Elder Brother Research Articles

Mandated internationalism: Sino-Soviet friendship 1949-1956

The Sino-Soviet Friendship Association (SSFA) was China's largest mass organisation of the 1950s. Whether it was marking events on the socialist calendar, showing films, holding lectures, or arranging worker competitions, the SSFA had an inescapable presence in public life. Invariably, the Soviet Union was presented as China's benevolent 'elder brother,' guiding it to modernity. By taking part in SSFA activities, Chinese were interpellated into a discourse that legitimated communist rule and defined their nation, world, and future. Yet, even within such a top-down, closed discursive system, there remained room for the inquisitive to form authentic friendships with their foreign Other. In addition to examining internal documents and public activities of the Shanghai and Beijing branches of the SSFA, this essay covers three rounds of pen-pal exchanges between Lu Shuqin and 'Natasha,' young women workers from Beijing and Moscow. Rather than adhering to the expected inner-socialist bloc hierarchy, their letters reveal an egalitarian cosmopolitanism. When read against China's state-sponsored narrative of 'elder' and 'younger' brother, these pen-pal letters complicate and expand the discourse of Sino-Soviet friendship, showing how the mandated internationalism of the 1950s interacted with the self-directed behaviours of socialist individuals.

On prodigals, Elder Brothers, And Fathers: The Reception of Luke 15:11-32 in the Pentecostal and Charismatic Traditions

On prodigals, Elder Brothers, And Fathers: The Reception of Luke 15:11-32 in the Pentecostal and Charismatic Traditions

Hypersexuality in a Woman: a Case from Clinical Practice

A case history is presented, where hypersexuality could be conceptualized as a manifestation of persistent genital arousal disorder/restless genital syndrome [PGAD/ReGS]. Female patient Sh., 75, who sought our medical advice on April 16, 2015, presented complaints about a feeling of a “sexual drive in my pubic region”, burning in her legs (along the inner surface of her thighs), in her pubis and on her abdomen over the pubis in a small area. “I need intimacy, but I understand with my head that it is not necessary for me”. The above burning and sexual desire were felt, but not always. The appearance of the desire coincided with the appearance of the burning. At first, the burning developed and was followed by the desire, or on the contrary. The burning and desire could begin in the morning and trouble her all day long, but when she was engaged into some activity, she changed over and forgot about it. The appearance of the disorder was preceded with the death of her elder brother, who some time before was actually a substitute for her father. He always supported her both morally and financially. He was a rather valued personality for her, she loved him very much. Therefore she took his death, which happened in the beginning of December in 2013, very hard. The disorder, concerning which the patient consulted me, appeared on February 14, 2014. She woke up in the night because of her heavy jittering, she felt a terrible sexual drive and a bad burning in her lower abdomen over the pubis and on the inner surface of her thighs. She could not sleep any more. The arousal, which appeared in the night, did not leave her till the morning and remained during the whole day, but then became weakening. She was treated by different medical specialists. Though some weakening of her symptoms was achieved, she failed to get rid of the disorder, which developed in her. As a result of our analysis we supposed its cerebrovascular genesis, which impacted on functions of the brain. As a weighty contributing factor we regarded her long-term distress caused by a manifested psychological trauma (the death of the person who was extremely significant for the patient).Our treatment (hypnosuggestive therapy, Sonapax, Hydazepam, irrigation of the pubis with 10 % Lidocaine aerosol), where hypnosis was the main component (its 10 sessions were performed), resulted in complete disappearance of the symptoms. The interview performed 5 years after the end of the treatment demonstrated persistence and duration of the obtained results. The presented clinical case is not very bright, but this fact can be explained to a great extent by the patient’s age that excluded appearance of a number of phenomena typical for PGAD/ReGS.

MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES & METABOLIC MYOPATHIES: P.321 Mitochondrial myopathy in X-linked creatine transporter deficiency due to a novel mutation of SLC6A8 gene

Creatine (Cr) is essential in energy metabolism since it allows the ADP-ATP conversion. Creatine transporter (CRTR) gene SLC6A8 is required for brain and muscle creatine uptake from the blood. Mutations in SLC6A8 are responsible for X-linked CRTR deficiency (CRTR-D) leading to mental retardation, global development delay, seizures and behavioral disorders. Excepted motor milestone delay, muscle involvement has been only exceptionally reported in CRTR-D. We aim to report a novel SLC6A8 mutation in a family with a particular clinical picture including a muscle mitochondrial phenotype. A 44-year-old man developed early infantile hypotonia and mental retardation and delayed motor milestones. At the time of assessment, he harbored a profound intellectual disability associated with mutism, facial dysmorphia, epilepsy, generalized muscle weakness and diarrhea. His eldest brother had severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, ptosis, muscle weakness and died at the age of 35 years. The proband's work-up results were: normal CK level, a major increase of urinary creatine/creatinine ratio: 2.5 (N≤0.37), a decreased creatine peak on brain magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy and mitochondrial myopathic changes on muscle biopsy. A severe decrease of Cr uptake was measured on cultured fibroblasts: 0.3/8.6 nmol/mg-protein (N>18.8/31.9) with [Cr] of 25/500 µM. Clinical exome (4427 genes) allowed the identification of the novel missense mutation c.827T>C (p.Leu276Pro) on the SLC6A8 gene. It was inherited from his asymptomatic mother, absent in an asymptomatic brother and in the control database gnomAD (gnomad.broadinstitute.org). Moreover, it was predicted pathogenic from 4 prediction tools (SIFT, PolyPhen2, Mutation Taster, Mutation Assessor). In conclusion, reporting a novel pathogenic missense mutation in SLC6A8 gene associated with an unexpected mitochondrial myopathy taking part of the clinical picture, we expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CRTR-D.

Juberg-Hayward syndrome and Roberts syndrome are allelic, caused by mutations in ESCO2

ObjectiveJuberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS; MIM 216100) is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome, characterized by cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, hypoplasia or aplasia of thumbs, short stature, dislocation of radial head, and fusion of humerus and radius leading to elbow restriction. A homozygous mutation in ESCO2 has recently been reported to cause Juberg-Hayward syndrome. Our objective was to investigate the molecular etiology of Juberg-Hayward syndrome in two affected Lisu tribe brothers. Materials and MethodsTwo patients, the unaffected parents, and two unaffected siblings were studied. Clinical and radiographic examination, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, Western blot analysis, and chromosome testing were performed. ResultsTwo affected brothers had characteristic features of Juberg-Hayward syndrome, except for the absence of microcephaly. The elder brother had bilateral cleft lip and palate, short stature, humeroradial synostosis, and simple partial seizure with secondary generalization. The younger brother had unilateral cleft lip and palate, short stature, and dislocation of radial heads. The homozygous (c.1654C > T; p.Arg552Ter) mutation in ESCO2 was identified in both patients. The other unaffected members of the family were heterozygous for the mutation. The presence of humeroradial synostosis and radial head dislocation in the same family is consistent with both being in the same spectrum of forearm malformations. Chromosome testing of the affected patients showed premature centromere separation. Western blot analysis showed reduced amount of truncated protein. ConclusionOur findings confirm that a homozygous mutation in ESCO2 is the underlying cause of Juberg-Hayward syndrome. Microcephaly does not appear to be a consistent feature of the syndrome.

On the Authorship of the Old Turkic Inscriptions

AbstractThis article focuses on the authorship of the Kül Tégin and Bilge Kağan inscriptions and manages to reveal the different layers of the text. Through a careful analysis of the Old Turkic inscriptions and the relative Chinese accounts concerning the Türk royal lineage after Bilge Kağan, it concludes that the text on the south side of the Kül Tégin Inscription and the north side of the Bilge Kağan Inscription were narrated by the younger son of Bilge Kağan, Teŋri Teg Teŋride Bolmış Türk Bilge Kağan, in Kaiyuan XXVIII (ca. 740). In that year his elder brother (Teŋri Teg Teŋri Yaratmış Türk Bilge Kağan) passed away, so the Chinese emperor sent envoys to ‘appoint’ him as the new Türk kağan. He took the opportunity of the visit of Chinese delegates led by Li Zhi to ask the Chinese craftsmen to inscribe his words onto his father's memorial. The same text was also inscribed onto the blank side of his uncle's memorial, while inserting a quotation of his father's words.

