Elections In Ukraine Research Articles

Language mechanisms of political campaigning among the youth in the 2019 presidential election in Ukraine

This article looks into the linguistic mechanisms designed to establish communication between the presidential candidate Volodymyr Zelens’kyi and the youth in the 2019 Ukrainian election campaign. The young voters, who are less familiar with the political, economic, and social processes in the country due to their age and little life experience are at risk of falling victim to political technologists. The article examines Zelens’kyi’s political projects on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Tele-gram, and Viber channels, the Twitter page of his campaign stuff, and the personal Facebook page. Aside from technological techniques, the paper focuses on the discourse of the election campaign built by the technologists to win the favor of young voters. It examines a linguistic component of the election rhetoric of this particular political project and reconstructs the main messages addressed to the youth. A complex of special linguistic methods has been applied to the texts,e.g., content analysis, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis, which helps “to deci-pher” the ideological components. Successfully selected channels, practices, and methods of virtual communication, “cor-rect” messages, and manipulative methods of the language use of the election campaign waged by Zelens’kyi, e.g., the clash of two generations theme, were converted into the votes “in favour” for the previously inactive electoral group. Convergence tactics were used to adjust the language to the younger generation. These in-clude the use of vocabulary from the Internet and the latest technologies, borrowings, informal youth forms of address, slang forms, language games, graphic capabilities of electronic space, in particular hashtags, stickers, and emojis. Keywords: communication, social networking, targeting, Facebook, vulgarisms, slang.

Поняття та форми реалізації виборчих прав громадян на місцевих виборах

The purpose of the publication is to study the concept and forms of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections in Ukraine, in order to understand the legal category and further improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine. Methodology. During the research of the scientific article the general and special-legal methods were used: system analysis, comparative-legal, dialectical approach, system-structural, applied methods of scientific knowledge, which provides the purpose and objectives of scientific research. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the concept and forms of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections. The article examines the concept of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections, taking into account theoretical scientific approaches to understanding the implementation of the right. Based on the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine, which regulate the issue of citizens 'suffrage in local elections, it is determined that the exercise of citizens' suffrage is the most influential form of democracy in the country. The study proved that it is the legal forms of exercising the voting rights of citizens in local elections that have practical consequences, which in turn are the realization of the will of the people and are universally binding on public authorities. It is noted that the residency requirement is one of the most serious obstacles to the exercise of citizens' voting rights in local elections. Conclusions. The realization of the voting rights of citizens in local elections is a process during which the subject of suffrage, aware of their actions (inaction), guided by regulations, enters into legal relations, which are the legal expression of political relations. The legislative requirement for a person to belong to a certain territorial community as a condition for exercising the right to vote in local elections is the biggest obstacle to exercising their right to vote. The main forms of exercising the right to vote by citizens in local elections are: implementation, use and observance, through which direct suffrage is exercised. Keywords: suffrage; local elections; forms of realization of suffrage; election legislation.

Transformation of governance in Ukraine in the constitutional and legal discourse

