Eldest Son Research Articles

근대 조선화상 화취공의 경영활동 - 『조업사적책』을 근거로 -

This paper is to review Yang family’s emigration from Shandong Province to Korea and business activities during modern times with a ‘Booklet of Ancestors’ Meritorious Achievements’ written by Yang, Jian-min(楊建民). Yang, Yi-zhi(楊翼之) opened dry goods company called ‘Hejugong’(和聚公) in 1903 in Chinese settlement of Incheon. Hejugong was established as a joint venture with a trading capital of Yangma Island and Yantai in Shandong Province. The company developed through importing dry goods from Shanghai and selling them with using Overseas Chinese networks constructed all over the country in 1910s and 1920s. Hejugong was the third place in the field of annual sales within Overseas Chinese major companies of Incheon. Overseas Chinese major companies of Korea were seriously damaged by an expulsion agitation against Overseas Chinese in 1931, and Japanese colonial government’s significant tariffs increase against Chinese importing dry goods. They almost went bankrupt, but ‘Hejugong’ was able to exist with the help of investing in real estate and equity investments towards overseas Chinese companies in Incheon. In addition, Hejugong set up ‘Hejugong Oil Mill’ in Harbin and ‘Taifenghao’, a agency of British American Tobacco in Mukden respectively to overcome these crises. ‘Hejugong Oil Mill’ was managed by his eldest son, Yang, Jian-min(楊建民). ‘Taifenghao’ was run by his second son, Yang Ziping(楊子平). This is the first time to be revealed for Overseas Chinese merchants of ‘Shandong Group’(山東幇) in modern Korea to invest directly in China. Political economy’s problem did not keep Hejugong’s multilateral management going well. ‘Taifenghao’ was closed just after Yang Ziping was arrested to be publicly executed on the suspicion of anti-Japanese activities. Hejugong also had no choice but to stop its management by a series of sales person’s arrestment and execution with the same reason. Hejugong Oil Mill was also closed during the Second Chinese Civil War.

Living Arrangement and Mothers’ Employment in Japan

This paper tests the effect of living arrangement on the probability of mothers’ employment status in Japan using micro-data from a household survey. The analysis was conducted for grandmothers by focusing on distinguishing between grandmother and in-law. The father being the eldest son and the mother being the eldest daughter are used as instruments in bivariate probit models. The findings show that co-residing or proximate-residing grandmother (-in-law) increases the probability of mothers being in employment. That being said, Japanese mothers still need to get help from grandmothers to work. Other important findings indicate that mothers whose husbands are the eldest son tend to live with grandmother-in-law. This confirms that the Japanese norm still stands in modern Japan.

The effect of number of siblings and birth order on educational attainment: Empirical Evidence from Chinese General Social Survey

Data from China demonstrate that the effect of the number of siblings on education is restricted by many factors, such as children’s gender, urban or rural household registration, whether there is only one child, the birth order of children within the family, and parents’ status. Chinese families have significant preferences for the eldest son and the youngest son. Moreover, research based on the natural experiment and instrumental variable approach suggests that market-oriented reform of education has increased the cost of family education expenditures since China’s reform and opening up, which further aggravates the negative impact on education of having many siblings in an urban setting.

Inheritance and Emotions: Performing the Patriarch in an Aristocratic Stepfamily in Seventeenth-Century Habsburg Hungary

The case study investigates how the responsibilities of an early modern “anxious patriarch” modified in a stepfamily context. It focuses on the central concern of aristocratic patriarchs to secure the continuity of the lineage and transmit properties and governance by positioning a heir. By reading the testaments, correspondence and the exceptional series of instructions to his eldest son, the study depicts the strategies, which the aristocrat Miklós Esterházy adopted, and argues that these strategies served to solicit the compliance of and solidarity among kin, half-kin, and step-kin as well as his own image as a good father.

Finding Infinite Imagination within the Clay Man: Merlin and Reuben in William Blake's Jerusalem

ABSTRACT Merlin and Reuben are two minor characters in William Blake's Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion (1804-c. 1820) upon which little has been written. Merlin represents the immortal imagination, reiterating the Welsh wizard of Arthurian mythology as a Romantic figure. Reuben, eldest son of Jacob and Leah from the Book of Genesis, is to Blake the clay man, the human as matter, imbibed with instinct and urge yet lacking higher cognitive capacity. Taking these two characters of Blake's as a Romantic conceptualisation of limited embodied imagination, I ask the question: How do Merlin and Reuben contribute to Blake's concept of embodiment? The aim is to clarify this mythopoetic instance of Romantic embodiment and then to examine its contemporary relevance by considering Richard C. Sha's and Alan Richardson's recent work on physiology and the Romantic imagination. The implications of Blake's concept of embodied imagination will be discussed in this context.

“And Reuben Went” (Gen 30,14-18; 35,22a) – For his Mother’s Sake or for his Own?