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Regional Water–Energy–Food System Considering Environmental Constraints: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia, China

Water, energy, and food, as the basic material resources of human production and life, play a prominent role in social and economic development. As the imbalance between the supply and demand of water, energy, and food increases, a highly sensitive and fragile relationship gradually forms among water, energy, and food. In this paper, Inner Mongolia in China is selected as a research area. Firstly, synergy theory is applied to establish the framework of a water–energy–food system. Then, a multi-objective programming model is constructed, where the objective functions are defined to minimize the integrated deviation degree and pollutant emissions of the water–energy–food system. Meanwhile, maximization of the water benefit, energy production, and food production is also considered. In addition, the model takes economy, environment, water, energy, and food as constraints. Finally, a genetic algorithm is designed for accurately assessing the most promising results. The results show that the cooperation degree of the water–energy–food system in Inner Mongolia is getting better and better, and the pollutant emission from the water–energy–food system is decreasing. In 2020, the proportion of agricultural water consumption fell by 1%, while that of industrial water consumption rose by 0.48%. The production of coal, natural gas, and power are all showing an increasing trend. Among them, the increase of natural gas production is as high as 38,947,730 tons of standard coal. However, the proportions of coal, natural gas, and power change inconsistently, where the proportions of coal and natural gas increase while that of power decreases. Corn production accounts for more than 80% of the total, which is in the eldest brother position in the food industry structure. Besides, there are differences between the planned values and optimal values of decision variables. Finally, suggestions are put forward to improve the sustainable development of water–energy–food in Inner Mongolia.

Necropolitics and Trauma in Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories of My Ghost Brother

This article examines the properties of econo-political power exercised in a military camptown shortly after the Korean War, and the negative impact of that power on the villagers' lives, as revealed in Fenkl's novel Memories of My Ghost Brother. From a Freudian perspective, this work focuses on the concept of “necropolitics,” describing social and political power that dictates the death or life of people. As expected, there are serious corruptions, perversions, sexual abuses, black-market transactions, infanticides, racist adoptions, and disastrous and appalling deaths into the camptown where necropolitics operates, while the Korean government casts its people aside, as the poverty-stricken villagers desperately pursue money flown in with the U.S. military. Like the protagonist Insu's cousin Gannan, who became a prostitute and then committed suicide, many Korean women at that time struggled against Confucian sexism, and American racism added to this gendered burden and forced Korean sex workers, YangKongjus to kill themselves or their own babies, or at least give them up for adoption, when GIs who might marry the women did not accept their babies. Insu's father's racist discrimination, as well as neighbors' misdeeds, incessantly wounded the protagonist Insu, a son of a YangKongju and an American GI. These painful experiences caused Insu to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, including anxiety, melancholia, and guilt as shown through his frequent nightmares or dreadful daydreams. His traumatic neurosis is deepened with nightmares about the ghost of his elder brother, Christopher, whom his mother gave up for adoption to marry his father. Also, the horrible memory of seeing Gannan's corpse always triggers Insu to recollect other ill-fated people's deaths in the camptown. This suggests that his traumatic neurosis will continue endlessly. (Chosun University)

Necropolitics and Trauma in Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories of My Ghost Brother

This article examines the properties of econo-political power exercised in a military camptown shortly after the Korean War, and the negative impact of that power on the villagers'' lives, as revealed in Fenkl''s novel Memories of My Ghost Brother. From a Freudian perspective, this work focuses on the concept of “necropolitics,” describing social and political power that dictates the death or life of people. As expected, there are serious corruptions, perversions, sexual abuses, black-market transactions, infanticides, racist adoptions, and disastrous and appalling deaths into the camptown where necropolitics operates, while the Korean government casts its people aside, as the poverty-stricken villagers desperately pursue money flown in with the U.S. military. Like the protagonist Insu''s cousin Gannan, who became a prostitute and then committed suicide, many Korean women at that time struggled against Confucian sexism, and American racism added to this gendered burden and forced Korean sex workers, YangKongjus to kill themselves or their own babies, or at least give them up for adoption, when GIs who might marry the women did not accept their babies. Insu''s father''s racist discrimination, as well as neighbors'' misdeeds, incessantly wounded the protagonist Insu, a son of a YangKongju and an American GI. These painful experiences caused Insu to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, including anxiety, melancholia, and guilt as shown through his frequent nightmares or dreadful daydreams. His traumatic neurosis is deepened with nightmares about the ghost of his elder brother, Christopher, whom his mother gave up for adoption to marry his father. Also, the horrible memory of seeing Gannan''s corpse always triggers Insu to recollect other ill-fated people''s deaths in the camptown. This suggests that his traumatic neurosis will continue endlessly. (Chosun University)