Introduction. The aim of the article: The purpose and objectives of the study are an inventory of current problems of constitutional and legal regulation of public authority and outline priorities for the transformation of constitutional and legal regulation of government in Ukraine. Results. The results of the presidential and parliamentary elections in Ukraine have shown that society is in dire need of a new paradigm of government. Now is the time for a comprehensive, in particular, constitutional and legal awareness and coverage of the functioning of government in the country through the categories of governance and good governance, which are a manifestation of the European vector of public administration, the organization of public authority. Further development of the democratic system of government requires the development of constitutional and legal regulation and the definition of innovative mechanisms for the exercise of public power. The result of these investigations may be the development and discussion in the process of national discussion in various formats of its implementation – Conceptual principles of formation and constitutional, legal, political renewal of government in Ukraine. The study of these perspectives is associated with a new paradigm of governance in Ukraine - the paradigm of good governance. This paradigm allows to use the postulates of the anthropocentric philosophy of the priority of human rights and freedoms and to combine and realize the interests of public authorities: legislative, executive, local self-government; civil society institutions; business associations, the environment and thus harmonize social development processes. At the same time, good governance is understood as a generally accepted system of values regarding public domination and management, the process of systematic interaction of active participants (stakeholders) of public authorities and public administration. The priority in the prospects of transformation of the constitutional and legal regulation of governance is a systematic update, modernization of the Constitution of Ukraine. Among the following prospects for the transformation of constitutional and legal regulation: updating the constitutional and sectoral legislation on the institutions of public power, public administration and governance in Ukraine. The issues of subregional, district level of government, local self-government, public administration, executive power come to the forefront of the transformation of the territorial organization of power, territorial government in Ukraine. The process of transformation of territorial governance should be provided by appropriate financial and economic, organizational, personnel, legal mechanisms that accompany the decentralization of public power at the territorial level of its organization. A significant milestone in the improvement and reform of municipal public power should be the new version of the Constitution of Ukraine on decentralization of power. Conclusions. Outlining the priorities for the transformation of the constitutional and legal regulation of governance in Ukraine is associated with a new paradigm of governance in Ukraine – the paradigm of good governance. Renewal of the Constitution, the process of constitutional and legal modernization are associated with the formation of an integrated system of public power, public administration, governance in Ukraine. In particular, this applies to the territorial organization of public authorities. Here it is expedient to talk about the preparation and discussion of draft laws on local executive bodies, on the basics of financial decentralization, on local self-government (new version), on the principles of local governance.

Horizontal and vertical aspects of political elections in Ukraine

Horizontal and vertical aspects of political elections and their influence on voting process in Ukraine are analyzed in this article. The basic trends of electoral behavior of the citizens of Ukraine are revealed on the basis of empirical data of election campaigns and politicians activity. The factors that influence on the democratic nature of the elections of 2014 and 2019, as well as the reasons for citizens distrust of politicians are studied. These reasons include electoral volatility, which is influenced by the populism of politicians and the citizens frustration of the elected parties activity as well as misinformation during electoral campaign

Apocalyptic motifs and images in media texts on Brexit and Ukrainian elections

The paper provides the linguistic analysis of verbalising apocalyptic motifs and images in the media texts, devoted to the topical processes of Brexit and Ukrainian elections. It was confirmed that these motifs and images serve as a tool for influencing the recipients and noted that the consideration of the linguistic realization of images and motifs in the texts of media resources refers to the rapidly developing field of media linguistics. The word families, enriching Ukrainian and English with the neologisms related to the above extra-linguistic processes were singled out. The semantic fields of the considered images and motifs were described. Suggestions for further research were outlined.

Впровадження електронних виборів в Україні в умовах пандемії

The article considers the concepts of elections, electronic elections and electronic voting technologies, analyzes the main shortcomings of the existing electronic voting system, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of electronic elections, analyzes the current state of elections in COVID-19. The article pays attention to topical issues of the need for research at the legislative level of electronic voting as the implementation of democratic principles of the state. Prospects for the development and implementation of esystems in Ukraine are formulated. Prospects for the introduction of electronic voting in Ukraine and the possibility of adopting the experience of other European countries are considered. The issues of the procedure of introduction of electronic elections in Ukraine and work with the population on its expediency are considered.

The Evolution of Russian Political Tactics in Ukraine

ABSTRACT The conflict in Donbas has distracted attention from broader patterns of interaction between Russia and Ukraine. Russia continues to use a variety of tactics, apart from military force, to influence Ukraine. Among the key tactics are coercion in the gas sector, naval blockade, “passport colonialism,” attempts to sway Ukrainian elections, support for the pro-Russian politician Viktor Medvedchuk, and promotion of religious influence through the Russian Orthodox Church. None of these tactics is novel, but each is evolving along with circumstances. Regardless of what happens in Donbas, Ukraine will continue to feel multifaceted pressure from Russia.

Clientelism and Land Market Outcomes in Ukraine

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationship between political corruption and land market outcomes. Three rounds of parliamentary elections in Ukraine are analyzed from 2002 to 2010. Evidence of rental rates for land being higher in districts that exhibit greater electoral support for parties that form the parliamentary opposition after the elections is found. On the other hand, average rental rates are lower in pro-majority districts that give evidence of clientelistic relations being formed in certain regions of Ukraine as well as state capture in the land market.