ABSTRACT In ancient households, it was not always the son who was born first who was granted the birthright. There were certain circumstances in which the father would prefer his younger son over him. But did the first-born son, when realizing that his status was threatened, submissively accept his fathers’ intentions to deprive him of his status? This question is examined in the light of the stories about Reuben (Gen 30,14-18; 35,22a). Jacob’s inclination to prefer the son of Rachel prompted Reuben to act in order to secure his status as the first-born. His awareness of the crucial power of influence of a dominant mother made him act in order to strengthen the position of his mother, Leah, and in this way to make her able to influence Jacob to grant him the birthright.

사회 문화적 변인에 따른 제례행례 연구

This study grasped how modern men’s ancestral ritual formalities are actually implemented & what difference exists depending on socio cultural variables through questionnaire and analyzes by using SPSS PACKAGE Program. How ancestral ritual formalities culture will vary later is to be profoundly investigated through this result. Further, it will be taken as basic data to establish desirable ancestral ritual formalities culture later. Out of 10 socio-cultural variables, the most significant variable for implementation of ancestral ritual formalities is religion and hometown, gender, age, marital status, fraternal priority, etc are also found to be significant variables. Among them, religious variable is quite significant variable which affects implementation of ancestral ritual formalities. Thus, religious conflict over ancestral ritual formalities is expected to continue later. Respective religious situation needs to be understood to cope with such situation. Given that Confucian ancestral rites mainly based on the eldest son exist, it is clear that paternal jus sanguinis still prevails in Korean society. However, such succession of ancestral rites mainly based on masculine seems to be gradually changed, because homes having only 1 child or only daughter are increasing gradually.

Hayzürân’ın Halife Hâdî ile İktidar Mücadelesi

Information about Khayzurān’s (d. 173/789) past is quite insufficient and closed. She came to the Abbāsī palace in Baghdad as a concubine during the time of Mahdī (d. 169/785). With the help of her intelligence and dominant character she quickly caught the attention of the caliph Mahdī and managed to become his wife. After being the wife of the caliph she started to join the state administration thanks to his tolerance and her high self-confidence. After a while she reached the power and reputation that had not been granted to any caliph wife until then. Khayzurān tried to use the same authority and power in the time of her eldest son, Hādī (d. 170/786), after Mahdī’s death. However Hādī, who had the opposite character with his father, was disturbed by his mother’s intervention in the state administration. For this reason there was a verbal struggle between the mother and son in the first times and an unfriendly struggle in the later times. Khayzurān won this tough fight and killed him by strangling according to the transfer of most sources. After Hādī’s death she brought her other son Hārūn al-Rashīd (d. 193/809) to power. Khayzurān passed away in Baghdad in 173/789 after her ruling life in Hārūn al-Rashīd which lasted about three years. Her extraordinary personality and her actions after coming to the Abbasid palace were considered remarkable. Even the fact that Khayzurān was the first woman to rule over Abbāsī’s power is a valid reason to make her a research subject. Another aim of this study is the political struggle between Khayzurān and his son Hādī and the interest in the dramatic outcome of this struggle. Keywords: Islamic History, Abbasids, Mahdī, Khayzurān, Hādī.

Adebajo Adekeye. — Thabo Mbeki

For those who are old enough to remember, 1990 was the year that South African Prime Minister F. W. Klerk released Nelson Mandela from Robben Island, along with other ANC political prisoners like Walter Sisulu and Govan Mbeki. That last name may not be as familiar as the first. But Govan Mbeki was an important figure in the anti-apartheid struggle. In that same mythic year, Thabo Mbeki (Govan’s eldest son) returned to South Africa for the first time in nearly three decades. It was a reunion o...

THE LIFE OF ABDURRAHMAN B. ABU BAKR AND HIS ACTIONS IN EARLY ISLAM HISTORY

Abdurrahman b. Ebî Bekir, Hz. Peygamber’in en yakın arkadaşı, kayınpederi ve ilk Müslümânlardan Hz. Ebû Bekir’in oğludur. Ebû Bekir hanesinin en büyük erkek evladı olarak da bilinen Abdurrahman, Mekke’de doğdu ve Kureyş içerisinde şerefli kabul edilen bir ailede büyümesi sebebiyle iyi bir aile terbiyesinden geçti. İslâm dini yayılmaya başladığında Abdurrahman atalarının dini üzere kaldı ve Mekke döneminin sonuna kadar inancını değiştirmedi. Medine döneminin ilk zamanlarında da müşriklerle bir olmaya devam edip, Bedir Savaşı’na müşriklerle birlikte katıldı. İslâm’a girmekte uzun süre direnen Abdurrahman, Hudeybiye antlaşmasından sonra Müslümân oldu. İslâm’a geç girmiş olsa da yaptıklarıyla dikkatleri üzerine çekmeyi başardı. Özellikle Hulefâ-i Raşidîn ve Emevîler döneminde önemli meselelerde yer alarak tarihî bir kimlik kazandı. Aslında o, uzun süre müşriklerin safında bulunduktan sonra İslâm’a girmesi, Ebû Bekir ailesinin bir ferdi olması ve siyasî meselelerde yer almasıyla çok yönlü bir kişiliğe sahiptir. Bu yüzden onun hayatının aydınlatılması bazı olayların arka planının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacaktır.