A Rare Case of Anhydrous Ectodermal Dysplasia

A 9-year-old boy presented with complaints of itching in both eyes. On ocular examination there was dry lusterless conjunctiva rest of the examination of both anterior and posterior segment was within normal limit. On systemic examination, there was an absence of teeth with flattening of the mandible with a peg-shaped incisor with the absence of tooth buds on oral x-ray and dryness of mouth since birth. He was already a diagnosed case of X linked anhydrous ectodermal dysplasia with a similar history of absence of teeth in elder brother but his elder sister was normal. Similar history of absence of teeth and dryness of mouth since birth. (Figures 1a and b) he was started on conservative management in the form of lubricating drops and ointment.

Chased by the Atomic Bomb

When the A-bomb was dropped, we, six siblings except my elder brother were playing house together at home in Ieno-machi. We planned to evacuate Agune in Kagoshima prefecture after the Bon festival...

Report of 2 Pediatric Cases With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Related Malignancy in a Family

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare inherited disease characterized by a high and early-onset cancer risk. A cancer surveillance program is important to reduce cancer-related morbidity and mortality in individuals with LFS. We report 2 pediatric cases with LFS-related malignancy in a family. Eight-year-old elder brother was diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma and was found to have a heterozygous missense germline mutation c.736A>G: p.Met246Val in the TP53 gene. Cancer screening led to the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma at a curable stage in his 2-year-old younger brother. Comprehensive surveillance resulted in early tumor detection and improved survival.

Anglo-Catholicism in West Wales: Lewis Gilbertson, Llangorwen And Elerch

Lewis Gilbertson (1815–1896) was one of the most prominent Anglo-Catholic clergy of St David's' diocese. He became the first incumbent of the new church at Llangorwen just outside Aberystwyth, built by Matthew Davies Williams, eldest brother of the Tractarian poet Isaac Williams (1802–65). Gilbertson adopted ritualist practices and Tractarian theology, which later influenced the church he was to build in Elerch (also known as Bont Goch) where his father, William Cobb Gilbertson (1768–1854), had built his house in 1818. After a brief survey of the development of Tractarianism in Wales, the paper discusses the building of the church at Llangorwen, which had the first stone altar since the Reformation in the Diocese of St David's, before discussing Gibertson's ministry in the parish. From Llangorwen Gilbertson moved to Jesus College, Oxford where he served as vice-principal and where he became increasingly convinced of the need for a new church and parish for his home village. He had earlier built a National School in 1856 commissioning the well-known Gothic revival architect G. E. Street. For St Peter's church, completed in 1868, he turned to William Butterfield, who had built the Tractarian model church of All Saints', Margaret Street in London. Gilbertson, who appointed himself as first incumbent for a brief period, set the ritualist tone of the parish while at the same time ensuring regular Welsh-language services to attract villagers from what he called the 'broken shadow of practices of the primitive Church' of the Welsh Methodists. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of Gilbertson's later career before assessing the impact of Tractarianism in west Wales, especially the confident and idealistic vision of a return to the apostolic faith for all the people of Wales on which it was established.

