in which the e-taxis have infinite chargers as an upper bound. The study finds that the number of charging locations recommended in the earlier study may be insufficient at some locations even under the 3,000+ e-taxi scenarios. More importantly, despite an average revenue of $260 per taxi for the 7,000 non-electric taxis and about $247 per taxi for electric taxis over the finite charger scenarios, the revenue gap between e-taxis and non-electric taxis in a mixed fleet increases significantly as the e-taxi share increases. This is because the increasing queue delay imposed on e-taxis gives non-electric taxis an increasing competitive advantage, raising their average revenue from $260 per taxi (1,000 e-taxis) up to $286 per taxi (5,000 e-taxis, 150% revenue gap increase), all other operating costs being equal. This has implications for individual versus whole-fleet policies, as the individual-oriented policies may be less effective.

Productivity of Thin Grade Nonoriented Electrical Steel for the Electric Vehicle Market [Viewpoint

The growth of electrical vehicles (EVs) in the automotive industry has been slower than global research centers expected. However, most forecasts show increased EV adoption in the future due to the quick drop in battery price and the expected increasingly efficient electric charging infrastructures. Surprisingly, reports also predict that EVs will be less expensive to manufacture than a gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE) by 2030. It is certain that Chinese and U.S. markets will lead the transition from ICEs to EVs.

Policy Considerations for Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Incentives: Case Study in Canada

Transportation accounts for more than 20% of the total Greenouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Switching from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly energy sources and to Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) is a promising option for future transportation but well to wheel emission and charging/refuelling patterns must also be considered. This paper investigates the barriers to and opportunities for electric charging and hydrogen refueling infrastructure incentives in Ontario, Canada and estimates the number of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) that would be offset by infrastructure incentives. The paper also assesses the potential of electric and hybrid-electric powertrains to enable GHG reductions, explores the impact of the electricity supply mix for supporting zero-emission vehicles in different scenarios and studies the effect of the utility factor for PHEVs in Ontario. The authors compare the use of electric vehicle charging infrastructures and hydrogen refueling stations regarding overall GHG emission reductions for an infrastructure incentive funded by a 20-million-dollar government grant. The results suggest that this incentive can provide infrastructure that can offset around 9000 ICEVs vehicles using electricity charging infrastructure and 4000–8700 when using hydrogen refuelling stations. Having appropriate limitations and policy considerations for the potential 1.7 million electric-based vehicles that may be in use by 2024 in Ontario would result in 5–7 million tonne GHG avoidances in different scenarios, equivalent to the removal of 1–1.5 million ICEVs from the road.

Evaluation of Fast Charging Efficiency under Extreme Temperatures

Multi-type fast charging stations are being deployed over Europe as electric vehicle adoption becomes more popular. The growth of an electrical charging infrastructure in different countries poses different challenges related to its installation. One of these challenges is related to weather conditions that are extremely heterogeneous due to different latitudes, in which fast charging stations are located and whose impact on the charging performance is often neglected or unknown. The present study focused on the evaluation of the electric vehicle (EV) charging process with fast charging devices (up to 50 kW) at ambient (25 °C) and at extreme temperatures (−25 °C, −15 °C, +40 °C). A sample of seven fast chargers and two electric vehicles (CCS (combined charging system) and CHAdeMO (CHArge de Move)) available on the commercial market was considered in the study. Three phase voltages and currents at the wall socket, where the charger was connected, as well as voltage and current at the plug connection between the charger and vehicle have been recorded. According to SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J2894/1, the power conversion efficiency during the charging process has been calculated as the ratio between the instantaneous DC power delivered to the vehicle and the instantaneous AC power supplied from the grid in order to test the performance of the charger. The inverse of the efficiency of the charging process, i.e., a kind of energy return ratio (ERR), has been calculated as the ratio between the AC energy supplied by the grid to the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and the energy delivered to the vehicle’s battery. The evaluation has shown a varied scenario, confirming the efficiency values declared by the manufacturers at ambient temperature and reporting lower energy efficiencies at extreme temperatures, due to lower requested and, thus, delivered power levels. The lowest and highest power conversion efficiencies of 39% and 93% were observed at −25 °C and ambient temperature (+25 °C), respectively.