Enchanted Ground: The Spirit Room of Jonathan Koons by Sharon Hatfield

The mediumship of Jonathan Koons is much less well-known than that of the Fox sisters, though during the 1850s his Spirit Room at Athens, Ohio, became a desirable destination for Spiritualists keen to seek contact with the spirit world. There they experienced a wide variety of phenomena that would shortly become staples of the movement. Local resident and nonfiction author Sharon Hatfield has made a painstaking examination of Koons’s life and career based on the available evidence, setting it in the context of the developing religion of Spiritualism.
 Koons was born in Pennsylvania in 1811. He moved to Mount Nebo–actually a large hill in Athens County, southeastern Ohio, in the foothills of the Appalachians–in 1835, where he farmed and became patriarch to a sizeable family. In his youth he had had a mystical experience involving a ‘visit to the realm of light’ which led him to believe he had met an angel. Originally Presbyterian, he abandoned the religion as he found its Calvinism uncongenial, becoming as he put it an ‘infidel’. He lacked a formal education but read widely.
 In early 1852 he encountered reports of the Fox sisters’ mediumship and decided to investigate the subject. He attended séances and, initially skeptical, was told he himself had a gift. Trying it, he found a new religious faith. He also discovered that other members of his family, particularly his eldest son Nahum, had mediumistic abilities. After a while, they were told by Spirit to build a dedicated room to hold about 20-25 people, indicating that séances were to include more than his immediate friends and family. Koons duly built a log cabin on the farm to the given specifications and furnished it, including with musical instruments, as instructed. The stage was then set for public séances.

Kenneth Arthur Howlett

Kenneth Arthur Howlett (“Ken”) was the eldest son of a London dockyard worker. After evacuation to Wales during the blitz, he passed his 11+examination and attended Archbishop Tenison’s grammar school...

"Tu o Polskę i wszystko idzie”. Senatorska aktywność biskupa płockiego Stanisława Łubieńskiego w latach 1627-1632

Stanisław Łubieński, as a senator and bishop, had a great influence on the staffing posts and dignities in the diocese of Płock. His rule in the diocese coincided with the Swedish war, the effects of which particularly affected the northern parts of the diocese of Płock. This influenced the evolution of Łubieński’s views from supporting military action to postulating peace as soon as possible. The second issue raised by Łubieński was the matter of the succession to the throne after Sigismund III and the vivente rege election. The articulation of this issue in the Sejms of 1626 and 1631 resulted from his conviction that the best solution for the Commonwealth was to elect Władysław, the eldest son of Sigismund, as king. 

Charles Lewes's Career

Abstract Like many offspring of celebrity parents, Charles Lee Lewes, the eldest son of George Henry Lewes, is known—if at all—as a footnote to the biography of his father and stepmother, George Eliot. This article demonstrates his claims to consideration on his own account, particularly in his role as George Eliot's residual legatee, while acknowledging the advantages he derived from his family connections. Charles was employed in the Post Office, but had aspirations to a literary career, publishing translations, stories, sketches, and articles on topical subjects. He also prepared his father's work and George Eliot's Essays and Leaves from a Notebook (1884) for the press. Charles's wife, Gertrude, who succeeded him as literary trustee, was a sister of the reformer Octavia Hill, and her family also influenced his activities.

Adil El-Tayar: renowned NHS transplant surgeon who died from covid-19

Photo credit: Abbas Ghazanfar On 25 March Adil El-Tayar, a renowned organ transplantation specialist, became the first working NHS surgeon to die from covid-19 in hospital in the UK. A healthy and active 64 year old, he is thought to have contracted the virus at a hospital in the Midlands, where he worked during the week. He cared deeply about the NHS, an institution he had spent his life serving. Born in Atbara, Sudan, a railway city on the Nile, El-Tayar was the eldest son of a government clerk and a housewife. He had 11 siblings. A close knit community, Atbara had been built by the British to serve the railway line between Port Sudan on the Red Sea coast and the Wadi Halfa in the north. It was here that the first Sudanese labour movement started in 1948. El-Tayar attended the local school and was a diligent student. During his childhood, one of his brothers, Osman, became ill and died without suitable medical treatment. Although El-Tayar rarely spoke about his brother’s death, he named his …

A Forerunner of “A Descent into the Maelström”

A Forerunner of “A Descent into the Maelström”

The Bounty᾽s Primogeniture and the Thursday-Friday Conundrum

The Bounty᾽s Primogeniture and the Thursday-Friday Conundrum

Rush: Revolution, Madness, and the Visionary Doctor Who Became a Founding Father

Rush: Revolution, Madness, and the Visionary Doctor Who Became a Founding Father

In Pursuit of Slowness

In Pursuit of Slowness

Cardiomyopathy associated with the Ala143Thr variant of the α-galactosidase A gene

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the Ala143Thr variant of the α-galactosidase A gene (A143T/GLA), with conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity, is associated with Fabry cardiomyopathy.MethodsThe index patient, a woman in her 60s with...