Pharyngeal metastasis following living-donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and literature review

BackgroundThe most common sites of recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to be the liver, lung, bone, and adrenal glands, but there have also been many reports of cases of multiple recurrence. The prognosis after recurrence is poor, with reported median survival after recurrence of HCC ranging from 9 to 19 months. Here, we report a case of long-term survival after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis following living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for HCC within the Milan criteria, by resection of the metastatic region and cervical lymph node dissection.Case presentationA 47-year-old man with a Model End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 11 underwent LDLT for HCC within the Milan criteria for liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus infection, with his 48-year-old elder brother as the living donor. One year and 10 months after liver transplantation, he visited a nearby hospital with a chief complaint of discomfort on swallowing. A pedunculated polyp was found in the hypopharynx, and biopsy revealed HCC metastasis. We performed pharyngeal polypectomy. Two years later, cervical lymph node metastasis appeared, and neck lymph node dissection was performed. Although recurrence subsequently occurred three times in the grafted liver, the patient is still alive 12 years and 10 months after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis. He is now a tumor-free outpatient taking sorafenib.ConclusionIt is necessary to recognize that the nasopharyngeal region is a potential site of HCC metastasis. Prognostic improvement can be expected with close follow-up, early detection, and multidisciplinary treatment, including radical resection.

The participation of children in caregiving of their siblings with special needs and peer relationship in rural Turkey

ABSTRACT This article examines the participation process of elder siblings in caregiving for their siblings with special needs and how this participation process reflects in their peer relationships in rural context in Turkey. This study was carried out as a case study, which is one of the qualitative methods and as a data collection tool a semi-structured interview form was used. The participants of the study consist of the elder sisters and brothers of children in preschool period who have disabilities with various types and degrees. When the findings of the study are examined, it is seen that the elder siblings are responsible for and actively involved in the caregiving practices of their younger siblings in rural context in Turkey. The roles and responsibilities taken on by the elder siblings can shorten the period of their interaction with their peers.

Chinese siblings with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma caused by RET mutation: implications for RET oncogene detection

BackgroundHereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is mainly caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene, which accounts for 20–30% of all MTC according to foreign studies. However, no English literatures have reported Chinese hereditary MTC. Here, we reported two Chinese brothers with MTC that caused by germline RET mutation.Case presentationThe younger brother was diagnosed with MTC at 29 years ago and suffered recurrence more than 10 years. For elder brother, the diagnosis of MTC was made by postoperative pathological examination at age 61. Both patients received total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Since they had a significant family history for MTC, genetic detection was performed and identified a germline mutation in RET exon 10 (p.C620Y). This mutation was also detected in their offspring, indicating a moderate risk of MTC.ConclusionsThis is the first report presenting a Chinese family with hereditary MTC caused by the RET p.C620Y variant. This case series emphasize the importance of genetic detection of RET proto-oncogene for MTC patients, and bring out managements for individuals after detection of RET mutations.

MON-LB120 MODY3 With Insulin Coding Gene Mutation and Craniofacial Microsomia: A Case Report

Background: Maturity onset diabetes in young 3 (MODY 3) is caused by mutation of the hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1A) gene. Craniofacial macrosomia (CFM) is associated with an abnormal development of craniofacial structures during the embryonic period. Maternal diabetes and genetic predisposition have been associated with CFM1. There are rare reports about an association of MODY 3 and CFM. Clinical case: An 11-year-old male patient presented with right side CFM (mild mandibular hypoplasia, internal auditory canal absence, severe pinna hypoplasia, abnormal orbital size and location, O3.M0.E3.N0.S02) noted at 8 months of age. Preoperative examination revealed A1c at 10.9%. After short term intensive insulin therapy, he had standard bread meal test: fasting glucose 8.11 mmol/L, insulin 13.9 mIU/L (3-25), C-peptide 1.25 ng/ml (0.81-3.85); 1 hour glucose 10.05 mmol/L, insulin 27 mIU/L, C-peptide 2.42 ng/ml; 2 hour glucose 8.17 mmol/L, insulin 16.09 mIU/L, C-peptide 2.11 ng/ml. GADA, IAA and ICA were negative. The mother was diagnosed diabetes at age 27years, when the patient was 8-month-old, and received insulin therapy. The mother was blind by age 35years due to diabetic retinopathy and died of DKA at 38-years-old. The patient’s 16-year-old brother had left side CFM (O2.M1.E2.N0.S0) and his OGTT was normal. The father was diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance. The family had whole genome sequencing by Sanger technique, and resequenced the mutation with side primers. The CGA to CAA mutation was present at the 686 loci of exon 3 of HNF1A gene in the patient and mother. The HNF1A exon 3 mutation of CGA to CAA resulted in the change of arginine to glutamine which by the HGMA database is recognized as a reported MODY3 gene mutation. There was a mutation of G to A in the 4 loci of exon 1 of the insulin coding region in chromosome 11 in both the patient and elder brother. Neither elder brother nor father had the CGA mutation of HNF1A. Conclusion: There has not been a previous report of a relationship between HNF1A and CFM. In this case, the elder brother had CFM without a HNF1A mutation which does not support a connection between CFM and HNF1A. The two brothers both had CFM and insulin coding gene mutations which would represent a new association not previously described. Further testing is needed to confirm a relationship between the two. Reference: 1. Chen Q, Zhao Y, Shen G, Dai J. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hemifacial Microsomia. J Dent Res 2018; 97(12): 1297-305. 2. Gougoutas AJ, Singh DJ, Low DW, Bartlett SP. Hemifacial microsomia: clinical features and pictographic representations of the OMENS classification system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120(7): 112e-20e.