ІДЕЇ ПОПУЛІЗМУ У ВИБОРЧІЙ КАМПАНІЇ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ 2019 РІК

У статті здійснено аналіз ключових гасел, які активно використовувались у виборчій кампанії Президента України 2019 р. До уваги взято програми, у яких відображено реальні політичні вимоги та популістські гасла.
 Вивчення популізму актуалізується наявністю соціального замовлення від зацікавлених суб’єктів політичної дії, які застосовують популізм для реалізації своїх програм та в боротьбі за владу.
 У сучасних умовах політичне гасло лідера відіграє надзвичайно важливу роль у процесі передвиборчої боротьби за владу. Гасло займає провідну нішу у виборчих технологіях і забезпечує успіх політичного лідера у веденні виборчої кампанії. Як свідчить досвід останніх виборчих кампаній, політичне гасло досить часто асоціюється з популізмом або стає популістським гаслом
 Разом із цим актуальна сьогодні в Україні популістська категорія «народу», носія всіх чеснот, найвищої цілі та мірила добра й зла, веде свій родовід ще від українського національно-демократичного руху ХІХ ст., із його виразно народницькими рисами. Новітній український національний рух певною мірою перейняв її як частину інтелектуальної спадщини від своїх історичних попередників, тим більше, що вона, як зазначалося вище, виявилася потрібною в роки вирішальної атаки на комуністичний режим.
 Акцентовано, що популістські гасла у виборчі кампанії на пост Президента України 2019 р. сприймається, по-перше, як іноді спланована політична дія, за допомогою якої певна політична партія чи група політичних лідерів свідомо провокує та включає значну частину мас для втілення своїх маніпулятивних дій і реалізацію політичних технологій заради здобуття влади.
 А по-друге, політична еліта вдало використовує національні образи, ідеї, символіку, щоб утвердити це у свідомості більшої частини свого електорату й узяти під контроль політичну ситуацію в країні. Останнім часом спостерігаємо на полі українського електорату, де з боку як опозиційних партій, так і провладних усі готуються до виборів-2020 р., забуваючи свої передвиборчі обіцянки та програми.
 Вибори в Україні втрачають значення механізму ствердження стандартів відповідальної державної політики. Це також є свідченням слабкості політичних партій, адже саме вони мають бути зацікавлені в зміцненні такого інституту демократії, як вибори, оскільки вибори дають змогу політичним партіям реалізувати себе. Виборча система й надалі залишається фактором соціально-політичної напруженості, провокує політичні сили використовувати регіональні відмінності як інструмент політичної боротьби

ВПЛИВ ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ НА ПОЛІТИЧНУ СВІДОМІСТЬ

У статті проаналізовано вплив політичних технологій на політичну свідомість громадян під час виборів Президента України 2019 р. Сьогодні політичні технології є саме тим інструментом, із допомогою якого можна забезпечити політичну стабільність або розхитати, вивести з рівноваги політичну систему суспільства. Тому детальне дослідження політичних технологій, які постійно вдосконалюються, потребує подальших наукових розробок. Об’єктом впливу політичних технологій є люди, а саме їхня політична свідомість. Політична конкуренція, боротьба за владу у виборчий період та формування органів державної влади на всіх ієрархічних щаблях після виборів визначає важливість політичних технологій. Вибори в Україні у 2019 р. стали унікальними саме тому, що в політичному середовищі з’явилося багато людей, які далекі від політики, та тим, що значна частина «старих» політиків втратила підтримку. Ще однією особливістю виборів 2019 р. є поява нових каналів комунікації з виборцями: такі соціальні мережі, як Instagram, Facebook, Telegram стали реально дієвим інструментом боротьби за підтримку й голоси виборців. У сфері політики інформація в цілому та Інтернет зокрема відіграють настільки важливу роль, що кожен політичний актор сьогодні намагається організувати власний інформаційний потік у мережі для більш ефективного впливу на політичну свідомість та громадську думку, сформувати бажаний, затребуваний у суспільстві образ або досягати інших політичних цілей.

Ukraine’s Orange Revolution and Foreign Policy of U.S.

Following the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine, people took streets in what is to be known as the Orange Revolution. The non-violent series of protests ensured fair and transparent elections and the transition of power from Leonid Kuchma to Viktor Yushchenko. The events that preceded the Orange Revolution and the protests themselves came under the international spotlight, setting an example of a nation that pursues democratic trajectory. This paper looks into the Orange Revolution with a particular emphasis on the U.S.’ relations with Ukraine throughout that period.

