Electric Assistance Research Articles

EFFECT OF VARIABLE INPUT AND OUTPUT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A STEERING SYSTEM WITH EPS (ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM)

The complexity of the process of controlling the steering system assistance causes that the assistance units, designed as the control systems, change their characteristics depending on the frequency and amplitude of the torque applied to the steering wheel as well as on the frequency and amplitude of the force applied to the gear toothed bar. The investigation aiming to indicate this effect involved designing a special test stand enabling differentiation of the frequency and amplitude of the input functions applied to the steering wheel or to the gear-toothed bar. The results of the investigation are the characteristics diagrams and numerically determined friction force and compliance values. The test stand allows carrying out the research in two operation modes of the assistance device – normal mode and city mode as well as at simulated different driving speeds. The investigation permitted to identify the parameters of the model of a steering system with an electric assistance device. In the paper, the results of the investigation and their preliminary analysis are presented. The load input function from the side of the toothed bar showed a strong relationship between the frequency and the torque transmitted on the steering wheel. For example, high frequencies occurring during running fast through small irregularities of the road are strongly damped. The slow-variable runs are transmitted on the steering wheel as a feedback reaction.

Sur un modéle énergétique de cycliste pour optimiser l’hybridation d’énergie humaine

This study details the modeling of cyclists pedaling on an electrically assisted bicycle. The human acts on the bicycle both as a source of power and as a controller of the gear shifting. An experiment led over a panel of 14 cyclists demonstrates that a human, considered as a power source, can be summarized by only 2 parameters: the nominal power and a comfort speed. This model is integrated in the design of an optimal electric assistance that minimizes the electrical energy consumption and ensures a given average speed. The optimal control does not constrain the human behavior. However, the power of the cyclist substantially improves the effectiveness of the optimal power assistance.

Design of electric power assistance system of orchard simple type earth auger

The DC motor,transmission mechnism,safety unit and electric control unit installed in a hand-cranked orchard simple type earth auger formed the electric power assistance system of orchard simple type earth auger The system’s performance showed: when the orchard simple type earth auger carried no load,when it was equipped with a drill bit with a diameter of 30 and 20 cm,the linearity coefficients between its average speed of rising and falling and the battery power consumption were 0.790,0.910,0.927 and 0.865,respectively,the linearity is high;when the orchard simple type earth auger was digging the earth after it was equipped with the same above mentioned drill bit,the electric power assistance system could raise the earth auger at speed of 1.32 or 1.43 cm/s,and there was no significant difference between the starting electrical current for the drill bit when it was digging and the starting electrical current for the drill bit when it was operating without digging.

Mild Hybridization via Electrification of the Air System: Electrically Assisted and Variable Geometry Turbocharging Impact on an Off-Road Diesel Engine

Electric turbocharger assistance consists in incorporating an electric motor/generator within the turbocharger bearing housing to form a mild hybrid system without altering other mechanical parts of the engine. This makes it an ideal and economical short-to-medium-term solution for the reduction of CO2 emissions. The scope of the paper is to assess the improvements in engine energy efficiency and transient response correlated to the hybridization of the air system. To achieve this, an electrically assisted turbocharger with a variable geometry turbine has been compared to a similar, not hybridized system over step changes of engine load. The variable geometry turbine has been controlled to provide different levels of initial boost, including one optimized for efficiency, and to change its flow capacity during the transient. The engine modeled is a 7-liter, 6-cylinder diesel engine with a power output of over 200 kW and a sub-10-kW turbocharger electric assistance power. To improve the accuracy of the model, the turbocharger turbine has been experimentally characterized by means of a unique testing facility available at Imperial College and the data has been extrapolated by means of a turbine meanline model. Optimization of the engine boost to minimize pumping losses has shown a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption up to 4.2%. By applying electric turbocharger assistance, it has been possible to recover the loss in engine transient response of the efficiency-optimized system, as it causes a reduction in engine speed drop of 71%–86% and of 79%–94% in engine speed recovery time. When electric assistance is present in the turbocharger, actuating the turbine vanes to assist transient response has not produced the desired result but only a decrement in energy efficiency. If the variable geometry turbine is opened during transients, an improvement in specific energy efficiency with negligible decrement in engine transient performances has been achieved.

Research of Electric Power Steering System Assistance Characteristic Based on the Identification of the Road

Study of traditional assist characteristic cure does not take into account the difference of steering resistance torque caused by different road adhesion coefficient. Vehicle dynamics analysis model is established based on ADAMS/CAR. Simulation of steering wheel torque is realized under different road conditions. Departure from the ideal boost characteristics requirements and combined with ideal steering wheel torque under different speed and lateral acceleration., the article built assist characteristic curve under a certain road conditions. The system can real-time select the assist characteristic curve through identifying the vehicle traveling road conditions by the way of BP neural network. The theory provided a feasible method for the improvement of the EPS system performance.