Innovative Approaches to Literary Texts (Children Literature on Inclusion)

The research deals with applying to innovative approaches to literary text. Inclusive books for children and ways of working with them at pedagogical faculties are considered. In our research, we will demonstrate the work with such books “Cripple Bunny and his brave mother” by Oksana Drachkovskaya, “Trustees for the Giraffe” by Oksana Luschevska and Yevhenia Haydamaka, “Just because” by Rebecca Elliott, “Magda and her Wind” by Iryna Morykvas, “Planet Willi” by Birta Müller, “Yes! I can!: The girl and her Wheelchair” KendryJ. Barrett, Jacqueline BiuToner, Kler A. Friland, Violet Limey and the trilogy on Pearl of Tuuli Pere. The main heroes of these books are children with disabilities and special educational needs. Narrators mostly are their elder or younger brothers or sisters. The reason of the choosing children’s literature on inclusion is that it is modern important literature, which demonstrates the world of children with disability and highlights such serious topics as decease and death. Its aim is to show that variety makes world wonderful and grate. The introduction of holographic design of vita technologies (calligarm, creative games, the pyramid of hero and author) is considered as well, the application of methods of critical thinking (mind-mapping, swot-analysis, six hats, Bloom’s taxonomy) in the analysis of fiction is substantiated. Potential online resources helping work with literature are examined. In addition, the possibilities of online resources (rebus, comics’ generator, the creating of mind maps, crosswords on different platforms) are determined as important part of the work with text. It has proved that such innovate approaches help to develop creative potential of students, allows analyzing literary text in a new way. Such approaches will be helpful in professional activity of teachers in primary school.

William Brumfitt: pioneer of modern microbiology

Born in Ilkley, William Brumfitt was educated at Worksop College in Nottinghamshire, where he shone at science and enjoyed playing rugby. In his youth he played centre three quarter for...

The Goodsir brothers from Fife, Scotland: contributions to anatomy, marine zoology and Arctic exploration in the nineteenth century

Three Goodsir brothers, John, Henry (“Harry”) and Robert, from Fife, Scotland, all shared an early interest in marine zoology in the early 1800s. They all went on to receive medical training, with the eldest brother, John, eventually becoming Professor of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh. John's primary claim to biological fame rests on his contributions to cell-doctrine, in which his eminence was on a par with that of Rudolf Virchow. In his youth, however, John (in concert with younger brother Harry) had become interested in marine zoology, and, as students in Edinburgh, they shared rooms with marine zoologist Edward Forbes. Harry Goodsir, however, was much more of a marine naturalist than John. His life was tragically cut short by his perishing, together with the rest of his shipmates on HMS Erebus, on the third Franklin expedition to the Arctic regions, that one being by ship during a quest for the elusive Northwest Passage. A younger brother, Robert, undertook two later Arctic voyages in search of Harry and his doomed shipmates, making natural history observations on sea birds and marine organisms along the way.