The chimera of the All-Russian»founder»and the collapse of the illusions of the Ukrainian Central Rada (end of 1917 – beginning of 1918)

The article deals with an interesting but insufficiently and not clearly enough discussed in the historiographical process research perspective, which is related to the reconstruction, from the present day viewpoint, of the efforts and attempts of the national political elite to implement the idea of state autonomy of Ukraine through the mechanism of the so-called All-Russian Constituency (Constituent Assembly) during the existence of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (UNR) and taking into account the choice of the model of democratic social progress in the late 1917 – early 1918. This storyline is considered in the context of political activity of the Central Rada and its leaders M. Hrushevsky, V. Vinnychenko, other participants of the national-liberation movement of the Ukrainian Revolution (I. Mazepa, D. Doroshenko, etc.), implementation of certain steps to legitimize this institute as the supreme body of government and governance on the territory of Ukraine of that time, the consolidation of the political party on the basis of the traditions and experience of national government.Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of universals of the Central Rada in the course of strengthening its power positions, search and realization of the optimal formula of national and territorial autonomy of Ukraine, exercisingits right of final approval as the All-Russian "founder" (2nd Universal), formation of the UNR (3rd Universal) etc. The article makes an emphasis on the aggravation of the UNR relations with the Bolshevik government of Russia as a result of its ultimatum to the Rada and the unleashing of war against the UNR.The results of the elections in Ukraine which took place before the All-Russian and Ukrainian Constituent Assembly are described in the article. In addition, the rating of the main political forces in the regional dimension, first to be formed through such a democratic procedure, is studied. The substantiated conclusion is made about the actual failure of the phenomenon of the Constituency being dismissed by the Bolshevik government as a long-awaited tool in the public and political sphere for resolving the Ukrainian issue, the rapid decline in society under pressure of many factors of authority and influence of the Central Rada, the final collapse of its illusions to achieve a real autonomy of Ukraine under Moscow’s supervision.

When are Gender Quotas Fulfilled? Strategy and Context in Ukrainian City Elections

Many studies have investigated why countries across the globe have adopted gender quotas for their elections. In this article, we answer a different question: why do political parties comply with gender quotas when the costs of compliance are absent or minimal. To answer the question, we analyze data from the 2015 city elections in Ukraine, including 1,630 party lists from 106 parties competing in 121 cities. Our subnational approach allows us to test whether contextual factors flagged by the broader gender literature explain variation in compliance across Ukrainian localities. The results of our models support our contention that Ukrainian political parties behaved strategically in terms of nominations and quota compliance. We find that urbanization and female incumbency fueled quota compliance. Parties, however, were less likely to comply with quotas in cities with more religious and nationalist populations. Taken together, parties acted strategical, complying with the quota based on local context.

Вибори як об’єкт та інструмент гібридної війни

The article examines the problem of elections as an object and tool in modern hybrid conflicts. The authors emphasize that in the context of information technology development and globalization, elections are becoming one of the main targets in the implementation of hybrid aggression, due to the relative cheapness and effectiveness of such technology. It is shown that by interfering in the electoral process of democratic countries of the world, the hybrid aggressor promotes the coming to power (or, conversely, defeat) of the necessary political forces and, accordingly, neutralizes its opponents. The main forms of foreign interference in the electoral process are revealed: support of candidates or political parties beneficial to the aggressor state in order to further use them to destabilize the victim country, or to increase influence on the situation in the country that has become the object of a hybrid warfare; influence on certain categories of the population living in the victim state, in order to push them to vote for the politicians needed by the aggressor; information propaganda by the aggressor state aimed at discrediting the institution of elections and its results in a country that has become the object of a hybrid warfare; use of the institution of international election observation to achieve the goals of hybrid warfare; direct cyberattacks on electronic and communication systems used in the victim state to organize elections and count votes. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the conditions of hybrid Russian aggression, the institution of elections in Ukraine is one of the potential objects of hybrid intervention by Russia. Therefore, an important condition for preserving the democracy of elections, the socio-political system and the sovereignty of our state in general is to ensure reliable protection of the institution of elections from foreign interference.