Venturi-Electrosonic Spray Ionization Cataluminescence Sensor Array for Saccharides Detection

In this article, a Venturi electrosonic spray ionization (V-ESSI) cataluminescence (CTL) sensor array was reported for discriminating saccharides in solution. Integrating electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI), a liquid system of Venturi self-pumping injection for the CTL reaction, was fabricated for enhancing CTL reactivity of aqueous samples. Comparing with simple Venturi injection by air and Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization without electric assistance (V-EASI), the remarkable enhancement of CTL signals resulted from V-ESSI. This system showed higher cross-reactive CTL responses catalyzed by alkaline earth metal-nanomaterials than other catalysts, giving different signals for a given saccharide on different catalysts and different responses for different saccharides on the same catalyst. Then, a 4 × 2 CTL sensor array was used for obtaining "fingerprints" of distinct CTL response patterns. Analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), this V-ESSI CTL sensor array not only achieved the well discrimination of different saccharides (99.9% of total variation) but also discriminated four groups of urine sugar-level for urine samples from diabetic patients (98.1% of discrimination accuracy). It had good reproducibility and gave a linear range of 22.5-67558 μg/mL (R > 0.99) for xylose with a detection limit of 7.4 μg/mL on MgO. As a new artificial tongue, this system provided a simple, rapid, low cost, low energy consumption, and environmentally friendly pathway for aqueous sample discrimination. It has dramatically expanded applications of the CTL-based senor array and will be applicable to clinical diagnoses, environment monitoring, industrial controls, food industry, and various marine monitoring.

Design and Modeling of Electric Assistance Power Steering System

In order to deign an electric assistance power steering system (EPS), in this thesis, after analysis the dynamics of EPS system, a model of EPS System is established, and combined with the characteristic of EPS system, a PID controller with emendation function in series is designed. From the test result, this control strategy with the arithmetic, can be found, have made a good effect for lighten the handle force and heighten the return back at middle position.

A newly-developed effective direct current assisted sintering technique for electrolyte film densification of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

In order to lower the sintering temperature and shorten firing time, a novel, effective and facile technique has been developed for sintering Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte thin film. Herein this technique, which employs a weak direct current (DC), is used for the first time in the manufacture of the anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). A single cell is directly assembled using a pre-sintered anode/electrolyte and screen printed cathode and subsequently sintered under electric assistance from room temperature to 800 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1. A fully dense YSZ electrolyte film can be observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the open circuit voltages (OCVs) are in accordance with theoretical values, confirming that the cell possesses a dense YSZ film. Using hydrogen fuel, the maximum power density of this cell was 0.8, 1.1 and 1.4 W cm−2 at 650, 700 and 750 °C, respectively. We believe this DC assisted sintering technique (DC-AST) may not only reduce the cost, but also maintain the anode nanostructure, thus offering a potentially useful manufacturing technique for SOFCs.

Guided conversion to enhance cation detection in water using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A novel approach, named guided conversion enhancement, has been established to improve the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) sensitivity of cation detection in water. Two processes were involved in this approach: the main part was replacement reaction that converted the cations in water to solid granules on the surface of an immersed metallic sheet; the other was electric assistance that increased local cation concentration and strengthened the reaction. With the aid of replacement reaction and an electric field, a detection limit of 16 ppb was achieved for copper cation (Cu2+) detection in a water solution of CuSO4. The obtained results suggest that this approach has significant potential to be developed as an effective method for underwater cation detection.

Skin Permeation Enhancement of Ascorbyl Palmitate by Liposomal Hydrogel (Lipogel) Formulation and Electrical Assistance

To enhance skin permeation of ascorbyl palmitate (AsP), it was encapsulated in liposomes, and formulated into liposomal hydrogel (lipogel) by dispersing the liposome into poloxamer hydrogel matrix. To improve the skin permeation of AsP, we applied electric current supplying system that mimics an electric skin massager. We evaluated the effects of composition and surface charge of the liposomes and electrical assistance on the skin permeation of AsP. In the passive transport study, the permeated amounts of AsP from all the lipogels tested were higher than that of control hydrogel which contains Transcutol used to solubilize AsP. In the cathodal delivery condition with a fixed cathodal current of 0.4 mA/cm2, the skin permeation characteristics of the negative lipogels were superior to that obtained with the neutral lipogels and the drug permeation was more increased with increased surface negative charge of the liposomes. In conclusion, the lipogel system was thought as a helpful drug delivery system to enhance skin permeation of AsP. Combined use of negative lipogel with cathodal electric assistance was found to be promising in enhancing the skin delivery of AsP.