Популізм в українській політичній культурі

The paper deals with populism as the phenomenon of political culture in Ukrainian context. The President Election in Ukraine, 2019, has opened the new page in the development of populism not only in Ukraine, but in the world in general. Before that, no political force had won in such a persuasive way. Political analysis and prognoses, proclaimed before the election, look weak today. The paper outlines that populism is homological to democratic foundations of public life, but hypertrophied and unbalanced. It upraises as the reaction on social crisis and challenge to the stable way of life in the presence of political disturbance in different social segments and is connected with the appearance the political leader who uses specific logics of articulation of messages, the shape and the way of their representations to get and keep the political power. Such messages concern the people, like the appeal to it as to the certain integrity; the immediacy of its perception; the adjustment to its demands; the simplification of its view on the public life up to the black and white tones; the offer of the simple and unambiguous decisions. Populism as the phenomenon of political culture provokes the spectrum of ethical problems. Among them such as: manipulation of concepts of the people's internal homogeneity, integrity and moral purity; opposition of the "people" and the "elite" in the terms of good and evil; active use of moral demagogy and the practice of opportunism; cohesion of business and the state, corruption, nepotism; destruction of public spirit; activation of ressentiment and so on. Today S. Žižek mentions culturalization of politics, and many scholars outline correlation of processes in culture and arts and in politics. Also they call contemporary form of populism as postmodern populism. Independent Ukraine is very sensitive to populist challenges. Here postmodern populism and its technologies of the games with reality have won the victory. It is not only the source of new political experience. It creates new political culture here and now, that demands from scholars to comprehend these processes in real time mode. Postmodern populism does not leave the hope for catharsis, for social stress relief. Soaked in laughter, contemporary political culture is ridicule, and it destroys the political space. Sense of unreality and futile strengthens the comprehension of the impossibility to change such order of things on the due one.

МОВНА РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ ОБРАЗУ МІФОЛОГІЧНОГО ГЕРОЯ В БРИТАНСЬКИХ Й УКРАЇНСЬКИХ МЕДІАТЕКСТАХ

Робота містить лінгвокультурологічний аналіз способів омовлення міфологічного образу героя в медіатекстах, присвячених процесу Брекзиту й виборів в Україні. Підтверджено, що медіатексти орієнтовані впливати на аудиторію, а тому активно застосовують міфологічні елементи для посилення такого впливу. Виявлено, що образ героя функціонує в медіатекстах не відокремлено, а в тісному зв’язку з есхатологічними мотивами, зокрема Апокаліпсису, й образами ворога, битви, війни, спасіння й чуда. Здійснено порівняння характеристик образу героя в британських й українських текстах. Виявлено словотвірні гнізда й описано семантичні поля, асоційовані з відповідними образами. Ключові слова: культурний герой, міфологічний образ, ворог, медіатекст, битва, есхатологічний мотив.

ЯЗЫКОВАЯ ПОЛИТИКА КАК ФАКТОР СОВРЕМЕННОГО УКРАИНСКОГО ВНУТРИПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОТИВОСТОЯНИЯ

The article presents the analysis of the ukrainian language policy from 1989 to the present. The peculiarity of the ethnolinguistic situation is due to the multinationality and the use of a large number of languages for everyday communication by citizens of Ukraine. The author gives a description of the national and linguistic situation, brings the analysis of the ethnic structure in accordance with the choice of the language of everyday communication. The controversial nature of language policy is the result of a fierce internal political struggle. The language issue was one of the key issues in all Ukrainian elections from 1989 to 2019. The language of everyday communication also has a great influence on the electoral behavior of citizens. The author's attention is focused on the use of linguistic and ethno-confessional contradictions by Ukrainian political forces waging a struggle for power. The analysis of the key regulatory legal acts that implement, to one degree or another, the state language policy. The author comes to the conclusion about a solid legislative framework necessary for the implementation of a language policy that takes into account the interests of all citizens of multinational Ukraine. But the adopted other contradictory laws and by-laws, as well as political contradictions both in the government and between the government and the opposition, create a conflict situation that negatively affects the socio-political situation in the country. Representatives of European states, primarily Hungary, gave a negative assessment to certain Ukrainian laws regulating language policy. The main argument is the new Education Law, the provisions of which infringe on the rights of national minorities

Presidential campaign of Volodimir Zelensky: Usage of Donald Trump’s experience

Introduction: the article contains the analysis of the unique features of Volodimir Zelensky’s presidential election campaign, the success of which is based on the image of a political leader deliberately built as totally different from the one traditional for the Ukraine’s political elite. Objectives: studying the main political trends in presidential campaigns of Volodimir Zelensky and Donald Trump, to identify common elements of their image-building strategies. Methods: comparative analysis. Results: the study verifies the effectiveness of building the counter-culture image of a political leader in the conditions of high levels of political cynicism and citizens’ distrust to their government. Conclusions: the tactics used by Donald Trump and Volodimir Zelensky during the 2016 US elections and 2019 Ukrainian elections respectively are similar at their core. The difference manifests itself in the types of political images used, as formed with respect to the candidates’ previous careers.

Роль громадського контролю за виборами в протидії кримінальним правопорушенням виборчого законодавства України

The purpose of the article is to study the role of public election control in combating criminal offenses in the electoral legislation of Ukraine. To achieve it, the following tasks have been formulated: to analyze the existing scientific approaches to criminal offenses of the election legislation in the mirror of public election control; to substantiate oneʼs own scientific position on the role of public control over elections in counteracting criminal offenses of the election legislation of Ukraine. The methodology of preparation of the publication is based on the application of an intersectoral approach, which allows a more comprehensive approach to studying the role of public election control in combating criminal offenses of Ukrainian election law than would be done only within one area – constitutional or criminal law. The scientific novelty of the article is to study the role of public election control in combating criminal offenses in the electoral legislation of Ukraine. Conclusions. Public election control plays an important role in combating various criminal offenses of election law and performs three important functions: 1. Preventive function ‒ the presence of public election control is a deterrent to various criminal offenses in the election legislation of Ukraine. 2. Disclosure function – due to public control over the elections, a large number of committed criminal offenses of the election legislation of Ukraine, which were not documented by law enforcement agencies. 3. Supervisory function ‒ the activities of law enforcement agencies in the implementation of criminal proceedings for criminal offenses of election law are also subject to public scrutiny. Keywords: public control; election; opposition; criminal offenses; election legislation of Ukraine.

Ukraine in Polish Electronic Publicistic Periodicals in the Ukrainian Language (2017—2019): Cognitive Aspect

The article analyzes Ukraine in Ukrainian electronic publicistic periodicals, namely “Nashe Slovo” ta “Nash vybir” for 2017–2019. The choice of the study period is due to the fact that it most clearly characterizes the dynamics of coverage of Ukrainian-Polish relations and events in Ukraine by foreign media. The research defines several main issues addressed by the authors to form the respective image of Ukraine for the citizens and its perception by the Poles. Among them are: characteristics of Ukrainian-Polish historical relations and Ukrainian politicians; political issues; attitudes towards Ukrainian immigrants and wage earners. The most discussed and described topic in foreign editions was the topic of presidential and parliamentary elections in Ukraine; also the publications focused on Ukrainians’ voting abroad. The perception of Ukraine and its characteristics in the Ukrainian-language weekly “Nashe Slovo” and newspaper “Nash vybir” were formed on the basis of sociopolitical and Ukrainian-Polish historical events, their impact on the global political situation. Such images and characteristics of Ukraine, Ukrainians, and Ukrainian politicians that remained unchanged during the analyzed period are distinguished: Ukraine as an important neighbor, the “barbaric state”, “Bandera ideology”, “Bandera monuments”, “Banderism”; Ukrainians as “murderers, hostile neighbors, traitors”; V. Viatrovych as “a moderate wing of Ukrainian nationalists”, P. Poroshenko as “the most likable Ukrainian oligarch”, Yu. Tymoshenko as a “veteran” of Ukrainian politics, V. Zelenskyi’s hybrid election campaign. Thus, despite the recent decrease in the number of Poles with a positive attitude towards Ukraine, and the crisis in Ukrainian-Polish relations, Poland remains interested in the development and stability of Ukraine, its democratic changes and integration into the European space.